WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Use of smoking reduction strategies among U.S. tobacco quitlines	2012	Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 735, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 37 Issue 4 Start Page 583 Other Pages 586 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 7603486; 2011/08/16 [received]; 2011/10/20 [revised]; 2012/01/17 [accepted]; 2012/01/25 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 22301531 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.018 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22301531 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Tobacco quitlines (QLs) are efficacious and have assisted many smokers in achieving tobacco abstinence. However, most smokers are not able to achieve tobacco abstinence with QL services. QL counseling interventions for smokers who do not quit on their target quit date (TQD) and decline to set a new TQD after missing their TQD have not been systematically evaluated. METHODS: A telephone survey of tobacco QLs in the United States (US) was conducted to examine systematic approaches used with smokers who do not quit on their TQD and decline to set a new TQD. Tobacco QLs service providers were identified through the North American Quitline Consortium (NAQC). RESULTS: Fourteen service providers managing QLs of all 50 US states were identified and completed the voluntary survey. All providers recommended setting a new quit TQD if smokers did not achieve smoking cessation by their initial TQD. Six percent of US state QLs used brief motivational interviewing utilizing the "5R's" (relevance, risk, rewards, roadblocks, repetition). However, 90% of QLs had intervention protocols emphasizing smoking rate reduction. CONCLUSION: Although some US QLs utilized the "5Rs," the majority provided smoking reduction interventions for smokers not achieving tobacco cessation by their initial TQD and declining to set a new TQD. Research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of smoking rate reduction methods implemented through QLs for increasing smoking abstinence rates. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Asfar,T., Ebbert,J.O., Klesges,R.C., Klosky,J.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120125 PMCID Editors
Prevalence and patterns of commonly abused psychoactive prescription drugs in a sample of university students from Lebanon: an opportunity for cross-cultural comparisons	2012	Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, 1107-2020 Lebanon. lg01@aub.edu.lb	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Feb Volume 121 Issue 2-Jan Start Page 110 Other Pages 117 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; GR: DA020667/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA023434/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: HD060072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 HD060072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States; GR: R03 DA023434/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/Un Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 21924844 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.021 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21924844 Abstract BACKGROUND: Concerns about psychoactive prescription drug abuse among youth are growing worldwide, but the majority of published studies remain from the US and Canada impeding cross-cultural comparisons. This study examines the prevalence, sources, motivations and substance-use correlates of commonly abused medications among youth from Lebanon. METHODS: An IRB-approved cross-sectional study was conducted (May 2010) at the American University of Beirut. Proportionate cluster sampling was used to generate a representative sample of AUB students (n=570). A self-filled anonymous questionnaire was administered. RESULTS: Lifetime medical and nonmedical prevalence of medications were (respectively): pain (36.9%, 15.1%), anxiety (8.3%, 4.6%), sleeping (6.5%, 5.8%) and stimulants (2.6%, 3.5%). Gender differences were not observed. Lebanese were least likely to report non-medical use. Nonmedical users mostly used the drugs for their intended purpose (e.g., sleeping to help in sleep, stimulants to increase alertness). Parents and pharmacists (without a doctor's prescription) were the top two sources of all medications, except for stimulants (friends predominated). Diversion was observed in about 20% of the medical users. Lifetime marijuana users and past year alcohol abusers were three times as likely to use any prescription drug nonmedically. CONCLUSIONS: In Lebanon, as in Western cultures, a considerable proportion of youth may be self-medicating. The absence of medical supervision coupled with motivations such as "to get high" renders this issue a high priority on the national youth agenda. Besides larger more comprehensive surveys, the findings signal the immediate need to reinforce relevant policies, and raise awareness among youth, parents, health professionals and other stakeholders. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Ghandour,L.A., El Sayed,D.S., Martins,S.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110915 PMCID PMC3654541 Editors
Cigarette and waterpipe smoking among Lebanese adolescents, a cross-sectional study, 2003-2004	2008	Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. ze02@aub.edu.lb	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 10 Issue 2 Start Page 309 Other Pages 314 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9815751; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 18236295 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200701825775 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18236295 Abstract Waterpipe or "argileh" is a form of smoking other than cigarettes that is currently spreading among people of all ages. The objective of the present study was to assess tobacco smoking practices (waterpipe and/or cigarette) among public and private adolescent school students in Beirut, Lebanon. A sample of 2,443 students selected from 10 private and 3 public schools with intermediate/secondary classes filled out a self-administered anonymous questionnaire that inquired about sociodemographic characteristics, and behavior about tobacco smoking. Binary analysis was performed as well as three regression models for the relationship between exclusive cigarettes smoking, exclusive waterpipe smoking and both cigarettes and waterpipe as the dependent variables and gender, type of school, and class as the independent variables. The current prevalence of cigarettes smoking was 11.4%, and that of waterpipe smoking was 29.6%. Gender was significantly associated with cigarettes (OR=3.2, 95% CI 1.8-5.6) but not waterpipe smoking. Public school students were, respectively, 3.2 (95% CI 1.8-5.6) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.4-2.1) times more likely to be exclusive cigarettes smokers, and exclusive waterpipe smokers. Class was not significantly associated with exclusive cigarette smoking; however, students attending secondary classes were 1.3 (95% CI 1.1-1.6) times more likely to be exclusive waterpipe smokers. The reasons behind the high prevalence of both types of smoking are presented and discussed. The present study calls for school-based prevention programs and other types of interventions such as tax increases, and age-restrictions on tobacco sales. More aggressive interventions to disseminate education and awareness among parents and students altogether are warranted. Descriptors Adolescent, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Lebanon/epidemiology, Life Style, Male, Odds Ratio, Peer Group, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, School Health Services/organization & administration, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Social Environment, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors El-Roueiheb,Z., Tamim,H., Kanj,M., Jabbour,S., Alayan,I., Musharrafieh,U. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Evidence of sex differences in the relationship between current tobacco use and past-year serious psychological distress: 2005-2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health	2013	Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. ncpeip01@louisville.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Soc.Psychiatry Psychiatr.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 48 Issue 8 Start Page 1261 Other Pages 1271 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8804358; 2011/09/19 [received]; 2012/12/11 [accepted]; 2012/12/28 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1433-9285; 0933-7954 Accession Number PMID: 23272325 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1007/s00127-012-0644-0 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23272325 Abstract PURPOSE: Cigarette use is highly prevalent in psychiatric populations. Studies suggest that smokeless tobacco use is not significantly associated with past-year psychiatric morbidity, with evidence that tobacco use differ among sexes. The relationships between current tobacco use and past-year serious psychological distress, major depressive episode and anxiety disorder were therefore examined. Sex differences in the aforementioned relationship were also examined. METHODS: A total of 133,221 adults from four successive independent samples of the 2005-2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were included. Prevalence odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for demographic factors, survey year, pregnancy (women only), past-year medical morbidity, past-year psychiatric comorbidity, and past-year substance use disorders. RESULTS: No associations were demonstrated among smokeless tobacco users. Statistically significant sex differences were found for current tobacco use and serious psychological distress (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Peiper,N., Rodu,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121228 PMCID Editors
Association of prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and postnatal exposure to household smoking with dental caries in 3-year-old Japanese children	2015	Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan. El	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental research Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Res. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 143 Issue Pt A Start Page 148 Other Pages 153 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 0147621; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/07/17 [received]; 2015/10/05 [revised]; 2015/10/05 [accepted]; 2015/10/19 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0953; 0013-9351 Accession Number PMID: 26492399 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.004 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26492399 Abstract BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies of the association between smoking exposure and dental caries are limited. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between prenatal and postnatal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and the prevalence of dental caries in primary dentition in young Japanese children. METHODS: Study subjects were 6412 children aged 3 years. Information on exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal SHS exposure at home was collected via parent questionnaire. Children were classified as having dental caries if one or more primary teeth had decayed or had been filled. RESULTS: Compared with never smoking during pregnancy, maternal smoking in the first trimester of pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in children (adjusted odds ratio=1.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.80). Postnatal SHS exposure was also positively associated with dental caries, with a significant positive exposure-response relationship. Compared with children not exposed to prenatal maternal smoking or postnatal SHS at home, those exposed to both prenatal and postnatal smoking had higher odds of dental caries (adjusted odds ratio=1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.23-2.11). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal SHS exposure may be associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in primary dentition. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Tanaka,K., Miyake,Y., Nagata,C., Furukawa,S., Arakawa,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151019 PMCID Editors
Determination of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in Turkish primary school children by analysis of breath and by environmental passive sampling	2010	Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Health Technology Assessment, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. p.scheepers@ebh.umcn.nl	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Science of the total environment Periodical, Abbrev. Sci.Total Environ. Pub Date Free Form 15-Sep Volume 408 Issue 20 Start Page 4863 Other Pages 4870 Notes LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright 2010; JID: 0330500; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); 2010/02/19 [received]; 2010/05/18 [revised]; 2010/06/17 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1879-1026; 0048-9697 Accession Number PMID: 20619876 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.037 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20619876 Abstract Benzene, toluene, m/p-xylene and o-xylene (BTX) are toxic volatile organic compounds and ubiquitous air pollutants. Smoking and consumer products are indoor sources of BTX, whereas traffic and industrial activities are primary sources contributing to outdoor levels of BTX. The aim of this study was to characterize exposure of children to BTX by personal air sampling using diffusive samplers and by analysis of end-exhaled air. For this study, 101 children of 10-11 years of age were recruited from four primary schools in Southern Turkey during the warm season (May 2008). Two schools were situated in a residential area near primary and secondary iron and steel works (Payas) and two schools were located in a non-industrialized city (Iskenderun). The children and their parents were visited at home for an interview and to identify possible sources of BTX in the residence. Median concentrations of benzene determined by diffusive samplers were higher in Payas (4.1 microg/m(3)) than in Iskenderun (2.7 microg/m(3), p<0.001). For toluene, no differences were observed, whereas for xylene isomers air concentrations tended to be lower for children living in Payas. The median end-exhaled air concentrations were 8.2, 29, 3.8, and 5.7 pmol/L for benzene, toluene, m/p-xylene and o-xylene, respectively (Payas), and 6.9, 25, 4.9, and 6.0 pmol/L, respectively (Iskenderun). Concentrations of toluene in end-exhaled air were 50% higher in children living with household members who smoked indoors (p<0.05) and benzene in end-exhaled air was more than 3-fold higher for those children who were exposed to tobacco smoke inside a vehicle (p<0.001). End-exhaled concentrations of benzene were also higher in children living in a residence with an attached garage (p<0.05). These exposure modifying factors were not identified when using the results obtained with diffusive samplers. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis/metabolism, Benzene/analysis/metabolism, Breath Tests, Child, Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Toluene/analysis/metabolism, Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis/metabolism, Xylenes/analysis/metabolism Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Scheepers,P. T., Konings,J., Demirel,G., Gaga,E. O., Anzion,R., Peer,P. G., Dogeroglu,T., Ornektekin,S., van Doorn,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Relation of radon exposure and tobacco use to lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan Province, China	1989	Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Industrial Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Ind.Med. Pub Date Free Form 1989/ Volume 16 Issue 5 Start Page 511 Other Pages 521 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0271-3586 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract We studied the relation of radon exposure and tobacco use to lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan Province in the People's Republic of China. Interviews were conducted in 1985 with 107 living tin miners with lung cancer and an equal number of age-matched controls from among tin miners without lung cancer to obtain information on lung cancer risk factors including a detailed history of employment and tobacco use. Occupational history was combined with extensive industrial hygiene data to estimate cumulative working level months (WLM) of radon daughter exposure. Similar data were also used to estimate arsenic exposure for control in the analysis. Results indicate an increased risk of lung cancer for water pipe smoking, a traditional form of tobacco use practiced in 91% of cases and 85% of controls. Ever use of water pipes was associated with a twofold elevation in risk when compared with tobacco abstainers, and a dose-response relation was observed with increasing categories of pipe-year (dose times duration) usage. Estimated WLM of radon exposure varied from 0 to 1,761 among subjects but averaged 515 in cases versus only 244 in controls. Analyses indicated that the persons in the highest quarter of the radon exposure distribution had an odds ratio (OR) = 9.5 (95% confidence interval = 2.7-33.1) compared to persons without radon exposure after controlling for arsenic exposure and other potential confounders. Examination of duration and rate of radon exposure indicated higher risk associated with long duration as opposed to high rate of exposure. Cross-categorizations of radon exposure and tobacco use suggest greater risk associated with radon exposure than tobacco in these workers. Descriptors radon, tin, adult, aged, article, China, epidemiology, etiology, human, lung cancer, major clinical study, male, occupational exposure, tobacco Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Qiao,Y. -L, Taylor,P. R., Yao,S. -X, Schatzkin,A., Mao,B. -L, Lubin,J., Rao,J. -Y, McAdams,M., Xuan,X. -Z, Li,J. -Y Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Double trouble: Exploring the association between waterpipe tobacco smoking and the nonmedical use of psychoactive prescription drugs among adolescents	2014	Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: leonazahlan@gmail.com.; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American U	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Dec Volume 145 Issue Start Page 217 Other Pages 223 Notes LR: 20160208; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: 1R01HD060072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States; GR: UR008509/PHS HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; 0 (Prescription Drugs); 0 (Psychotropic Drugs); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/05/20 [received]; 2014/10/19 [revised]; 2014/10/20 [ Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 25456333 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.020 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25456333 Abstract BACKGROUND: In youth, both waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) are globally growing concerns. This study assesses for the first time the lifetime and past-year associations between WTS and four classes of psychoactive prescription drugs. METHODS: Cross-sectional data (2011) on 986 high school students attending public and private high schools in Beirut (Lebanon) was analyzed. Schools were selected using proportionate random cluster sampling from a comprehensive list of schools provided by the Ministry of Education. RESULTS: Almost half (46%) had tried WTS compared to 25% who had ever tried cigarettes. Lifetime prevalence estimates of NMUPD were: pain relievers (8.2%), sedatives/tranquilizers (5.6%), stimulants (3.5%), antidepressants (2.5%), and sleeping pills (2.3%). WTS was associated with increased odds of sedatives/tranquilizer use (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.25, 8.25), pain reliever use (OR = 4.31, 95% CI: 2.02, 9.17), and sleeping medication use (OR = 8.31, 95% CI: 2.37, 29.20), controlling for sex, age, school type, and other substance use. For cigarettes, the associations were consistently either weaker or non-existent, except with stimulant use (OR = 5.29, 95% CI: 1.55, 18.05). CONCLUSIONS: While public health professionals have watched with caution the global prevalence of youth cigarette use-worldwide, an insidious alternative form of tobacco use has grown. Further research is needed to understand the unique risk factors and motives associated with WTS and how these relate to NMUPD in order to inform the development of effective intervention programs and policies that support youth positive health decisions. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Zahlan,L., Ghandour,L., Yassin,N., Afifi,R., Martins,S.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141028 PMCID Editors
Rise of waterpipe smoking	2015	Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33139, USA Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies wmaziak@fiu.edu.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMJ (Clinical research ed.) Periodical, Abbrev. BMJ Pub Date Free Form 17-Apr Volume 350 Issue Start Page h1991 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150805; JID: 8900488; 0 (Tars); 0 (tobacco tar); CIN: BMJ. 2015;350:h3086. PMID: 26055421; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1756-1833; 0959-535X Accession Number PMID: 25888390 Language eng SubFile Editorial; AIM; IM DOI 10.1136/bmj.h1991 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25888390 Abstract Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150417 PMCID Editors
Predictors of adherence to pharmacological and behavioral treatment in a cessation trial among smokers in Aleppo, Syria	2015	Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. Electronic address: zbent002@fiu.edu.; Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA; Syrian Center for Tobacco St	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Aug Volume 153 Issue Start Page 167 Other Pages 172 Notes LR: 20160801; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: 1R01DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; NIHMS697922; OID: NLM: NIHMS697922; OID: NLM: PMC4509913; O Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 26077603 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.038 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26077603 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The development of evidence-based smoking cessation programs is in its infancy in developing countries, which continue to bear the main brunt of the tobacco epidemic. Adherence to treatment recommendations is an important determinant of the success of smoking cessation programs, but little is known about factors influencing adherence to either pharmacological or behavioral treatment in developing countries settings. Our study represents the first attempt to examine the predictors of adherence to cessation treatment in a low-income developing country. METHODS: Predictors of adherence to pharmacological and behavioral treatment were identified by analyzing data from a multi-site, two-group, parallel-arm, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled smoking cessation trial in primary care clinics in Aleppo, Syria. Participants received 3 in-person behavioral counseling sessions plus 5 brief follow-up phone counseling sessions, and were randomized to either 6 weeks of nicotine or placebo patch. RESULTS: Of the 269 participants, 68% adhered to pharmacological treatment, while 70% adhered to behavioral counseling. In logistic regression modeling, lower adherence to pharmacological and behavioral treatment was associated with higher daily smoking at baseline, greater withdrawal symptoms, and perception of receiving placebo instead of active nicotine patch. Women showed lower adherence than men to behavioral treatment, while being assigned to placebo condition and baseline waterpipe use were associated with lower adherence to pharmacological treatment. CONCLUSION: Adherence to cessation treatment for cigarette smokers in low-income countries such as Syria may benefit from integrated cessation components that provide intensive treatment for subjects with higher nicotine dependence, and address concurrent waterpipe use at all stages. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Ben Taleb,Z., Ward,K.D., Asfar,T., Bahelah,R., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150606 PMCID PMC4509913 Editors

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