WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort ascending
Cotinine versus questionnaire: early-life environmental tobacco smoke exposure and incident asthma	2012	Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. carlsten@mail.ubc.ca	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Pediatr. Pub Date Free Form 5-Dec Volume 12 Issue Start Page 187 Other Pages 2431-12-187 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada; JID: 100967804; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: NLM: PMC3543177; 2012/06/01 [received]; 2012/11/28 [accepted]; 2012/12/05 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2431; 1471-2431 Accession Number PMID: 23216797 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2431-12-187 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23216797 Abstract BACKGROUND: The use of biomarkers has expanded considerably, as an alternative to questionnaire-based metrics of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); few studies have assessed the affect of such alternative metrics on diverse respiratory outcomes in children, and we aimed to do so. METHODS: We evaluated various measures of birth-year ETS, in association with multiple respiratory endpoints early years of life, in the novel context of a birth cohort at high risk for asthma. We administered questionnaires to parents, both at the end of pregnancy and at one year of life, and measured cotinine in cord blood (CCot; in 275 children) and in urine (UCot; obtained at 12 months in 365 children), each by radioimmunoassay. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association of the various metrics with recurrent wheeze at age 2 and with bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and asthma at age 7. RESULTS: Self-reported 3rd trimester maternal smoking was associated with significantly increased risk for recurrent wheeze at age 2 (odds ratio 3.5 [95% confidence interval = 1.2,10.7]); the risks associated with CCot and 3rd trimester smoking in any family member were similar (OR 2.9 [1.2,7.0] and 2.6 [1.0,6.5], respectively). No metric of maternal smoking at 12 months appeared to significantly influence the risk of recurrent wheeze at age 2, and no metric of ETS at any time appeared to significantly influence risk of asthma or BHR at age 7. CONCLUSIONS: Biomarker- and questionnaire-based assessment of ETS in early life lead to similar estimates of ETS-associated risk of recurrent wheeze and asthma. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Carlsten,C., Dimich-Ward,H., DyBuncio,A., Becker,A.B., Chan-Yeung,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121205 PMCID PMC3543177 Editors
Influence of Nd:YAG laser on the bond strength of self-etching and conventional adhesive systems to dental hard tissues	2013	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Sao Jose dos Campos School of Dentistry, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Operative dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. Oper.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Aug Volume 38 Issue 4 Start Page 447 Other Pages 455 Notes JID: 7605679; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dental Materials); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Filtek Z250); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Xeno III); 0 (single bond); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 454I75YXY0 (Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); 20 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1559-2863; 0361-7734 Accession Number PMID: 23215546 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI 10.2341/11-383-L [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23215546 Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of Nd:YAG laser on the shear bond strength to enamel and dentin of total and self-etch adhesives when the laser was applied over the adhesives, before they were photopolymerized, in an attempt to create a new bonding layer by dentin-adhesive melting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One-hundred twenty bovine incisors were ground to obtain flat surfaces. Specimens were divided into two substrate groups (n=60): substrate E (enamel) and substrate D (dentin). Each substrate group was subdivided into four groups (n=15), according to the surface treatment accomplished: X (Xeno III self-etching adhesive, control), XL (Xeno III + laser Nd:YAG irradiation at 140 mJ/10 Hz for 60 seconds + photopolymerization, experimental), S (acid etching + Single Bond conventional adhesive, Control), and SL (acid etching + Single Bond + laser Nd:YAG at 140 mJ/10 Hz for 60 seconds + photopolymerization, experimental). The bonding area was delimited with 3-mm-diameter adhesive tape for the bonding procedures. Cylinders of composite were fabricated on the bonding area using a Teflon matrix. The teeth were stored in water at 37 degrees C/48 h and submitted to shear testing at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min in a universal testing machine. Results were analyzed with three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; substrate, adhesive, and treatment) and Tukey tests (alpha=0.05). ANOVA revealed significant differences for the substrate, adhesive system, and type of treatment: lased or unlased (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Marimoto,A.K., Cunha,L.A., Yui,K.C., Huhtala,M.F., Barcellos,D.C., Prakki,A., Goncalves,S.E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121205 PMCID Editors
Prevalence and molecular characterization of CTX-M beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy swine and cattle	2013	Bacterial Disease Division, Animal, Plant, and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Foodborne pathogens and disease Periodical, Abbrev. Foodborne Pathog.Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 10 Issue 1 Start Page 13 Other Pages 20 Notes JID: 101120121; 0 (Bacterial Proteins); 0 (DNA, Bacterial); EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-Lactamases); 2012/12/04 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1556-7125; 1535-3141 Accession Number PMID: 23210923 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1089/fpd.2012.1245 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23210923 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of CTX-M beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli among healthy swine and cattle in Korea. A total of 1212 fecal samples obtained from healthy pigs (n=558) and cattle (n=654) were screened for CTX-M-type extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates. One hundred and twenty-one E. coli that produced ESBL were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. A high number (120/558, 21.5%) of swine fecal samples showed the presence of CTX-M beta-lactamase-producing E. coli compared to cattle samples (1/654, 0.2%). The most predominant CTX-M-type identified was CTX-M-14 (n=82), followed by CTX-M-15 (n=16). Isolates producing CTX-M-3, CTX-M-27, CTX-M-55, and CTX-M-65 were also identified. Overall, the bla(TEM-1) gene was associated with CTX-M beta-lactamase in 55 E. coli isolates. Transfer of bla(CTX-M) gene was demonstrated from 76 out of 121 bla(CTX-M)-positive E. coli isolates to the recipient E. coli J53 by conjugation. Plasmid DNA isolation from the transconjugants revealed a large (90-120 Kb) conjugative plasmid. ISEcp1 and IS903 were detected upstream and downstream of bla(CTX-M) genes in 117 and 91 E. coli isolates, respectively. Our results demonstrated that a combination of clonal expansion and horizontal transmission is spreading bla(CTX-M) genes among swine E. coli. The horizontal dissemination of bla(CTX-M) genes among E. coli was mostly mediated by IncF or IncI1-Igamma plasmids. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of CTX-M-3, CTX-M-27, CTX-M-55, and CTX-M-65 beta-lactamases in bacterial isolates from food animals in Korea. This study revealed that the CTX-M beta-lactamase-producing E. coli are widely disseminated among healthy pigs but very rare in cattle in Korea. Increasing prevalence of bla(CTX-M) genes in intestinal E. coli of food animals is a matter of concern and should be carefully monitored. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tamang,M.D., Nam,H.M., Kim,S.R., Chae,M.H., Jang,G.C., Jung,S.C., Lim,S.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121204 PMCID Editors
Intent to quit among daily and non-daily college student smokers	2013	Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Health education research Periodical, Abbrev. Health Educ.Res. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 28 Issue 2 Start Page 313 Other Pages 325 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: 1K07CA139114-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: 1P60MD003422/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA139114/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8608459; OID: NLM: PMC3594929; 2012/11/28 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1465-3648; 0268-1153 Accession Number PMID: 23197630 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; T DOI 10.1093/her/cys116 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23197630 Abstract Given the high prevalence of young adult smoking, we examined (i) psychosocial factors and substance use among college students representing five smoking patterns and histories [non-smokers, quitters, native non-daily smokers (i.e. never daily smokers), converted non-daily smokers (i.e. former daily smokers) and daily smokers] and (ii) smoking category as it relates to readiness to quit among current smokers. Of the 4438 students at six Southeast colleges who completed an online survey, 69.7% (n = 3094) were non-smokers, 6.6% (n = 293) were quitters, 7.1% (n = 317) were native non-daily smokers, 6.4% (n = 283) were converted non-daily smokers and 10.2% (n = 451) were daily smokers. There were differences in sociodemographics, substance use (alcohol, marijuana, other tobacco products) in the past 30 days and psychosocial factors among these subgroups of students (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pinsker,E.A., Berg,C.J., Nehl,E.J., Prokhorov,A.V., Buchanan,T.S., Ahluwalia,J.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121128 PMCID PMC3594929 Editors
The waterpipe: an emerging global risk for cancer	2013		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Cancer epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Cancer.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 37 Issue 1 Start Page 1 Other Pages 4 Notes LR: 20150219; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 101508793; NIHMS615571; OID: NLM: NIHMS615571; OID: NLM: PMC4143981; Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1877-783X; 1877-7821 Accession Number PMID: 23196170 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review; IM DOI 10.1016/j.canep.2012.10.013 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23196170 Abstract Tobacco smoking continues to be the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Each year more than 5 million smokers die prematurely because of their habit wreaking havoc on the welfare of families and communities worldwide. While cigarettes remain the main tobacco killer worldwide, for many youth tobacco use and addiction is maintained by means other than cigarettes. In particular, over the past decade, waterpipe smoking (a.k.a. hookah, shisha, narghile) has become increasingly popular among youth in the Middle East, and is rapidly spreading globally. Available evidence suggests that waterpipe smoking is associated with many of the known risks of tobacco smoking, particularly cancer. Despite these worrisome signs, policies and interventions to address this emerging public health problem have been lagging behind. In this short review I discuss briefly the evidence generated mostly in the past decade about the global spread of waterpipe smoking and its cancer risk potential. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121126 PMCID PMC4143981 Editors
Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and CMY-2-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy food-producing animals in Tunisia	2012	Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolecules Actives, Faculte des Sciences de Tunis, Universite Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Foodborne pathogens and disease Periodical, Abbrev. Foodborne Pathog.Dis. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 9 Issue 12 Start Page 1137 Other Pages 1142 Notes JID: 101120121; 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents); EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-Lactamases); 2012/11/29 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1556-7125; 1535-3141 Accession Number PMID: 23194332 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1089/fpd.2012.1267 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23194332 Abstract The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and plasmidic AmpC-beta-lactamase (pAmpC-BL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates has been studied in food-producing animals at the farm level in Tunisia, and recovered isolates were characterized for the presence of other resistance genes and integrons. Eighty fecal samples of food-producing animals (23 sheep, 22 chickens, 22 cattle, six horses, five rabbits, and two dromedaries) were obtained from 35 different farms in Tunisia in 2011. Samples were inoculated onto MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime (2 mg/L) for cefotaxime-resistant (CTX(R)) E. coli recovery. CTX(R) E. coli isolates were detected in 11 out of 80 samples (13.8%), and one isolate per sample was further characterized (10 from chickens and one from a dromedary). The 11 CTX(R) isolates were distributed into phylogroups: B1 (five isolates), A (two isolates), D (three isolates), and B2 (one isolate). The following beta-lactamase genes were detected: bla(CTX-M-1) (seven isolates), bla(CTX-M-1)+bla(TEM-135) (one isolate), bla(CTX-M-1)+bla(TEM-1b) (one isolate), and bla(CMY-2) (two isolates). All ESBL- and pAmpC-BL-producing E. coli strains showed unrelated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Seven isolates contained class 1 integrons with four gene cassette arrangements: dfrA17-aadA5 (three isolates), dfrA1-aadA1 (two isolates), dfrA15-aadA1 (one isolate), and aadA1 (one isolate). All isolates showed tetracycline resistance and contained the tet(A) +/- tet(B) genes. Virulence genes detected were as follows (number of isolates in parentheses): fimA (10); aer (eight); papC (two); and papGIII, hly, cnf, and bfp (none). Chicken farms constitute a reservoir of ESBL- and pAmpC-BL-producing E. coli isolates of the CTX-M-1 and CMY-2 types that potentially could be transmitted to humans via the food chain or by direct contact. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ben Sallem,R., Ben Slama,K., Saenz,Y., Rojo-Bezares,B., Estepa,V., Jouini,A., Gharsa,H., Klibi,N., Boudabous,A., Torres,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121129 PMCID Editors
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea: gold nanoparticles fiber for a head space solid phase micro extraction	2013	Department of Chemistry, Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 18735-334, Tehran, Iran.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology Periodical, Abbrev. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 90 Issue 3 Start Page 291 Other Pages 295 Notes JID: 0046021; 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 7440-57-5 (Gold); 2012/09/18 [received]; 2012/11/17 [accepted]; 2012/11/25 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1432-0800; 0007-4861 Accession Number PMID: 23183967 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1007/s00128-012-0906-2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23183967 Abstract A gold nanoparticles modified fused silica fiber was developed and used for the head space solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including naphthalene, anthracene, acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene. The effects of different parameters influencing the extraction efficiency including extraction temperature, extraction time, ionic strength, stirring rate and sample volume were examined and optimized. Linear ranges of 1-300 mug L(-1) for naphthalene, 0.5-250 mug L(-1) for anthracene, acenaphthylene and phenanthrene and 0.05-200 mug L(-1) for fluoranthene and pyrene were obtained. Detection limits were in the range of 10-200 mug L(-1). Single fiber repeatability and fiber to fiber reproducibility were less than 2.5 %-6.0 % and 8.5 %-13.6 %, respectively. Seawater samples were analyzed as real samples and good recoveries (91.9 %-105.3 %) were obtained for target analytes. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Karimi,M., Aboufazeli,F., Zhad,H.R., Sadeghi,O., Najafi,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121125 PMCID Editors
Phenolic compounds in particles of mainstream waterpipe smoke	2013	Chemistry Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 15 Issue 6 Start Page 1107 Other Pages 1112 Notes LR: 20150219; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Phenols); 0 (Smoke); OID: NLM: PMC3716329; 2012/11/22 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 23178319 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts255 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23178319 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Waterpipe tobacco smoking has in recent years become a popular international phenomenon, particularly among youth. While it has been shown to deliver significant quantities of several carcinogenic and toxic substances, phenols, an important class of chemical compounds thought to promote DNA mutation and cardiovascular diseases, however, has not been studied. Due to the relatively low temperature characteristic of waterpipe tobacco during smoking (i.e., Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sepetdjian,E., Abdul Halim,R., Salman,R., Jaroudi,E., Shihadeh,A., Saliba,N.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121122 PMCID PMC3716329 Editors
Predictors of long-term smoking cessation: results from the global adult tobacco survey in Poland (2009-2010)	2012	Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. dkaleta@op.pl	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 22-Nov Volume 12 Issue Start Page 1020 Other Pages 2458-12-1020 Notes LR: 20150222; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC3563479; 2012/08/11 [received]; 2012/11/17 [accepted]; 2012/11/22 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 23173904 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1020 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23173904 Abstract BACKGROUND: Expanding the information on determinants of smoking cessation is crucial for developing and implementing more effective tobacco control measures at the national as well as European levels. Data on smoking cessation and its social correlates among adults from middle-income countries of Central and Eastern Europe are still poorly reported in the literature. The aim of the study was to analyze the association of socio-demographic indicators with long term tobacco smoking cessation (quit smoking for at least one year prior to interview) among adults. Moreover, we evaluated motives for giving up smoking from former smokers. METHODS: Data on former as well as current smokers' socio-demographic and smoking-related characteristics were derived from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). GATS is a cross-sectional, nationally representative household survey implemented in Poland between 2009 and 2010. GATS collected data on a representative sample of 7,840 individuals including 1,206 individuals who met the criteria of long-term smoking cessation and 2,233 current smokers. Smoking cessation rate was calculated as the number of former smokers divided by the number of ever smokers. Logistic regression analyses were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the broad number of variables on successful cessation of smoking. RESULTS: Among females the quit rate was 30.4% compared to 37.9% in males (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kaleta,D., Korytkowski,P., Makowiec-Dabrowska,T., Usidame,B., Bak-Romaniszyn,L., Fronczak,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121122 PMCID PMC3563479 Editors
Particulate mass and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure from secondhand smoke in the back seat of a vehicle	2014	Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 23 Issue 1 Start Page 14 Other Pages 20 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); 2012/11/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 23172398 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050531 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23172398 Abstract CONTEXT: Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been reduced in the USA by banning smoking in public places. These restrictions have not had the same effect on children's exposure to SHS as adults suggesting that children are exposed to SHS in locations not covered by bans, such as private homes and cars. OBJECTIVES: Assess exposure to SHS in the backseat of a stationary vehicle where a child would sit, quantify exposures to fine particulates (PM2.5), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), carbon monoxide (CO) and nicotine. Estimate the impact on a child's mean daily exposure to PM2.5. METHODS: SHS exposures in stationary vehicles with two different window configurations were monitored. A volunteer smoked three cigarettes in a one-hour period for twenty-two experiments. PM2.5, CO, nicotine and PAH where measured in the backseat of the vehicle. 16 PAH compounds were measured for in gas and particle phases as well as real-time particle phase concentrations. RESULTS: The mean PAH concentration, 1325.1 ng/m(3), was larger than concentrations measured in bars and restaurants were smoking is banned in many countries. We estimate that a child spending only ten minutes in the car with a smoker at the mean PM2.5 concentration measured in the first window configuration--1697 mg/m(3)--will cause a 30% increase to the daily mean PM2.5 personal average of a child. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates made using the measured data and previously reported PM2.5 daily mean concentrations for children in California showing that even short exposure periods are capable of creating large exposure to smoke. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Northcross,A.L., Trinh,M., Kim,J., Jones,I.A., Meyers,M.J., Dempsey,D.D., Benowitz,N.L., Hammond,S.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121121 PMCID Editors

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