WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
An online survey of tobacco use, intentions to quit, and cessation strategies among people living with bipolar disorder	2011	Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA. jprochaska@ucsf.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bipolar disorders Periodical, Abbrev. Bipolar Disord. Pub Date Free Form Aug-Sep Volume 13 Issue 6-May Start Page 466 Other Pages 473 Notes LR: 20150129; CI: (c) 2011; GR: K23 DA018691/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DA018691/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DA018691-05/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 DA009253/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 DA009253-10/DA/NIDA NIH Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 1399-5618; 1398-5647 Accession Number PMID: 22017216 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00944.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22017216 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Tobacco use is prevalent among people living with bipolar disorder. We examined tobacco use, attempts to quit, and tobacco-related attitudes and intentions among 685 individuals with bipolar disorder who smoked >/= 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. METHODS: Data were collected online through the website of the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, a mood disorder peer-support network. RESULTS: The sample was 67% female, 67% aged 26 to 50, and 89% Caucasian; 87% were current smokers; 92% of current smokers smoked daily, averaging 19 cigarettes/day (SD=11). The sample began smoking at a mean age of 17 years (SD=6) and smoked a median of 7 years prior to bipolar disorder diagnosis. Among current smokers, 74% expressed a desire to quit; intent to quit smoking was unrelated to current mental health symptoms [chi(2) (3)=5.50, p=0.139]. Only 33% were advised to quit smoking by a mental health provider, 48% reported smoking to treat their mental illness, and 96% believed being mentally healthy was important for quitting. Ex-smokers (13% of sample) had not smoked for a median of 2.7 years; 48% quit 'cold turkey.' Most ex-smokers (64%) were in poor or fair mental health when they quit smoking. At the time of the survey, however, more ex-smokers described their mental health as in recovery than current smokers [57% versus 40%; chi(2) (3)=11.12, p=0.011]. CONCLUSIONS: Most smokers living with bipolar disorder are interested in quitting. The Internet may be a useful cessation tool for recruiting and potentially treating smokers with bipolar disorder who face special challenges when trying to quit and rarely receive cessation treatment from their mental health providers. Descriptors Adult, Attitude, Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology/psychology, Chi-Square Distribution, Female, Health Behavior, Health Surveys, Humans, Intention, Male, Middle Aged, Online Systems, Smoking Cessation/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/psychology Links Book Title Database Publisher John Wiley and Sons A/S Data Source Authors Prochaska,J. J., Reyes,R. S., Schroeder,S. A., Daniels,A. S., Doederlein,A., Bergeson,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3341941 Editors
Effects of water-pipe smoking on lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chest Periodical, Abbrev. Chest Pub Date Free Form Volume 139 Issue 4 Start Page 764 Other Pages 74 Notes ID: 20671057 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Although common in many Middle Eastern countries, water-pipe tobacco smoking, commonly known as water-pipe smoking (WPS), is increasingly popular in Western cultures. The primary objective of this study was to systematically review the effects of WPS on lung function. The secondary objective was to compare the effects of WPS and cigarette smoking on lung function. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using the approach of the Cochrane Collaboration to search for, select, and abstract studies. We conducted two separate meta-analyses comparing water-pipe smokers with nonsmokers, and water-pipe smokers with cigarette smokers for each of three spirometric measurements (FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/ FVC). We used the standardized mean difference (SMD) to pool the results. RESULTS: Six cross-sectional studies were eligible for this review. Compared with no smoking, WPS was associated with a statistically significant reduction in FEV1 (SMD = -0.43; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.29; equivalent to a 4.04% lower FEV1%), a trend toward lower FVC (SMD = -0.15; 95% CI, -0.34 to 0.04; equivalent to a 1.38% reduction in FVC%), and lower FEV1/ FVC (SMD = -0.46; 95% CI, -0.93 to 0.01; equivalent to a 3.08% lower FEV1/ FVC). Comparing WPS with cigarette smoking, there was no statistically significant difference in FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/ FVC. The six studies suffered from methodologic limitations. CONCLUSIONS: WPS negatively affects lung function and may be as harmful as cigarette smoking. WPS, therefore, is likely to be a cause of COPD. Descriptors Lung Diseases/physiopathology, Smoking/adverse effects, Tars/adverse effects, Humans, Respiratory Function Tests, Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-0991 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Raad,Dany, Gaddam,Swarna, Schunemann,Holger J., Irani,Jihad, Abou Jaoude,Philippe, Honeine,Roland, Akl,Elie A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Hookah smoking: a popular alternative to cigarettes	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tex Dent J Periodical, Abbrev. Tex.Dent.J. Pub Date Free Form Volume 128 Issue 5 Start Page 441 Other Pages 5 Notes ID: 21834366 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Hookah smoking has recently emerged as a popular alternative to cigarette smoking, particularly among young adults. The perception that hookah smoking is cleaner and less harmful than cigarette smoking appears to be key to its increased use, although this is not the case. Hookah tobacco smoking delivers the powerful addictive drug nicotine, higher levels of carbon monoxide than a cigarette as well as many of the carcinogens in cigarette smoke. There is also significantly increased risk associated with secondhand smoke from hookah smoke. Communal hookah use increases the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. Transition from social to individual hookah use is a critical step toward nicotine dependence as well as progression to cigarette use. Prevention and intervention in patients' tobacco use should include discussion of cigarette alternatives including hookah smoking. Descriptors Smoking/adverse effects, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Carcinogens/analysis, Humans, Nicotine/analysis, Risk Factors, Smoke/analysis, Tobacco/chemistry, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects, Young Adult Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-21834366 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Rankin,K. V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Perceived factors related to cigarette and waterpipe (ghelyan) initiation and maintenance in university students of Iran	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Int J Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 56 Issue 2 Start Page 175 Other Pages 80 Notes ID: 20020176 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVES: To investigate the perceived factors leading to cigarette and waterpipe (ghelyan) smoking initiation and maintenance in Iranian university students. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 233 students aged 20-25 enrolled in Isfahan University and Kashan University in 2007. Demographic factors as well as cigarette and ghelyan status, and perceived factors related to cigarette or ghelyan smoking initiation and maintenance were recorded. Principal component analysis was carried out to cluster perceived smoking initiation and maintenance factors. RESULT: In a multiple logistic regression model, perceived psychological factors were more significant to cigarette smoking initiation and maintenance than ghelyan smoking among girls (odds ratio, OR = 1.90; P < 0.04) although perceived psychological factors (OR = 2.20; P < 0.001) and social factors (OR = 2.42; P < 0.001) were more significant in cigarette smoking initiation than ghelyan smoking initiation among boys (OR = 2.42; P < 0.001). Moreover, study appears that in boys, perceived entertainment factors could play more significant role in ghelyan smoking initiation compared with cigarette smoking initiation (OR = 0.42; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Whereas the factors related to smoking initiation and maintenance are different in both genders and in both tobacco products, identification of cigarette and ghelyan smoking may guide policy makers to develop comprehensive interventions. Descriptors Health Behavior, Smoking/epidemiology, Students/psychology, Universities, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Iran, Male, Psychology, Sex Factors, Young Adult Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-0107-x Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Roohafza,Hamidreza, Sadeghi,Masoumeh, Shahnam,Maryam, Bahonar,Ahmad, Sarafzadegan,Nizal Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Attitude of University Students towards Waterpipe Smoking: Study in Iran	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addict Health Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 3 Issue 2-Jan Start Page 9 Other Pages 14 Notes ID: 24494111 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco is consumed in various forms, and there has been an increasing trend worldwide in the use of waterpipe. This study aimed to assess the university students' attitudes towards waterpipe. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study; 1130 students randomly were selected from universities of Kerman, Iran. They were provided with a researcher-made questionnaire after obtaining the informed consent. The anonymous questionnaires were completed with ensuring about information confidentiality. In addition to the underlying questions, the questionnaires consisted of 10 attitude survey questions. Higher scores indicated more positive attitudes. FINDINGS: The obtained results indicated a significant difference of attitude of the students who were current or occasional smokers of waterpipe in comparison with the students who never smoked it towards addictiveness, social acceptance or rejection and its harmfulness; so that their attitudes were more positive (P < 0.05). Mean Â± SD of attitude score of the students who never consumed waterpipe before, those who had the history of consuming it at least once and those who were current smokers were 1.40 Â± 0.40, 1.50 Â± 0.41 and 1.70 Â± 0.43, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoking was associated with false beliefs and positive attitudes among the students; therefore, the necessity of education and attitude changing is required in this regard. Descriptors Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905517/?tool=pubmed Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Sabahy,Abdol-Reza, Divsalar,Kouros, Nakhaee,Nouzar Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Analysis of primary aromatic amines in the mainstream waterpipe smoke using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Chromatogr A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form Volume 1218 Issue 33 Start Page 5628 Other Pages 37 Notes ID: 21752381 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract In recent years waterpipe smoking has spread worldwide and emerged as global health issue. Yet only little is known on the composition of waterpipe smoke. Here, we present a study on the identification and quantification of primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in this complex environmental matrix. Smoking of the waterpipe was conducted with a smoking machine and particulate matter was collected on glass fiber pads. We developed a fast, simple and specific liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach to simultaneously detect 31 different PAAs in this matrix. The detection limits comprised a range of 0.45-4.50 ng per smoking session, represented by 2-aminobiphenyl and 3,4,5-trichloroaniline, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision were determined and proved excellent. We detected 31.3 Â± 2.2 ng aniline and 28.0 Â± 1.6 ng 4,4'-oxydianiline in the smoke of one waterpipe session. The water in the bowl exerted a small but considerable filter effect on PAAs. The method worked-out showed excellent sensitivity and specificity and is thus highly suited for the determination of PAAs in mainstream waterpipe smoke. Descriptors Amines/analysis, Chromatography, Liquid/methods, Smoke/analysis, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods, Tobacco/chemistry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.072 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Schubert,Jens, Kappenstein,Oliver, Luch,Andreas, Schulz,Thomas G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Prevalence of the drug consumption among Chilean university students	2011	Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile. jsepulve@udec.cl	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista medica de Chile Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Med.Chil. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 139 Issue 7 Start Page 856 Other Pages 863 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0404312; 0 (Street Drugs); 2011/09/16 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Chile ISSN/ISBN 0717-6163; 0034-9887 Accession Number PMID: 22051822 Language spa SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI /S0034-98872011000700005 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22051822 Abstract BACKGROUND: Drug abuse is one of the main public health problems and mostly involves young people. AIM: To determine the prevalence of drug consumption among university students and its associated social factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire exploring consumption of drugs and social-demographic, economic and religious variables, was applied to 1577 third year students aged 22 +/- 2 years (54% females) of a public university. RESULTS: Sixty eight percent of the students were of middle socioeconomic class, 71 % belonged to some religion and 29% declared themselves as agnostic. Ninety six percent drank alcohol at least once and 29% never smoked. Among illicit drugs, marijuana was consumed by 22% followed by cocaine in 5.3%o, hallucinogenic drugs in 2.6 % >, inhalants in 2.3% > and cocaine free base in 1.4%). Six percent consumed stimulants and 13.8%>, sedatives. A higher economic income facilitated drug consumption and the adscription to a religion was protective against it. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol is the most commonly consumed drug, and is the substance that generates more problems to students. Descriptors Age of Onset, Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology, Chile, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Religion, Smoking/epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Street Drugs/supply & distribution, Students/statistics & numerical data, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Universities, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sepulveda,C. M. J., Roa,S. J., Munoz,R. M. Original/Translated Title Estudio cuantitativo del consumo de drogas y factores sociodemograficos asociados en estudiantes de una universidad tradicional chilena URL Date of Electronic 20110916 PMCID Editors
Breath carbon monoxide levels in different forms of smoking	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci Periodical, Abbrev. Indian J.Chest Dis.Allied Sci. Pub Date Free Form Volume 53 Issue 1 Start Page 25 Other Pages 8 Notes ID: 21446221 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Bidi, cigarette, hookah and chillum are common modes of tobacco smoking in India. Many people consider hookah and chillum smoking less toxic because smoke is filtered through water or wet cloth. We evaluated the toxicity of tobacco smoking by measuring end-tidal carbon monoxide (eCO) levels after various modes of smoking. METHODS: Eighteen healthy smokers who smoked bidi, cigarette, hookah and chillum on six days were studied. They smoked one bidi, one cigarette, five minutes hookah, one serve (15 minutes) hookah, five minutes chillum and one serve (15 minutes) chillum on six days randomly. The eCO values were measured before initiation of smoking and for a period of one hour after the smoking session. Increase in eCO values in comparison to baseline after different modes of smoking was compared. RESULTS: In comparison to baseline, mean eCO levels were raised by 4.94 (0.96) parts per million (ppm) immediately and 4.17 (1.07) ppm 60 minutes after cigarette smoking. Bidi smoking caused slightly less increase in mean eCO levels (3.17 0.82]). One serve of hookah and chillum smoking caused elevation of mean eCO values by almost eight-folds higher than that of cigarette smoking. Five minutes of smoking with hookah (22.18 5.29]) and one serve of hookah (33.0 8.76]) and chillum (40.14 12.73]) caused significantly higher values of mean increase in eCO in comparison to cigarette smoking (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: With regard to eCO levels, hookah and chillum smoking are much more toxic than cigarette smoking. Descriptors Carbon Monoxide/metabolism, Smoking/metabolism, Adult, Breath Tests, Case-Control Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Tobacco/toxicity Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-21446221 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Singh,Sheetu, Soumya,M., Saini,Anirudh, Mittal,Varun, Singh,Udai Veer, Singh,Virendra Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
RepÃ©rer les comportements addictifs chez les adolescentsÂ : enquÃªte en milieu lycÃ©en	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Arch Pediatr Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Pediatr. Pub Date Free Form Volume 18 Issue 7 Start Page 737 Other Pages 44 Notes ID: 21652184 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language fr SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract French epidemiological data show that adolescents today experiment with tobacco at an earlier age than in the 1990s. Half of them combine tobacco consumption with other psychoactive products such as alcohol or cannabis. Tobacco consumption usually begins in adolescence and early smoking initiation is related to stronger nicotine dependence and problems quitting in adulthood. Occasional tobacco consumption rapidly leads to nicotine dependence. The national smoking cessation questionnaire is a tool to assess addictive behaviors among adolescents. It includes validated scales such as the loss of autonomy over tobacco and psychological evaluation. The aim of this school-based study was to assess addictive behaviors among adolescents (specifically loss of autonomy over tobacco) and psychological profile. Data were collected from a cross-sectional study conducted in a high school in the Paris metropolitan area (Nogent-sur-Marne) in 2007 by the smoking cessation team of the Albert-Chenevier Hospital. Three hundred adolescents filled in a questionnaire concerning tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis consumption as well as their psychological profile. Loss of autonomy over tobacco use was evaluated with the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC). Anxiety and depressive disorders were identified using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD). Self-administered questionnaires were anonymously completed in the classroom by 151 girls and 149 boys aged 15-16 years (mean, 15.4 years): 34% of the adolescents smoked and most of them smoked at least one cigarette a day; 38% had used cannabis at least once in their life and one-third of them smoked more than 10 cannabis joints per month. Adolescents who frequently smoked cannabis had started smoking tobacco earlier than the other smokers (mean, 11.7 years versus 13.2 years). Adolescents often used different tobacco products. Manufactured cigarettes were the most frequently used, followed by shisha (waterpipe) and hand-rolled cigarettes. Among those who only smoked shisha, 76% had declared being non-smokers. Alcohol was the first psychoactive drug experimented by these adolescents; 73% had used alcohol at least once in their life and 10% used alcohol several times a week. According to the HONC, 94% of the smokers had lost control of their tobacco consumption. Concerning anxiety and depressive disorders, anxiety and depression scores were higher among smokers than non-smokers. Less than 6% of never-smokers had a depression score greater than 8 compared to 26% of adolescents smoking cannabis more than 10 times a month. The rapidity of the loss of autonomy among young smokers emphasizes the need for early interventions for tobacco prevention and cessation among adolescents. Tobacco use was often associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, suggesting a need for professional support. The national smoking cessation questionnaire may be helpful in pediatric wards and consultations. Descriptors Alcoholism/diagnosis, Alcoholism/epidemiology, Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis, Behavior, Addictive/epidemiology, Marijuana Abuse/diagnosis, Marijuana Abuse/epidemiology, Smoking/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/diagnosis, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis, Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder/diagnosis, Depressive Disorder/epidemiology, Female, France, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Smoking Cessation, Questionnaires Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2011.04.019 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors ChÃ©ron-Launay,M., Baha,M., Mautrait,C., Lagrue,G., Le Faou,A-L Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Waterpipe tobacco smoking and cigarette smoking: a direct comparison of toxicant exposure and subjective effects	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine Tob Res Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Volume 13 Issue 2 Start Page 78 Other Pages 87 Notes ID: 21127030 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract INTRODUCTION: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing worldwide and is believed by many users to be less harmful and addictive than cigarette smoking. In fact, waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoke contain many of the same chemicals, and users are exposed to the dependence-producing drug nicotine as well as other smoke toxicants. The subjective effect profile of these 2 tobacco use methods has not been compared directly, though this information is relevant to understanding the risk of dependence development. METHODS: Fifty-four participants who reported waterpipe and cigarette smoking completed 2, 45-min, counter-balanced sessions in which they completed a waterpipe use episode (mean smoking time = 43.3 min) or a cigarette (mean = 6.1 min). Outcome measures included plasma nicotine, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and subjective effects, including those relevant to predicting dependence potential. RESULTS: Mean (Â±SEM) peak plasma nicotine concentration did not differ by session (waterpipe = 9.8 Â± 1.0 ng/ml; cigarette = 9.4 Â± 1.0 ng/ml). Mean peak COHb concentration differed significantly (waterpipe = 4.5% Â± 0.3%; cigarette = 1.2% Â± 0.1%). Subjective effect changes for waterpipe and cigarette were comparable in magnitude but often longer lived for waterpipe. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to a cigarette, waterpipe tobacco smoking was associated with similar peak nicotine exposure, 3.75-fold greater COHb, and 56-fold greater inhaled smoke volume. Waterpipe and cigarette influenced many of the same subjective effect measures. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that waterpipe tobacco smoking presents substantial risk of dependence, disease, and death, and they can be incorporated into prevention interventions that might help deter more adolescents and young adults from experimenting with an almost certainly lethal method of tobacco use. Descriptors Carboxyhemoglobin/analysis, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, Nicotine/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis, Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology, Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Questionnaires, Water, Young Adult Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107609/?tool=pubmed; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq212 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Cobb,Caroline O., Shihadeh,Alan, Weaver,Michael F., Eissenberg,Thomas Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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