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Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Graphic Warning Labels Elicit Affective and Thoughtful Responses from Smokers: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial	2015	Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 16-Dec Volume 10 Issue 12 Start Page e0142879 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160701; ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01782053; GR: P50 CA180908/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50CA180908/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA157824/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 101285081; OID: NLM: PMC4684406; 2015 [ecollection]; 2015/06/29 [ Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 26672982 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0142879 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26672982 Abstract OBJECTIVE: Observational research suggests that placing graphic images on cigarette warning labels can reduce smoking rates, but field studies lack experimental control. Our primary objective was to determine the psychological processes set in motion by naturalistic exposure to graphic vs. text-only warnings in a randomized clinical trial involving exposure to modified cigarette packs over a 4-week period. Theories of graphic-warning impact were tested by examining affect toward smoking, credibility of warning information, risk perceptions, quit intentions, warning label memory, and smoking risk knowledge. METHODS: Adults who smoked between 5 and 40 cigarettes daily (N = 293; mean age = 33.7), did not have a contra-indicated medical condition, and did not intend to quit were recruited from Philadelphia, PA and Columbus, OH. Smokers were randomly assigned to receive their own brand of cigarettes for four weeks in one of three warning conditions: text only, graphic images plus text, or graphic images with elaborated text. RESULTS: Data from 244 participants who completed the trial were analyzed in structural-equation models. The presence of graphic images (compared to text-only) caused more negative affect toward smoking, a process that indirectly influenced risk perceptions and quit intentions (e.g., image->negative affect->risk perception->quit intention). Negative affect from graphic images also enhanced warning credibility including through increased scrutiny of the warnings, a process that also indirectly affected risk perceptions and quit intentions (e.g., image->negative affect->risk scrutiny->warning credibility->risk perception->quit intention). Unexpectedly, elaborated text reduced warning credibility. Finally, graphic warnings increased warning-information recall and indirectly increased smoking-risk knowledge at the end of the trial and one month later. CONCLUSIONS: In the first naturalistic clinical trial conducted, graphic warning labels are more effective than text-only warnings in encouraging smokers to consider quitting and in educating them about smoking's risks. Negative affective reactions to smoking, thinking about risks, and perceptions of credibility are mediators of their impact. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01782053. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Evans,A.T., Peters,E., Strasser,A.A., Emery,L.F., Sheerin,K.M., Romer,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151216 PMCID PMC4684406 Editors
Graphic warning labels on plain cigarette packs: will they make a difference to adolescents?	2012	University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. j.mccool@auckland.ac.nz	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Social science & medicine (1982) Periodical, Abbrev. Soc.Sci.Med. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 74 Issue 8 Start Page 1269 Other Pages 1273 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 8303205; 2010/09/09 [received]; 2011/12/15 [revised]; 2011/12/22 [accepted]; 2012/02/17 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-5347; 0277-9536 Accession Number PMID: 22385817 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.043 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22385817 Abstract Graphic warning labels and plain cigarette packaging are two initiatives developed to increase quit behaviour among smokers. Although a little is known about how adolescents interpret graphic warning labels, very few studies have examined how plain cigarette packaging would affect adolescents' perceptions of cigarette smoking and smoking behaviour. We explored how teens interpret and respond to graphic warning labels and the plain packaging of cigarettes, to assess the potential these strategies may offer in deterring smoking initiation. Twelve focus group interviews with a sample of 80 14-16 year old students from a diverse range of schools in Auckland, New Zealand were undertaken between June and August 2009. Textual analysis revealed that graphic warning labels may influence adolescents by reiterating a negative image of smokers. Graphic warning on a plain cigarette pack increased the attention paid to graphic warning labels and the overall perceptions of harm caused by cigarette smoking, and reduced the social appeal of cigarette smoking. This research offers evidence on how adolescents are appraising and interpreting graphic warning labels, and explores how dominant appraisals may affect the role graphic warning labels play in preventing smoking. Not only would plain cigarette packaging enhance the salience and impact of graphic warning labels, but it would potentially bolster the overall message that cigarette smoking is harmful. In the context of a comprehensive tobacco control programme, graphic warning labels on plain cigarette packaging present an explicit message about the risks (to health and image) associated with cigarette smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors McCool,J., Webb,L., Cameron,L.D., Hoek,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120217 PMCID Editors
Green aspects, developments and perspectives of liquid phase microextraction techniques	2014	Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza Street 11/12, Gdansk 80-233, Poland.; Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza Street 11/1	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Talanta Periodical, Abbrev. Talanta Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 119 Issue Start Page 34 Other Pages 45 Notes CI: (c) 2013; JID: 2984816R; 0 (Solutions); 0 (Solvents); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/10/01 [received]; 2013/10/21 [revised]; 2013/10/22 [accepted]; 2013/10/29 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3573; 0039-9140 Accession Number PMID: 24401382 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.050 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24401382 Abstract Determination of analytes at trace levels in complex samples (e.g. biological or contaminated water or soils) are often required for the environmental assessment and monitoring as well as for scientific research in the field of environmental pollution. A limited number of analytical techniques are sensitive enough for the direct determination of trace components in samples and, because of that, a preliminary step of the analyte isolation/enrichment prior to analysis is required in many cases. In this work the newest trends and innovations in liquid phase microextraction, like: single-drop microextraction (SDME), hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) have been discussed, including their critical evaluation and possible application in analytical practice. The described modifications of extraction techniques deal with system miniaturization and/or automation, the use of ultrasound and physical agitation, and electrochemical methods. Particular attention was given to pro-ecological aspects therefore the possible use of novel, non-toxic extracting agents, inter alia, ionic liquids, coacervates, surfactant solutions and reverse micelles in the liquid phase microextraction techniques has been evaluated in depth. Also, new methodological solutions and the related instruments and devices for the efficient liquid phase micoextraction of analytes, which have found application at the stage of procedure prior to chromatographic determination, are presented. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Published by Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Spietelun,A., Marcinkowski,L., de la Guardia,M., Namiesnik,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131029 PMCID Editors
Ground-level ozone differentially affects nitrogen acquisition and allocation in mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees	2012	Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universitat Munchen, 85354 Freising, Germany. weigt@wzw.tum.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 32 Issue 10 Start Page 1259 Other Pages 1273 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100955338; 0 (Nitrogen Isotopes); 0 (Soil); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 66H7ZZK23N (Ozone); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); 2012/10/05 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1758-4469; 0829-318X Accession Number PMID: 23042769 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/treephys/tps087 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23042769 Abstract Impacts of elevated ground-level ozone (O(3)) on nitrogen (N) uptake and allocation were studied on mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in a forest stand, hypothesizing that: (i) chronically elevated O(3) limits nutrient uptake, and (ii) beech responds more sensitively to elevated O(3) than spruce, as previously found for juvenile trees. Tree canopies were exposed to twice-ambient O(3) concentrations (2 x O(3)) by a free-air fumigation system, with trees under ambient O(3) serving as control. After 5 years of O(3) fumigation, (15)NH(4)(15)NO(3) was applied to soil, and concentrations of newly acquired N (N(labelled)) and total N (N(total)) in plant compartments and soil measured. Under 2 x O(3), N(labelled) and N(total) were increased in the bulk soil and tended to be lower in fine and coarse roots of both species across the soil horizons, supporting hypothesis (i). N(labelled) was reduced in beech foliage by up to 60%, and by up to 50% in buds under 2 x O(3). Similarly, N(labelled) in stem bark and phloem was reduced. No such reduction was observed in spruce, reflecting a stronger effect on N acquisition in beech in accordance with hypothesis (ii). In spruce, 2 x O(3) tended to favour allocation of new N to foliage. N(labelled) in beech foliage correlated with cumulative seasonal transpiration, indicating impaired N acquisition was probably caused by reduced stomatal conductance and, hence, water transport under elevated O(3). Stimulated fine root growth under 2 x O(3) with a possible increase of below-ground N sink strength may also have accounted for lowered N allocation to above-ground organs. Reduced N uptake and altered allocation may enhance the use of stored N for growth, possibly affecting long-term stand nutrition. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Weigt,R.B., Haberle,K.H., Millard,P., Metzger,U., Ritter,W., Blaschke,H., Gottlein,A., Matyssek,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121005 PMCID Editors
Groundwater as source of contamination for water supply in rapidly growing megacities of Asia: Case of Karachi, Pakistan	1996	Rahman, A.-U., Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 0511, Singapore	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Generic Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. WATER SCI. TECHNOL. Pub Date Free Form 1996/ Volume 34 Issue 7-8 -8 pt 4 Start Page 285 Other Pages 292 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The development of essential services including water and sanitation in many megacities of the economically developing countries of Asia cannot keep pace with their rapidly growing population and accompanying urban and industrial development. The inadequate water supply and poor sanitation services lead to contamination of their water supply through the input of sewage water into groundwater. This paper examines the problem of contamination of water supply in Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan with a population of over 12 million and growing at 6 percent per annum. The paper presents the data on water quality from various sources, mainly municipal water supply, vendors and well water; the three major sources of water for domestic use in Karachi. Except municipal water from some areas and during certain periods, water from most other sources contains coliform bacteria, and in many cases faecal coliform, in amounts several magnitudes higher than any standards permit. Many samples have also been found to contain heavy metals including chromium, lead, nickel and arsenic in amounts excessive of permitted standards. The probable sources of contaminants for the various types of water (piped, vendors, wells) indicate that groundwater may be the main contributor. The very source of this groundwater is predominantly from sewage. The paper also evaluates the solutions that are being practised, proposed or may be feasible, as well as those that are evolving. Descriptors arsenic, chromium, drinking water, ground water, heavy metal, lead, nickel, coliform bacterium, conference paper, developing country, Pakistan, sanitation, sewage, water contamination, water quality, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Rahman,A. -U Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation	2005	Department of Primary Health Care, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LF. lindsay.stead@dphpc.ox.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 18-Apr Volume -2 Issue 2 Start Page CD001007 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130628; JID: 100909747; RF: 117; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 15846610 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001007.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15846610 Abstract BACKGROUND: Group therapy offers individuals the opportunity to learn behavioural techniques for smoking cessation, and to provide each other with mutual support. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the effects of smoking cessation programmes delivered in a group format compared to self-help materials, or to no intervention; to compare the effectiveness of group therapy and individual counselling; and to determine the effect of adding group therapy to advice from a health professional or to nicotine replacement. We also aimed to determine whether specific components increased the effectiveness of group therapy. We aimed to determine the rate at which offers of group therapy are taken up. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Trials Register, with additional searches of MEDLINE and PsycINFO, including the terms behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, psychotherapy or group therapy, in January 2005. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomized trials that compared group therapy with self help, individual counselling, another intervention or no intervention (including usual care or a waiting list control). We also considered trials that compared more than one group programme. We included those trials with a minimum of two group meetings, and follow up of smoking status at least six months after the start of the programme. We excluded trials in which group therapy was provided to both active therapy and placebo arms of trials of pharmacotherapies, unless they had a factorial design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the participants, the interventions provided to the groups and the controls, including programme length, intensity and main components, the outcome measures, method of randomization, and completeness of follow up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow up in patients smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence in each trial, and biochemically validated rates where available. Subjects lost to follow up were analyzed as continuing smokers. Where possible, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed-effects (Mantel-Haenszel) model. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 55 trials met inclusion criteria for one or more of the comparisons in the review. Sixteen studies compared a group programme with a self-help programme. There was an increase in cessation with the use of a group programme (N = 4395, odds ratio (OR) 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.60 to 2.60). Group programmes were more effective than no intervention controls (seven trials, N = 815, OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.37 to 3.45). There was no evidence that group therapy was more effective than a similar intensity of individual counselling. There was limited evidence that the addition of group therapy to other forms of treatment, such as advice from a health professional or nicotine replacement, produced extra benefit. There was variation in the extent to which those offered group therapy accepted the treatment. There was limited evidence that programmes which included components for increasing cognitive and behavioural skills and avoiding relapse were more effective than same length or shorter programmes without these components. This analysis was sensitive to the way in which one study with multiple conditions was included. We did not find an effect of manipulating the social interactions between participants in a group programme on outcome. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Group therapy is better for helping people stop smoking than self help, and other less intensive interventions. There is not enough evidence to evaluate whether groups are more effective, or cost-effective, than intensive individual counselling. There is not enough evidence to support the use of particular psychological components in a programme beyond the support and skills training normally included. Descriptors Behavior Therapy/methods, Humans, Program Evaluation, Psychotherapy, Group, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L. F., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20050418 PMCID Editors
Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation	2002	Dept of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Mather Building, 5804 Fairview Avenue, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z3. lindsay.stead@dphpc.ox.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form Volume -3 Issue 3 Start Page CD001007 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130628; JID: 100909747; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD001007. PMID: 15846610; RF: 103; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 12137615 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI CD001007 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12137615 Abstract BACKGROUND: Group therapy offers individuals the opportunity to learn behavioural techniques for smoking cessation, and to provide each other with mutual support. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the effects of smoking cessation programmes delivered in a group format compared to self-help materials, or to no intervention; to compare the effectiveness of group therapy and individual counselling; and to determine the effect of adding group therapy to advice from a health professional or nicotine replacement. We also aimed to determine whether specific components increased the effectiveness of group therapy. We aimed to determine the rate at which offers of group therapy are taken up. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register, with additional searches of PsycInfo and MEDLINE, including the terms behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, psychotherapy or group therapy, in December 2001. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomised trials that compared group therapy with self-help, individual counselling, another intervention or no intervention (including usual care or a waiting list control). We also considered trials that compared more than one group programmes. We included those trials with a minimum of two group meetings, and follow-up of smoking status at least six months after the start of the programme. We excluded trials in which group therapy was provided to both active therapy and placebo arms of trials of pharmacotherapies, unless they had a factorial design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the people recruited, the interventions provided to the groups and the controls, including programme length, intensity and main components, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence in each trial, and biochemically validated rates where available. Subjects lost to follow-up were counted as smokers. Where possible, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects (Peto) model. MAIN RESULTS: A total of fifty two trials met inclusion criteria for one or more of the comparisons in the review. Sixteen studies compared a group programme with a self-help programme. There was an increase in cessation with the use of a group programme (N=4,395, odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.57 to 2.48). Group programmes were more effective than no intervention controls (six trials, N=775, odds ratio 2.19, 95% confidence interval 1.42 to 3.37). There was no evidence that group therapy was more effective than a similar intensity of individual counselling. There was limited evidence that the addition of group therapy to other forms of treatment, such as advice from a health professional or nicotine replacement produced extra benefit. There was variation in the extent to which those offered group therapy accepted the treatment. There was limited evidence that programmes which included components for increasing cognitive and behavioural skills and avoiding relapse were more effective than same length or shorter programmes without these components. This analysis was sensitive to the way in which one study with multiple conditions was included. There was no evidence that manipulating the social interactions between participants in a group programme had an effect on outcome. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Groups are better than self-help, and other less intensive interventions. There is not enough evidence on their effectiveness, or cost-effectiveness, compared to intensive individual counselling. The inclusion of skills training to help smokers avoid relapse appears to be useful although the evidence is limited. There is not enough evidence to support the use of particular components in a programme beyond the support and skills training normally included. Descriptors Behavior Therapy/methods, Humans, Program Evaluation, Psychotherapy, Group, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L. F., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Group hypnosis vs. relaxation for smoking cessation in adults: a cluster-randomised controlled trial	2013	Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction ISGF, University of Zurich, Konradstrasse 32, Postfach, 8031 Zurich, Switzerland. maria.dickson@isgf.uzh.ch.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 23-Dec Volume 13 Issue Start Page 1227 Other Pages 2458-13-1227 Notes LR: 20150422; ISRCTN/ISRCTN72839675; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC3878029; 2013/09/26 [received]; 2013/12/20 [accepted]; 2013/12/23 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 24365274 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1227 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24365274 Abstract BACKGROUND: Despite the popularity of hypnotherapy for smoking cessation, the efficacy of this method is unclear. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of a single-session of group hypnotherapy for smoking cessation compared to relaxation in Swiss adult smokers. METHODS: This was a cluster-randomised, parallel-group, controlled trial. A single session of hypnosis or relaxation for smoking cessation was delivered to groups of smokers (median size = 11). Participants were 223 smokers consuming >/= 5 cigarettes per day, willing to quit and not using cessation aids (47.1% females, M = 37.5 years [SD = 11.8], 86.1% Swiss). Nicotine withdrawal, smoking abstinence self-efficacy, and adverse reactions were assessed at a 2-week follow-up. The main outcome, self-reported 30-day point prevalence of smoking abstinence, was assessed at a 6-month follow up. Abstinence was validated through salivary analysis. Secondary outcomes included number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking abstinence self-efficacy, and nicotine withdrawal. RESULTS: At the 6-month follow up, 14.7% in the hypnosis group and 17.8% in the relaxation group were abstinent. The intervention had no effect on smoking status (p = .73) or on the number of cigarettes smoked per day (p = .56). Smoking abstinence self-efficacy did not differ between the interventions (p = .14) at the 2-week follow-up, but non-smokers in the hypnosis group experienced reduced withdrawal (p = .02). Both interventions produced few adverse reactions (p = .81). CONCLUSIONS: A single session of group hypnotherapy does not appear to be more effective for smoking cessation than a group relaxation session. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN72839675. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dickson-Spillmann,M., Haug,S., Schaub,M.P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131223 PMCID PMC3878029 Editors
Group Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Increases Smoke Toxicant Concentration	2016	Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Department of Mechanic	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 18 Issue 5 Start Page 770 Other Pages 776 Notes LR: 20160701; CI: (c) The Author 2015; GR: P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 2015/07/24 [re Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 26659913 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntv271 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26659913 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is a global health concern. Laboratory research has focused on individual waterpipe users while group use is common. This study examined user toxicant exposure and smoke toxicant yield associated with individual and group waterpipe smoking. METHODS: Twenty-two pairs of waterpipe smokers used a waterpipe individually and as a dyad. Before and after smoking, blood was sampled and expired carbon monoxide (CO) measured; puff topography was recorded throughout. One participant from each pair was selected randomly and their plasma nicotine and expired air CO concentrations were compared when smoking alone to when smoking as part of a dyad. Recorded puff topography was used to machine-produce smoke that was analyzed for toxicant content. RESULTS: There was no difference in mean plasma nicotine concentration when an individual smoked as part of a dyad (mean = 14.9 ng/ml; standard error of the mean [SEM] = 3.0) compared to when smoking alone (mean = 10.0 ng/ml; SEM = 1.5). An individual smoking as part of as a dyad had, on average, lower CO (mean = 15.8 ppm; SEM = 2.0) compared to when smoking alone (mean= 21.3 ppm; SEM = 2.7). When two participants smoked as a dyad they took, on average, more puffs (mean = 109.8; SEM = 7.6) than a singleton smoker (mean = 77.7; SEM = 8.1) and a shorter interpuff interval (IPI; dyad mean = 23.8 seconds; SEM = 1.9; singleton mean = 40.8 seconds; SEM = 4.8). Higher concentrations of several toxicants were observed in dyad-produced smoke. DISCUSSION: Dyad smoking may increase smoke toxicant content, likely due to the dyad's shorter IPIs and greater puff number. More work is needed to understand if group waterpipe smoking alters the health risks of waterpipe tobacco smoking. IMPLICATIONS: This study is the first to measure toxicants in smoke generated from a waterpipe when used by a dyad. Relative to smoke generated by a singleton, dyad smoke had higher concentration of some toxicants. These differences may be attributed to differences in puffing behavior, specifically the shorter IPI and greater puff number observed in the dyad condition. Relative to singleton smokers, dyad smokers were exposed to less CO, but nicotine exposure did not differ. More work is needed to assess the health effects of inhalation of more toxicant-laden smoke during group waterpipe use. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Data Source Authors Ramoa,C.P., Shihadeh,A., Salman,R., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151211 PMCID Editors
Growth responses and delayed winter hardening in Sitka spruce following summer exposure to ozone	1988	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full New Phytologist Periodical, Abbrev. New Phytol. Pub Date Free Form 1988/ Volume 108 Issue 4 Start Page 495; 504 Other Pages 495; 504 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0028-646X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Two-year-old seedlings of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr.] were exposed to <5, 70, 120 and 170 nl l-1 O3 for 7 h day-1 in large ventilated glasshouses during the summer of 1986. Relative growth rates (RGR) were calculated at intervals throughout the summer and autumn using a non-destructive technique in which measurements of stem height and diameter were used to estimate above-ground biomass. No statistically significant effects of the ozone on growth were apparent during or after the period of fumigation, and growth of the seedlings had largely been completed by the end of August. The winter hardiness of these plants was subsequently tested on 10 November and 8 December by subjecting detached shoots to a range of carefully regulated freezing temperatures in controlled environment chambers. The results for the samples taken on the earlier date suggested that plants exposed to ozone were more sensitive to frost than the controls, and that this effect was dependent on the concentration of the pollutant. In the samples taken later, all the shoots appeared to have hardened equally to freezing temperatures in excess of about -20Â°C. The results suggest that early autumn frosts might be damaging to Sitka spruce after exposure to high ozone concentrations in summer. Descriptors ozone, growth, vascular plant, tree Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Lucas,P. W., Cottam,D. A., Sheppard,L. J., Francis,B. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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