WTS database | WHO FCTC

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Five-year trends of second-hand smoke exposure in Greece: a comparison between complete, partial, and prelegislation levels	2012	Center for Global Tobacco Control, Division of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. vardavas@hsph.harvard.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery Periodical, Abbrev. J.Aerosol Med.Pulm.Drug Deliv. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 25 Issue 6 Start Page 349 Other Pages 354 Notes JID: 101475057; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2012/03/06 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1941-2703; 1941-2711 Accession Number PMID: 22393905 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; T DOI 10.1089/jamp.2011.0949 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22393905 Abstract BACKGROUND: Our aim was to assess second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in hospitality venues after the smoke-free legislation implemented in September 2010 in Greece and to compare with when a partial ban was in place and in 2006 when no ban was in place. METHODS: Hospitality venues were prospectively assessed for their indoor concentrations of particulate matter (PM(2.5)) during the partial ban phase (n=149) and the complete ban phase (n=120, 80% followed up), while overall and matched by venue comparisons were also performed (no ban vs. partial ban vs. complete ban). Comparisons with previously collected data in 2006 when no ban was in place also was performed. RESULTS: Indoor air levels of PM(2.5) attributable to SHS dropped following the transition from a partial to a complete ban by 34% (137 mug/m(3) vs. 90 mug/m(3), p=0.003). This drop was larger in bars (from 195 mug/m(3) to 121 mug/m(3)), than in cafes (124 mug/m(3) vs. 87 mug/m(3)) or restaurants (42 mug/m(3) vs. 39 mug/m(3)). PM(2.5) concentrations between 2006 (no ban) and the partial ban of 2010 were also found to decrease by 94 mug/m(3); however, among matched venues, the levels of indoor air pollution were not found to change significantly (218 mug/m(3) vs. 178 mug/m(3), p=0.58). Comparing the 2010 complete ban results (n=120) with previously collected data from 2006 when no ban was in place (n=43), overall PM(2.5) concentrations were found to fall from 268 mug/m(3) to 89 mug/m(3), while a matched analysis found a significant reduction in PM(2.5) concentrations (249 mug/m(3) vs. 46 mug/m(3), p=0.011). CONCLUSION: The complete ban of smoking in hospitality venues in Greece led to a reduction in SHS exposure, in comparison to when the partial ban or no ban was in place; however, exposure to SHS was not eliminated indicating the need for stronger enforcement. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Vardavas,C.I., Anagnostopoulos,N., Patelarou,E., Minas,M., Nakou,C., Dramba,V., Giourgouli,G., Bagkeris,E., Gourgoulianis,K., Pattaka,P., Antoniadis,A., Lionis,C., Bertic,M., Dockery,D., Connolly,G.N., Behrakis,P.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120306 PMCID Editors
Flavored cigar smoking among U.S. adults: findings from the 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey	2013	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. baking@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 15 Issue 2 Start Page 608 Other Pages 614 Notes JID: 9815751; 2012/08/27 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 22927687 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts178 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22927687 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Under its authority to regulate tobacco products, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration prohibited certain characterizing flavors in cigarettes in September 2009; however, flavored cigars are still permitted to be manufactured, distributed, and sold. This study assessed the prevalence and correlates of flavored cigar smoking among U.S. adults. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey, a national landline and cell phone survey of adults aged >/= 18 years old residing in the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. National and state estimates of flavored cigar use were calculated overall and among current cigar smokers; national estimates were calculated by sex, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, annual household income, U.S. Census Region, and sexual orientation. RESULTS: The national prevalence of flavored cigar smoking was 2.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.6%-3.1%; state range: 0.6%-5.7%) and was greater among those who were male, younger in age, non-Hispanic Other race, less educated, less wealthy, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered (LGBT). Nationally, the prevalence of flavored cigar use among cigar smokers was 42.9% (95% CI = 40.1%-45.7%; state range: 11.1%-71.6%) and was greater among those who were female, younger in age, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Other race, less educated, less wealthy, and LGBT. CONCLUSIONS: More than two fifths of current cigar smokers report using flavored cigars. Disparities in flavored cigar use also exist across states and subpopulations. Efforts to curb flavored cigar smoking have the potential to reduce the prevalence of overall cigar smoking among U.S. adults, particularly among subpopulations with the greatest burden. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors King,B.A., Dube,S.R., Tynan,M.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120827 PMCID Editors
Flavored Tobacco Product Use Among Middle and High School Students--United States, 2014	2015		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 2-Oct Volume 64 Issue 38 Start Page 1066 Other Pages 1070 Notes JID: 7802429; 0 (Flavoring Agents); epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-861X; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 26421418 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm6438a2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26421418 Abstract The 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act prohibits "characterizing flavors" (e.g., candy, fruit, and chocolate) other than tobacco and menthol in cigarettes; however, characterizing flavors are not currently prohibited in other tobacco products. Analyses of retail sales data suggest that U.S. consumption of flavored noncigarette tobacco products, including flavored cigars and flavored e-cigarettes, has increased in recent years. There is growing concern that widely marketed varieties of new and existing flavored tobacco products might appeal to youths (2) and could be contributing to recent increases in the use of tobacco products, including e-cigarettes and hookah, among youths. CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) to determine the prevalence of past 30 day use (current use) of flavored e-cigarette, hookah tobacco, cigar, pipe tobacco or smokeless tobacco products, and menthol cigarettes among middle and high school students, and the proportion of current tobacco product users who have used flavored products. An estimated 70.0% (3.26 million) of all current youth tobacco users had used at least one flavored tobacco product in the past 30 days. Among current users, 63.3%, (1.58 million) had used a flavored e-cigarette, 60.6%, (1.02 million) had used flavored hookah tobacco, and 63.5% (910,000) had used a flavored cigar in the past 30 days. Given the millions of current youth tobacco users, it is important for comprehensive tobacco prevention and control strategies to address all forms of tobacco use, including flavored tobacco products, among U.S. youths. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Corey,C.G., Ambrose,B.K., Apelberg,B.J., King,B.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151002 PMCID Editors
Flavored tobacco product use among U.S. young adults	2013	Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC 20036, USA. avillanti@legacyforhealth.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Preventive Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 44 Issue 4 Start Page 388 Other Pages 391 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 8704773; 0 (Flavoring Agents); 1490-04-6 (Menthol); 2012/07/06 [received]; 2012/10/02 [revised]; 2012/11/21 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-2607; 0749-3797 Accession Number PMID: 23498105 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.031 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23498105 Abstract BACKGROUND: Passage of the U.S. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in 2009 led to a ban on the sale of flavored cigarettes, largely because of studies showing targeting of these products to youth and young adults. There are no current restrictions on the marketing or sale of noncigarette or new nontraditional smokeless tobacco products (such as snus and dissolvable products), which are available in more than 45 flavors. PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of flavored tobacco use, dual use of flavored and menthol tobacco products, and sociodemographic predictors of flavored tobacco product use in young adults aged 18-34 years (N=4196). METHODS: The current study utilizes data from Legacy's Young Adult Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample collected in January 2012. Data were analyzed using Stata IC 11.0 in June 2012. RESULTS: Overall, 18.5% of tobacco users report using flavored products, and dual use of menthol and flavored product use ranged from 1% (nicotine products) to 72% (chewing tobacco). In a multivariable model controlling for menthol use, younger adults were more likely to use flavored tobacco products (OR=1.89, 95% CI=1.14, 3.11), and those with a high school education had decreased use of flavored products (OR=0.56; 95% CI=0.32, 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in use may be due to the continued targeted advertising of flavored products to young adults and minorities. Those most likely to use flavored products are also those most at risk of developing established tobacco-use patterns that persist through their lifetime. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Villanti,A.C., Richardson,A., Vallone,D.M., Rath,J.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Flavored tobacco use among Canadian students in grades 9 through 12: prevalence and patterns from the 2010-2011 youth smoking survey	2014	Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1. E-mail: lminaker@uwaterloo.ca.; University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, and Cancer Care	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventing chronic disease Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Chronic Dis. Pub Date Free Form 19-Jun Volume 11 Issue Start Page E102 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160317; JID: 101205018; 0 (Flavoring Agents); 1490-04-6 (Menthol); OID: NLM: PMC4068113; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-1151; 1545-1151 Accession Number PMID: 24945240 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.5888/pcd11.140094 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24945240 Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study examined patterns of use of flavored tobacco products in a nationally generalizable sample of Canadian students in grades 9 through 12 after the implementation of a national ban on certain flavored tobacco products. METHODS: Data from the 2010-2011 Youth Smoking Survey, a nationally generalizable sample of Canadian students in grades 9 through 12 (n = 31,396), were used to examine tobacco product use. Logistic regression models were used to examine differences in use of flavored tobacco products (cigarettes, pipes, little cigars or cigarillos, cigars, roll-your-own cigarettes, bidis, smokeless tobacco, water pipes, and blunt wraps) by sociodemographic and regional characteristics. RESULTS: Approximately 52% of young tobacco users used flavored products in the previous 30 days. Flavored tobacco use varied by product type and ranged from 32% of cigarette smokers reporting menthol smoking to 70% of smokeless tobacco users reporting using flavored product in the previous 30 days. The percentage of last-30-day users who used flavored tobacco was significantly higher in Quebec than in Ontario and significantly higher among youths who received weekly spending money than among those who received no money. CONCLUSION: More than half of tobacco users in grades 9 through 12 in Canada use flavored tobacco, despite a national ban on certain flavored tobacco products. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Minaker,L.M., Ahmed,R., Hammond,D., Manske,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140619 PMCID PMC4068113 Editors
Flavored waters: influence of ingredients on antioxidant capacity and terpenoid profile by HS-SPME/GC-MS	2011	Requimte/Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Agric.Food Chem. Pub Date Free Form 11-May Volume 59 Issue 9 Start Page 5062 Other Pages 5072 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0374755; 0 (Antioxidants); 0 (Flavoring Agents); 0 (Terpenes); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 2011/04/04 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1520-5118; 0021-8561 Accession Number PMID: 21462928 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1021/jf1048244 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21462928 Abstract The antioxidant profiles of 39 water samples (29 flavored waters based on 10 natural waters) and 6 flavors used in their formulation (furnished by producers) were determined. Total phenol and flavonoid contents, reducing power, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were the optical techniques implemented and included in the referred profile. Flavor extracts were analyzed by HS-SPME/GC-MS to obtain the qualitative and quantitative profiles of the volatile fraction of essential oils. Results pointed out a higher reducing power (0.14-11.8 mg of gallic acid/L) and radical scavenging activity (0.29-211.5 mg Trolox/L) of flavored waters compared with the corresponding natural ones, an interesting fact concerning human health. Bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, were present in all samples (0.5-359 mg of gallic acid/L), whereas flavonoids were not present either in flavored waters or in flavors. The major components of flavor extracts were monoterpenes, such as citral, alpha-limonene, carveol, and alpha-terpineol. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Barroso,M.F., Noronha,J.P., Delerue-Matos,C., Oliveira,M.B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110404 PMCID Editors
Flavored-little-cigar and flavored-cigarette use among U.S. middle and high school students	2014	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: baking@cdc.gov.; Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 54 Issue 1 Start Page 40 Other Pages 46 Notes LR: 20160229; CI: Published by Elsevier Inc.; GR: CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States; JID: 9102136; 0 (Flavoring Agents); HHSPA722043; OID: NLM: HHSPA722043; OID: NLM: PMC4572463; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/05/02 [received]; 2013/07/27 [revised]; 2013/07/29 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-1972; 1054-139X Accession Number PMID: 24161587 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.033 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24161587 Abstract PURPOSE: Flavors can mask the harshness and taste of tobacco, making flavored tobacco products appealing to youth. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of flavored-little-cigar and flavored-cigarette use among U.S. middle and high school students in 2011. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative school-based survey of U.S. students in grades 6-12. National estimates of current flavored-little-cigar use, flavored-cigarette use, and combined use of either product were calculated overall and among current smokers by respondent characteristics, including sex, race/ethnicity, school level, and grade. Additionally, intention to quit tobacco and smoking frequency were assessed by flavored product use. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of current use was 4.2% for flavored cigarettes, 3.3% for flavored little cigars, and 6.3% for either product. Among current cigar smokers, 35.9% reported using flavored little cigars, and among current cigarette smokers, 35.4% reported using flavored cigarettes. Among current cigar or cigarette smokers, 42.4% reported using flavored little cigars or flavored cigarettes. Flavored product use among current smokers was higher among non-Hispanic whites than among blacks and Hispanics, higher among high school students than middle school students, and increased with grade. Among cigar smokers, prevalence of no intention to quit tobacco was higher among flavored-little-cigar users (59.7%) than nonusers (49.3%). CONCLUSIONS: More than two fifths of U.S. middle and high school smokers report using flavored little cigars or flavored cigarettes, and disparities in the use of these products exist across subpopulations. Efforts are needed to reduce flavored tobacco product use among youth. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors King,B.A., Tynan,M.A., Dube,S.R., Arrazola,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131022 PMCID PMC4572463 Editors
Flow injection solid-phase extraction using multi-walled carbon nanotubes packed micro-column for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry	2010	Department of Chemistry, Xuzhou Normal University, Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, China. wuhong1968@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 23-Apr Volume 1217 Issue 17 Start Page 2911 Other Pages 2917 Notes CI: Copyright 2010; JID: 9318488; 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 2009/08/03 [received]; 2010/01/05 [revised]; 2010/02/19 [accepted]; 2010/02/25 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 20236647 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.040 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20236647 Abstract A flow injection solid-phase extraction preconcentration system using a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) packed micro-column was developed for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The preconcentration of PAHs on the MWCNTs was carried out based on the adsorption retention of analytes by on-line introducing the sample into the micro-column system. Methanol was introduced to elute the retained analytes for GC-MS analysis using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Important influence factors were studied in detail, such as sample acidity, sample flow rate, eluent flow rate and volume, dimensions of MWCNTs and amounts of packing material. Limits of detection of 16 PAHs for an extraction of 50 mL water sample were in the range of 0.001-0.15 microg L(-1), and the precisions (RSD) were in the range of 4-14%. The optimized method was successfully applied to the determination of 16 PAHs in surface waters, with recoveries in the range of 72-93% for real spiked sample. Descriptors Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods, Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Solid Phase Extraction/instrumentation/methods, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Wu,H., Wang,X., Liu,B., Lu,J., Du,B., Zhang,L., Ji,J., Yue,Q., Han,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100225 PMCID Editors
Flying after diving: in-flight echocardiography after a scuba diving week	2014	DAN Europe Research Division, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 85 Issue 10 Start Page 993 Other Pages 998 Notes LR: 20150514; JID: 7501714; CIN: Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015 May;86(5):488. PMID: 25945669; CIN: Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015 May;86(5):489. PMID: 25945670; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 25245898 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI 10.3357/ASEM.3805.2014 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25245898 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Flying after diving may increase decompression sickness risk (DCS), but strong evidence indicating minimum preflight surface intervals (PFSI) is missing. METHODS: On return flights after a diving week on a live-aboard, 32 divers were examined by in-flight echocardiography with the following protocol: 1) outgoing flight, no previous dive; 2) during the diving week; 3) before the return flight after a 24-h PFSI; and 4) during the return flight. RESULTS: All divers completed similar multiple repetitive dives during the diving week. All dives were equivalent as to inert gas load and gradient factor upon surfacing. No bubbles in the right heart were found in any diver during the outgoing flight or at the preflight control after a 24-h PFSI following the diving week. A significant increase in the number and grade of bubbles was observed during the return flight. However, bubbles were only observed in 6 of the 32 divers. These six divers were the same ones who developed bubbles after every dive. CONCLUSIONS: Having observed a 24-h preflight interval, the majority of divers did not develop bubbles during altitude exposure; however, it is intriguing to note that the same subjects who developed significant amounts of bubbles after every dive showed equally significant bubble grades during in-flight echocardiography notwithstanding a correct PFSI. This indicates a possible higher susceptibility to bubble formation in certain individuals, who may need longer PFSI before altitude exposure after scuba diving. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cialoni,D., Pieri,M., Balestra,C., Marroni,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Flying after diving: should recommendations be reviewed? In-flight echocardiographic study in bubble-prone and bubble-resistant divers	2015	DAN Europe Research Division, Contrada Padune 11, 64026 Roseto degli, Abruzzi (TE), Italy, Phone: +39(0)85-893-0333, Fax: +39-(0)85-893-0050, E-mail: dcialoni@daneurope.org.; DAN Europe Research Division, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy.; DAN Europe Research	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diving and hyperbaric medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Diving.Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 45 Issue 1 Start Page 10 Other Pages 15 Notes JID: 101282742; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/12/12 [received]; 2015/01/17 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1833-3516; 1833-3516 Accession Number PMID: 25964033 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25964033 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Inert gas accumulated after multiple recreational dives can generate tissue supersaturation and bubble formation when ambient pressure decreases. We hypothesized that this could happen even if divers respected the currently recommended 24-hour pre-flight surface interval (PFSI). METHODS: We performed transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) on a group of 56 healthy scuba divers (39 male, 17 female) as follows: first echo--during the outgoing flight, no recent dives; second echo--before boarding the return flight, after a multiday diving week in the tropics and a 24-hour PFSI; third echo--during the return flight at 30, 60 and 90 minutes after take-off. TTE was also done after every dive during the week's diving. Divers were divided into three groups according to their 'bubble-proneness': non-bubblers, occasional bubblers and consistent bubblers. RESULTS: During the diving, 23 subjects never developed bubbles, 17 only occasionally and 16 subjects produced bubbles every day and after every dive. Bubbles on the return flight were observed in eight of the 56 divers (all from the 'bubblers' group). Two subjects who had the highest bubble scores during the diving were advised not to make the last dive (increasing their PFSI to approximately 36 hours), and did not demonstrate bubbles on the return flight. CONCLUSIONS: Even though a 24-hour PFSI is recommended on the basis of clinical trials showing a low risk of decompression sickness (DCS), the presence of venous gas bubbles in-flight in eight of 56 divers leads us to suspect that in real-life situations DCS risk after such a PFSI is not zero. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cialoni,D., Pieri,M., Balestra,C., Marroni,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

E-mail