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Patterns of dual use of snus and cigarettes in a mature snus market	2013	Department of Tobacco, Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo, Norway. kel@sirus.no	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 15 Issue 3 Start Page 678 Other Pages 684 Notes LR: 20150223; JID: 9815751; OID: NLM: PMC3572872; 2012/09/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 22990221 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts185 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22990221 Abstract INTRODUCTION: We examine the prevalence of dual use of snus and cigarettes among Norwegian men by categorizing dual use into four categories according to the frequency of use of each product, considering the order of uptake of both products, and examining reasons for additional snus use. We compare dual users and exclusive cigarette smokers with respect to their smoking intensity, plans for quitting smoking, and future smoking identity. METHODS: We used a data pool of six cross-sectional, national representative surveys conducted annually in the period 2005-2010 containing a total of 3,524 males aged 16-74. RESULTS: 6.8% of men had some kind of current concomitant use of snus and cigarettes--but only 1% reported a daily consumption of both products. The most typical pattern of dual use was a combination where daily use of one product was paired with occasional use of the other. Dual users consumed significantly fewer cigarettes per week (56.6; n = 226; SD, 53.82) than smokers who had either quit snus (79.6; n = 108; SD, 61.47) or single smokers with no history of snus use (80.2; n = 621; SD, 55.86). Only 24% with a history of dual use reported snus to be their first tobacco product, but the proportion who had initiated tobacco use with snus increased significantly with younger age. Among dual users with daily intake of snus, a majority of 53.6% reported that the purpose of their snus use was to quit smoking. A higher proportion of dual users (74.4%; 95% CI, 68.8-80.0; n = 235) than exclusive smokers (61.3%; 95% CI, 57.6-65.0; n = 658) reported that they most definitely or probably would be totally smoke-free 5 years into the future. CONCLUSIONS: In the mature snus market of Norway, the magnitude of dual use of cigarettes and snus is relatively small. Dual users consume fewer cigarettes, and a higher proportion portray themselves as smoke-free in the future than do exclusive cigarette smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lund,K.E., McNeill,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120918 PMCID PMC3572872 Editors
Patterns of dual use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco among US males: findings from national surveys	2010	Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Suite 5180, Gainesville, Florida 32610-3628, USA. stomar@dental.ufl.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 19 Issue 2 Start Page 104 Other Pages 109 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01CA87477/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: NLM: PMC2989167; 2009/12/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 20008157 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2009.031070 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20008157 Abstract BACKGROUND: In the USA, consumption of moist snuff continues to increase and cigarette manufacturers now control nearly its entire market. Manufacturers have developed new products that represent cigarette brand extension and in test marketing are promoting dual use of cigarettes and snuff. This study examined patterns of concurrent use of smokeless tobacco (ST) and cigarettes among young people and adults in the USA just before cigarette companies' control of the nation's ST market. METHODS: Data were drawn from four US nationally representative surveys. Stratified analyses applied sampling weights and accounted for the complex sample designs. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking was substantially more prevalent among young males who used ST than among those who did not. Among adult males, those who smoked daily were less likely than others to have used snuff every day. Men who used moist snuff daily had the lowest prevalence of daily smoking, but the prevalence of daily smoking was relatively high among men who used moist snuff less than daily. Unsuccessful past-year attempts by daily smokers to quit smoking were more prevalent among non-daily snuff users (41.2%) than among those who had never used snuff (29.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Although dual daily use of ST and cigarettes is relatively uncommon in the USA, concurrent ST use is more common among adolescent and young adult male smokers than among more mature tobacco users. Among adult males, daily smoking predominates and non-daily ST use is very strongly associated with current smoking. Adult male smokers who also use ST daily tend to have relatively high levels of serum cotinine and high prevalence of a major indicator for tobacco dependence. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Cotinine/blood, Data Collection, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Male, Nicotine/blood, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance-Related Disorders/psychology, Tobacco Use Disorder/complications/epidemiology/psychology, Tobacco, Smokeless, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tomar,S. L., Alpert,H. R., Connolly,G. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20091211 PMCID PMC2989167 Editors
Patterns of current use of tobacco products among U.S. high school students for 2000-2012--findings from the National Youth Tobacco Survey	2014	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: RArrazola@cdc.gov.; Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chro	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 54 Issue 1 Start Page 54 Other Pages 60000000000 Notes LR: 20160229; CI: Published by Elsevier Inc.; GR: CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States; JID: 9102136; HHSPA713823; OID: NLM: HHSPA713823; OID: NLM: PMC4534716; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/05/31 [received]; 2013/08/02 [revised]; 2013/08/02 [accepted]; 2013/09/2 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-1972; 1054-139X Accession Number PMID: 24074604 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.003 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24074604 Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess patterns and trends of tobacco use among high school students to better understand which products are used individually or concurrently. METHODS: Data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey from 2000 through 2012 were used to assess patterns and trends of current tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and other tobacco products) among U.S. high school students. We assessed use of products individually and concurrently. RESULTS: During 2000-2012, overall linear declines were observed in current use of any tobacco product from 33.6% to 20.4% (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Arrazola,R.A., Kuiper,N.M., Dube,S.R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130926 PMCID PMC4534716 Editors
Patterns of combustible tobacco use in U.S. young adults and potential response to graphic cigarette health warning labels	2015	The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: avillanti@legacyforhealth.or	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 42 Issue Start Page 119 Other Pages 125 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: HHSN271201100027C/PHS HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/05/16 [received]; 2014/10/03 [revised]; 2014/11/14 [accepted]; 2014/11/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 25437268 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.011 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25437268 Abstract In the evolving landscape of tobacco use, it remains unclear how tobacco control efforts should be designed and promoted for maximum impact. The current study links the identification of latent classes of young adult combustible tobacco users with anticipated responses to graphic health warning labels (HWLs). Data were collected in January 2012 using an online address-based panel as part of the Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study, and analyses were conducted in 2013. Latent class analyses identified five groups of tobacco users in a national sample of 4,236 young adults aged 18-34years: (1) little cigar/cigarillo/bidi (LCC) and hookah users (4%); (2) nonusers, open to smoking (3%); (3) daily smokers who self-identify as "smokers" (11%); (4) nondaily, light smokers who self-identify as "social or occasional smokers" (9%); and (5) nonusers closed to smoking (73%). Of the nonusers closed to smoking, 23% may be better characterized as at risk for tobacco initiation. Results indicate differences in the potential effectiveness of HWLs across classes. Compared to the daily "smokers," LCC and hookah users (RRR=2.35) and nonusers closed to smoking (RRR=2.33) were more than twice as likely to report that new graphic HWLs would make them think about not smoking. This study supports the potential of graphic HWLs to prevent young nonusers from using tobacco products. It suggests that the extension of prominent HWLs to other tobacco products, including LCCs and hookah tobacco, may also serve a prevention function. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Villanti,A.C., Pearson,J.L., Cantrell,J., Vallone,D.M., Rath,J.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141121 PMCID Editors
Patterns of cannabis use, cannabis-related beliefs and dependence: Study of 159 adolescent users	2002	Chabrol, H., 31400 Toulouse, France	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives de Pediatrie Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Pediatr. Pub Date Free Form 2002/ Volume 9 Issue 8 Start Page 780 Other Pages 788 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0929-693X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective. - To evaluate the connections between the frequency and patterns of cannabis use and dependence, and the beliefs linked to cannabis use in a sample of adolescents. Method. - In 2001, 285 high school students (163 boys, 122 girls; mean age = 17.5Â±1.1 years) completed questionnaires assessing the patterns of cannabis use, and the symptoms of dependence and abuse, using a questionnaire derived from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Cannabis-related beliefs were assessed using the Beliefs Questionnaire for Drug Addiction. Results. - Frequency of subjects who reported having used cannabis during the last year was 65.4% of boys and 42.6% of girls. Among users, 53.6% of boys and 39.3% of girls were regular users, 10.6% of boys and 7.8% of girls being daily users. Almost half of the users reported other means of consumption than "joints", in particular water-pipes or "bongs" (34.5% of boys, 26.4% of girls). Among users, near of 33% of boys and girls met the criteria for cannabis dependence. Dependence was more frequent in users practicing other means of consumption than "joints", increasing to 51% for "bong" users. Expectancies of pleasure or relief, and permissive beliefs reflecting the perception of cannabis use as risk free were higher in users and, particularly, in subjects with cannabis dependence. Regression analysis showed that these beliefs were the strongest predictors of cannabis use and dependence. Predictors of use in the total sample were expectancies of pleasure and permissive beliefs, being a male and the age of the subject. Predictors of dependence among users were expectancies of relief, frequency of use, and use of other means of consumption than "joints". Conclusions. - Cannabis use in adolescents appeared to be characterized by the frequency of use, consumption by means other than "joints" and by the frequency of dependence. Cannabis use and dependence are linked to expectancies and permissive beliefs that could be targeted for prevention and treatment. Â© 2002 Editions scientifiques et mÃ©dicales Elsevier SAS. Descriptors cannabis, adolescent, adult, age, article, cannabis addiction, female, human, major clinical study, male, regression analysis, sex difference, symptomatology Links Book Title Modes de consommation, reprÃ©sentations du cannabis et dÃ©pendance: Ã‰tude de 159 adolescents consommateurs Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Chabrol,H., Massot,E., Montovany,A., Chouicha,K., Armitage,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patterns of Alternative Tobacco Product Use: Emergence of Hookah and E-cigarettes as Preferred Products Amongst Youth	2016		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Adolesc Health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 58 Issue 2 Start Page 181 Other Pages 5 Notes ID: 26598059 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract PURPOSE: There is a growing public health concern related to the rapid increase in the use of multiple tobacco products among adolescents. This study examined patterns of adolescent use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars/cigarillo, hookah/waterpipe, and smokeless/dip/chewing tobacco in a population of southern California adolescents. METHODS: Data from 2,097 11th- and 12th-grade participants in the Southern California Children's Health Study were collected via self-report in 2014. Study participants were asked about lifetime and current (past 30 days) use of cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos/little cigars, e-cigarettes, hookah/waterpipe, and smokeless/dip/chewing tobacco. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify patterns of tobacco use. RESULTS: Hookah/waterpipe tobacco use had the highest current prevalence (10.7%) followed by e-cigarettes (9.6%). The prevalence of use of smokeless/dip/chewing tobacco was lowest, with 2.2% of adolescents reporting current use. The LCA suggested four distinct classes, comprising nonusers (72.3% of the sample), polytobacco experimenters (13.9%), e-cigarette/hookah users (8.2%), and polytobacco users (5.6%). Multinomial logistic regression based on these four classes found that males had double the odds to be polytobacco users relative to nonusers compared to females (odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-4.25). CONCLUSIONS: By identifying naturally occurring configurations of tobacco product use in teens, these findings may be useful to practitioners and policymakers to identify the need for tobacco control interventions that address specific tobacco products and particular combinations of polytobacco use. LCA can be used to identify segments of the population overrepresented among certain tobacco use classes (e.g., boys) that may benefit most from targeted polyproduct intervention approaches. Descriptors Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.001 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Gilreath,Tamika D., Leventhal,Adam, Barrington-Trimis, Jessica, Unger,Jennifer B., Cruz,Tess Boley, Berhane,Kiros, Huh,Jimi, Urman,Robert, Wang,Kejia, Howland,Steve, Pentz,Mary Ann, Chou,Chih Ping, McConnell,Rob Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patterns and predictors of tobacco smoking cessation: A hospital-based study of pregnant women in Lebanon	2007	Yunis, K., Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International Journal of Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form / Volume 52 Issue 4 Start Page 223 Other Pages 232 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1661-8556; 1420-911X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objectives: To describe patterns of cigarette and narghile (hubble-bubble or water-pipe) smoking before and during pregnancy and identify predictors of successful smoking cessation. Methods: A survey was conducted on 4 660 pregnant women who delivered single live births between September 1st, 2001 and December 31st, 2002 at five hospitals in Beirut, Lebanon. Women were classified into four groups according to patterns of tobacco use before and during pregnancy: 1) consistent non-users, 2) successful quitters, 3) unsuccessful quitters and 4) consistent users. Results: High education (OR = 2.03, 95 % CI: 0.99-4.15), adequate prenatal care (OR = 1.72, 95 % CI: 1.02-2.91) and mild smoking at baseline (OR = 2.35, 95 % CI: 1.36-4.09) were main determinants of successful cigarette smoking cessation, whereas successful quitters of narghile use were more likely to be nulliparous (OR = 1.80, 95 % CI: 1.08-2.99) or to have a non-smoking partner (OR = 7.57, 95 % CI: 2.31-24.78). Conclusions: Different populations should be targeted when designing smoking cessation interventions for cigarette and narghile users. Â© BirkhÃ¤user Verlag, Basel 2007. Descriptors adult, article, smoking, controlled study, demography, education, female, hospital care, human, Lebanon, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, nullipara, paternal behavior, prediction, pregnancy, prenatal care, priority journal, smoking cessation, smoking habit, socioeconomics Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Yunis,K., Beydoun,H., Nakad,P., Khogali,M., Shatila,F., Tamim,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patterns and correlates of polytobacco use in the United States over a decade: NSDUH 2002-2011	2014	Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Street, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. Electronic address: brian.fix@roswellpark.org.; Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Street, Buffalo, NY	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 39 Issue 4 Start Page 768 Other Pages 781 Notes LR: 20150515; CI: Copyright (c) 2013; GR: HHSN271201100027C/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: HHSN271201100027C/PHS HHS/United States; GR: P30 CA016056/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; NIHMS559604; OID: NLM: NIHMS559604; OID: NLM: PMC3984759; Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 24457900 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.12.015 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24457900 Abstract BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the patterns and correlates of polytobacco use among a large, nationally representative population over an extended period of time. METHODS: This study examined 10years of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to establish time trends and correlates for exclusive and mixed use of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (SLT), cigars, and pipes. RESULTS: Results show that rates of polytobacco use were essentially unchanged from 2002 to 2011 (8.7% to 7.4%), though some product combinations, including cigarettes and SLT, cigars and SLT, and use of more than two products have increased. In tobacco users under age 26, the proportion of polytobacco use increased, even as overall tobacco use declined. The factors associated with polytobacco use among tobacco users included sex, income, education, risk taking/seeking behaviors, and outward indicators of 'risk-liability'. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide a snapshot of trends of single and polytobacco product use as well as trends in combinations of product use. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine the sequence of individual patterns of tobacco product use and to identify whether polytobacco use results in greater nicotine dependence, increased exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents and/or greater risk of tobacco related disease. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Fix,B.V., O'Connor,R.J., Vogl,L., Smith,D., Bansal-Travers,M., Conway,K.P., Ambrose,B., Yang,L., Hyland,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131229 PMCID PMC3984759 Editors
Pattern of tobacco use among the Iranian adult population: results of the national Survey of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD-2007)	2010		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tob Control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Volume 19 Issue 2 Start Page 125 Other Pages 8 Notes ID: 20008159 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Previous studies report on smoking in Iran but recent national data on tobacco use (including cigarette, water-pipe and pipe) have not been reported. METHODS: In 2007, 5287 Iranians aged 15-64 years were sampled from all provinces as part of a national cross-sectional survey of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors. Data were collected using the standardised stepwise protocol for NCD risk factor surveillance of the World Health Organization. Use of tobacco products was calculated as the sum of smoking cigarettes/cigars (smoking currently or daily any amount of factory/hand-made cigarettes or cigars), pipes (daily) and water pipes (daily). RESULTS: Total current and daily tobacco use was 14.8% (burden 7.3 million) and 13.7% (burden 6.7 million) when extrapolated to the Iranian population aged 15-64. The prevalence of current and daily cigarette smoking was 12.5% (6.1 million; 23.4% males and 1.4% females) and 11.3% (5.6 million; 21.4 males and 1.4 females); former smokers comprised 1.7 million or 3.4% of the Iranian population (6.2% males and 0.6% females; mean cessation age 34.1). The mean age of starting to smoke was 20.5 years (24.2 males and 20.4 females). The prevalence of water-pipe smoking was 2.7% (burden 1.3 million; 3.5% males and 1.9% females). Water-pipe smokers used the water-pipe on average 3.5 times a day (2.8 males and 4.5 females). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of tobacco use has not escalated over the past two decades. Nonetheless, the burden is high and therefore warrants preventive public health policies. Descriptors Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Iran/epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Sex Factors, Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology, Urban Population, Young Adult Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989156/?tool=pubmed; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2009.030759 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Meysamie,Alipasha, Ghaletaki,Reza, Haghazali,Mehrdad, Asgari,Fereshteh, Rashidi,Armin, Khalilzadeh,Omid, Esteghamati,Alireza, Abbasi,Mehrshad Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Pattern of smoking and nicotine dependence in patients with psychiatric disorders	2012		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tanaffos Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 11 Issue 1 Start Page 55 Other Pages 60 Notes ID: 25191402 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking prevalence is high among psychiatric patients. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of smoking, related factors and nicotine dependence in patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This analytical descriptive study was performed on patients who had been hospitalized for at least 2 days in Razi Hospital during 2010. Data were collected via an interview and the obtained information was recorded in a questionnaire. Fagerstrom test was also used. After determining the prevalence of smoking in these patients, the related factors and nicotine dependence were also evaluated using multiple logistic regression test and SPSS software. RESULTS: A total of 78.4% of men and 36.2% of women in this study were smokers and 64.4% had high nicotine dependence. Final logistic regression models showed that smoking was related with advanced age, male sexuality, hookah consumption, and depression. High nicotine dependence was correlated with hookah consumption and history of suicide attempt. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of smoking is higher among psychiatric patients compared to the public. Adequate intervention and strategies are necessary in these patients to promote smoking cessation. Descriptors Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4153188/?tool=pubmed Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Milani,Hooman Sharifi, Kharaghani,Roghieh, Safa,Mitra, Samadi,Rajab, Farhadi,Mohammad Hassan, Ardakani,Mohammad Reza Khodaee, Hesami,Zahra, Masjedi,Mohammad Reza Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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