WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Self-reported tobacco smoking practices among medical students and their perceptions towards training about tobacco smoking in medical curricula: A cross-sectional, questionnaire survey in Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh	2010	Department of Community Medicine, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia. chandrashekharats@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy Periodical, Abbrev. Subst.Abuse Treat.Prev.Policy. Pub Date Free Form 16-Nov Volume 5 Issue Start Page 29 Other Pages 597X-5-29 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101258060; OID: NLM: PMC2994841; 2010/08/28 [received]; 2010/11/16 [accepted]; 2010/11/16 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1747-597X; 1747-597X Accession Number PMID: 21080923 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1186/1747-597X-5-29 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21080923 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking issues in developing countries are usually taught non-systematically as and when the topic arose. The World Health Organisation and Global Health Professional Student Survey (GHPSS) have suggested introducing a separate integrated tobacco module into medical school curricula. Our aim was to assess medical students' tobacco smoking habits, their practices towards patients' smoking habits and attitude towards teaching about smoking in medical schools. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out among final year undergraduate medical students in Malaysia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire included items on demographic information, students' current practices about patients' tobacco smoking habits, their perception towards tobacco education in medical schools on a five point Likert scale. Questions about tobacco smoking habits were adapted from GHPSS questionnaire. An 'ever smoker' was defined as one who had smoked during lifetime, even if had tried a few puffs once or twice. 'Current smoker' was defined as those who had smoked tobacco product on one or more days in the preceding month of the survey. Descriptive statistics were calculated. RESULTS: Overall response rate was 81.6% (922/1130). Median age was 22 years while 50.7% were males and 48.2% were females. The overall prevalence of 'ever smokers' and 'current smokers' was 31.7% and 13.1% respectively. A majority (> 80%) of students asked the patients about their smoking habits during clinical postings/clerkships. Only a third of them did counselling, and assessed the patients' willingness to quit. Majority of the students agreed about doctors' role in tobacco control as being role models, competence in smoking cessation methods, counseling, and the need for training about tobacco cessation in medical schools. About 50% agreed that current curriculum teaches about tobacco smoking but not systematically and should be included as a separate module. Majority of the students indicated that topics about health effects, nicotine addiction and its treatment, counselling, prevention of relapse were important or very important in training about tobacco smoking. CONCLUSION: Medical educators should consider revising medical curricula to improve training about tobacco smoking cessation in medical schools. Our results should be supported by surveys from other medical schools in developing countries of Asia. Descriptors Asia, Western/epidemiology, Attitude, Cross-Sectional Studies, Curriculum, Female, Humans, Malaysia/epidemiology, Male, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Medical/psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sreeramareddy,C. T., Suri,S., Menezes,R. G., Kumar,H. N., Rahman,M., Islam,M. R., Pereira,X. V., Shah,M., Sathian,B., Shetty,U., Vaswani,V. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101116 PMCID PMC2994841 Editors
Second hand smoke in alfresco areas	2010	WA Tobacco Document Searching Program, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia. j.stafford@curtin.edu.au	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals Periodical, Abbrev. Health.Promot.J.Austr Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 21 Issue 2 Start Page 99 Other Pages 105 Notes JID: 9710936; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1036-1073; 1036-1073 Accession Number PMID: 20701558 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20701558 Abstract ISSUE ADDRESSED: There are moves to ban smoking in outdoor areas of pubs, restaurants and cafes. Some argue that this is unnecessary as exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) is minimal. The aim of this study was to determine potential exposure of patrons to SHS in outdoor areas of eating and drinking venues. METHODS: Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured in the alfresco areas of 28 cafes and pubs. Data were collected on the number of smokers present during sampling and factors that could influence PM2.5concentrations. PM2.5concentrations for periods with and without smokers were compared using paired and independent sample tests. RESULTS: PM2.5 concentrations were significantly increased when there was at least one smoker compared to periods with no smoking (14.25 microg/m3 and 3.98 g/m3, respectively). There was evidence of a dose response increase with mean concentrations for none, one and two or more smokers of 3.98, 10.59and 17.00microg/m3, respectively. The differences remained significant after controlling for other factors. When two or more people were smoking, average PM2.5reached levels the US Environmental Protection Agency warns may put particularly sensitive people at risk of respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking increases PM2.5concentrations in outdoor areas to levels that are potentially hazardous to health. Descriptors Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, New South Wales, Particulate Matter/analysis, Restaurants, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stafford,J., Daube,M., Franklin,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Characterizing fishing effort and spatial extent of coastal fisheries	2010	Protected Resources Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, United States of America.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 29-Dec Volume 5 Issue 12 Start Page e14451 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150205; JID: 101285081; OID: NLM: PMC3012055; 2010/06/29 [received]; 2010/11/23 [accepted]; 2010/12/29 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 21206903 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0014451 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21206903 Abstract Biodiverse coastal zones are often areas of intense fishing pressure due to the high relative density of fishing capacity in these nearshore regions. Although overcapacity is one of the central challenges to fisheries sustainability in coastal zones, accurate estimates of fishing pressure in coastal zones are limited, hampering the assessment of the direct and collateral impacts (e.g., habitat degradation, bycatch) of fishing. We compiled a comprehensive database of fishing effort metrics and the corresponding spatial limits of fisheries and used a spatial analysis program (FEET) to map fishing effort density (measured as boat-meters per km(2)) in the coastal zones of six ocean regions. We also considered the utility of a number of socioeconomic variables as indicators of fishing pressure at the national level; fishing density increased as a function of population size and decreased as a function of coastline length. Our mapping exercise points to intra and interregional 'hotspots' of coastal fishing pressure. The significant and intuitive relationships we found between fishing density and population size and coastline length may help with coarse regional characterizations of fishing pressure. However, spatially-delimited fishing effort data are needed to accurately map fishing hotspots, i.e., areas of intense fishing activity. We suggest that estimates of fishing effort, not just target catch or yield, serve as a necessary measure of fishing activity, which is a key link to evaluating sustainability and environmental impacts of coastal fisheries. Descriptors Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Fisheries, Fishes, Geography, Oceans and Seas, Population Dynamics, Software Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stewart,K. R., Lewison,R. L., Dunn,D. C., Bjorkland,R. H., Kelez,S., Halpin,P. N., Crowder,L. B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101229 PMCID PMC3012055 Editors
Smoking estimates from around the world: data from the first 17 participating countries in the World Mental Health Survey Consortium	2010	Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. cstor002@son.umaryland.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 19 Issue 1 Start Page 65 Other Pages 74 Notes LR: 20141204; GR: K05 DA015799/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K05DA015799/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA016558/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA016558/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 MH069864/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; GR Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 19965796 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2009.032474 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19965796 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To contribute new multinational findings on basic descriptive features of smoking and cessation, based upon standardised community surveys of adults residing in seven low-income and middle-income countries and 10 higher-income countries from all regions of the world. METHODS: Data were collected using standardised interviews and community probability sample survey methods conducted as part of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys Initiative. Demographic and socioeconomic correlates of smoking are studied using cross-tabulation and logistic regression approaches. Within-country sample weights were applied with variance estimation appropriate for complex sample survey designs. RESULTS: Estimated prevalence of smoking experience (history of ever smoking) and current smoking varied across the countries under study. In all but four countries, one out of every four adults currently smoked. In higher-income countries, estimated proportions of former smokers (those who had quit) were roughly double the corresponding estimates for most low-income and middle-income countries. Characteristics of smokers varied within individual countries, and in relation to the World Bank's low-medium-high gradient of economic development. In stark contrast to a sturdy male-female difference in the uptake of smoking seen in each country, there is no consistent sex-associated pattern in the odds of remaining a smoker (versus quitting). CONCLUSION: The World Mental Health Surveys estimates complement existing global tobacco monitoring efforts. The observed global diversity of associations with smoking and smoking cessation underscore reasons for implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provisions and prompt local adaptation of prevention and control interventions. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Socioeconomic Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Storr,C. L., Cheng,H., Alonso,J., Angermeyer,M., Bruffaerts,R., de Girolamo,G., de Graaf,R., Gureje,O., Karam,E. G., Kostyuchenko,S., Lee,S., Lepine,J. P., Medina Mora,M. E., Myer,L., Neumark,Y., Posada-Villa,J., Watanabe,M., Wells,J. E., Kessler,R. C., Anthony,J. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20091204 PMCID PMC4124902 Editors
Second-hand smoke in hospitals in Catalonia (2009): a cross-sectional study measuring PM2.5 and vapor-phase nicotine	2010	Institut Catala d'Oncologia-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental research Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Res. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 110 Issue 8 Start Page 750 Other Pages 755 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2010; JID: 0147621; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2010/02/18 [received]; 2010/09/15 [revised]; 2010/09/17 [accepted]; 2010/10/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0953; 0013-9351 Accession Number PMID: 20933229 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2010.09.008 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20933229 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To describe second-hand smoke in the hospitals of the Catalan Network for Smoke-free Hospitals using Particulate Matter (PM(2.5)) and to assess the association between second-hand smoke exposure in main entrances (outdoors) and halls and between PM(2.5) and airborne nicotine concentrations. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in 2009 in the 53 hospitals affiliated with the network. We measured PM(2.5) (mug/m(3)) in all hospitals and measured airborne nicotine concentrations (mug/m(3)) in a subsample of 11 hospitals. For each assessment, we measured nine locations within the hospitals, computing medians, means, geometric means, interquartile ranges (IQRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the means and the geometric means. Further, we used Spearman's linear correlation coefficient r(sp)) to explore the association between PM(2.5) concentrations in halls and main entrances and between PM(2.5) and nicotine concentrations. RESULTS: The overall median of the 429 PM(2.5) measurements was 12.48 mug/m(3) (IQR: 8.84-19.76 mug/m(3)). The most exposed locations were outdoor smoking points (16.64 mug/m(3)), cafeterias (14.82 mug/m(3)), and main entrances (14.04 mug/m(3)); dressing rooms were the least exposed (6.76 mug/m(3)). PM(2.5) concentrations in halls were positively correlated with those in main entrances (r(sp)=0.591, 95% CI: 0.377-0.745), as were PM(2.5) values and nicotine concentrations (r(sp)=0.644, 95% CI: 0.357-0.820). CONCLUSIONS: Second-hand smoke levels in hospitals were low in most locations, with the highest levels observed in outdoor locations where smoking is allowed (smoking points and entrances). Smoking in main entrances was associated with increased second-hand smoke levels in halls. Use of PM(2.5) to evaluate second-hand smoke is feasible and shows a good correlation with airborne nicotine values. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Hospitals/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Nicotine/analysis, Spain/epidemiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Sureda,X., Fu,M., Lopez,M. J., Martinez-Sanchez,J. M., Carabasa,E., Salto,E., Martinez,C., Nebot,M., Fernandez,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101008 PMCID Editors
Water pipe (shisha) smoking among male students of medical colleges in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia	2010	Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. aztaha@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Annals of Saudi medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Ann.Saudi Med. Pub Date Free Form May-Jun Volume 30 Issue 3 Start Page 222 Other Pages 226 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8507355; CIN: Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Jan-Feb;31(1):94-5. PMID: 21245608; CIN: Ann Saudi Med. 2010 Jul-Aug;30(4):330; author reply 330. PMID: 20622355; CIN: Ann Saudi Med. 2010 Nov-Dec;30(6):493-4; author reply 494. PMID: 21060162; OID: NLM Place of Publication Saudi Arabia ISSN/ISBN 0975-4466; 0256-4947 Accession Number PMID: 20427939 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.4103/0256-4947.62838 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20427939 Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Shisha smoking, one of the commonest methods of smoking tobacco among Arabs, increases the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of shisha smoking among male students of three colleges and to identify factors associated with shisha smoking. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 500 male students of three colleges (medicine, applied medical sciences and dentistry). Data were collected from 371 students using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of shisha smoking was 12.6% (8.6% shisha only and 4.0% both shisha and cigarettes). Thirty students (63.8%) started shisha smoking at ages of 16 to 18 years. Seven students (15%) smoked shisha daily. Cafiotas or restaurants were the favorite places for smoking (70.2% of students). There was a high prevalence of shisha smoking among students whose mothers had a secondary (19.1%) and higher (53.3%) education. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of shisha smoking among university students. The majority of students started shisha smoking at a young age. Public health measures, including the banning of smoking in public places are recommended. Descriptors Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Geography, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Saudi Arabia/epidemiology, Schools, Medical, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Dental, Students, Medical, Surveys and Questionnaires Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Taha,A. Z., Sabra,A. A., Al-Mustafa,Z. Z., Al-Awami,H. R., Al-Khalaf,M. A., Al-Momen,M. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2886873 Editors
Measurement of indoor smoke pollution in public places in Hungary	2010	Semmelweis Egyetem, Altalanos Orvostudomanyi Kar, Radiologiai es Onkoterapias Klinika, Budapest. tarnoki4@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Orvosi hetilap Periodical, Abbrev. Orv.Hetil. Pub Date Free Form 7-Feb Volume 151 Issue 6 Start Page 213 Other Pages 219 Notes JID: 0376412; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Hungary ISSN/ISBN 0030-6002; 0030-6002 Accession Number PMID: 20123656 Language hun SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1556/OH.2010.28797 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20123656 Abstract To compare the levels of indoor air pollution found in a sample of smoking and non-smoking public locations in Hungary. METHODS: Ambient air of 6 pubs, 5 restaurants, 11 cafes, and 20 other locations in Budapest and Zalakaros, Hungary, between January and August 2008, was studied, and concentration of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) was assessed with TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor. RESULTS: In 26 places where smoking was observed, the average PM 2.5 level was 102.3 microg/m3 [range: 3-487 microg/m3]; compared to 5.1 microg/m 3 [range: 0-28 microg/m3] in the 16 places where smoking was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of indoor fine particle air pollution measured in smoking public locations in Hungary were 18 times higher than the levels in non-smoking places and exceeded the harmful levels declared by the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Hungary/epidemiology, Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data, Restaurants, Smoking/epidemiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tarnoki,D. L., Tarnoki,A. D., Hyland,A., Travers,M. J., Dobson,K., Mechtler,L., Cummings,K. M. Original/Translated Title Zart kozossegi helyek dohanyfust-koncentraciojanak merese Magyarorszagon URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Meta-analyses of the effect of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux on the risk of Barrett's esophagus	2010	Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The American Journal of Gastroenterology Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Gastroenterol. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 105 Issue 8 Start Page 1729, 1730 Other Pages 7; quiz 1738 Notes LR: 20141203; GR: K23 DK079291/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DK079291/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DK079291-04/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0421030; RF: 52; NIHMS217992; OID: NLM: NIHMS217992; OID: NLM: PMC2916949; 2010/05/18 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1572-0241; 0002-9270 Accession Number PMID: 20485283 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1038/ajg.2010.194 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20485283 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a devastating disease that has risen in incidence over the past several decades. Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an associated premalignant lesion. Current preventative efforts rely on endoscopic screening of individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and surveillance endoscopy for those with BE. However, some recent studies have found a high prevalence of BE in patients without GERD, and others have found little or no association with GERD. We hypothesized that studies of higher-quality design show weaker associations of GERD with BE, and that GERD is only weakly associated with short-segment Barrett's esophagus (SSBE). METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search in multiple online electronic databases regardless of language. Eligible studies required visualization of columnar mucosa and histological confirmation of intestinal metaplasia, and GERD symptoms ascertained by questionnaire or interview. The highest-quality sampling design was defined a priori by both cases and controls identified among unselected research volunteers ("research design") rather than by patients selected for endoscopy for clinical indications ("clinical design"), which introduces selection and ascertainment bias. A priori, heterogeneity was defined by Cochrane's Q P<0.20 and the inconsistency index (I(2); 25% low, 50% moderate, and 75% high). Heterogeneity of results can reflect significant differences in study design or effect modification by strata of outcomes. RESULTS: Systematic review identified 13,392 citations. Evaluation identified 108 potentially relevant journal articles, of which 26 met eligibility. Of these, 14 studies identified cases of BE and controls based on clinical indication ("clinical design"), and 6 used the "research design." The remaining six studies identified cases of BE from patients undergoing endoscopy for clinical indication and controls among patients without known BE ("cases clinical/controls research"). The summary odds ratio (OR) for the association of GERD with BE from all studies was 2.90 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.86-4.54), but the results were very heterogeneous (P=0.0001; I(2)=89%). When stratified by BE length and sampling design, the studies with clinical design showed substantial, but heterogeneous, associations with SSBE (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.21-4.70; P=0.02; I(2)=62%), and stronger and homogeneous association with long-segment BE (LSBE; fixed effects OR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.69-5.19; P=0.25; I(2)=25%). In the research study design, stratifying by length of BE resolved the heterogeneity and showed a strong association between GERD and LSBE (fixed effects OR, 4.92; 95% CI, 2.01-12.0; P=0.30; I(2)=19%) and no association with SSBE (fixed effects OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.763-1.73; P=0.84; I(2)=0%). Funnel plots showed potential evidence for bias against dissemination of small negative studies. CONCLUSIONS: In the highest-quality studies, GERD symptoms are not associated with SSBE, but increased the odds of LSBE by fivefold. GERD symptoms can serve as a reliable predictor of LSBE, but not SSBE. If SSBE is considered worthy of identification, then current screening practices do not select patients at risk for endoscopy, and alternative methods of selection for screening need to be developed. Descriptors Barrett Esophagus/etiology/pathology/prevention & control, Esophagoscopy, Gastroesophageal Reflux/complications/pathology, Humans, Precancerous Conditions/etiology/pathology/prevention & control, Risk Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Taylor,J. B., Rubenstein,J. H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100518 PMCID PMC2916949 Editors
Carboxyhaemoglobin levels in water-pipe and cigarette smokers	2010	Lung Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria. theronansa@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde Periodical, Abbrev. S.Afr.Med.J. Pub Date Free Form 29-Jan Volume 100 Issue 2 Start Page 122 Other Pages 124 Notes LR: 20140912; JID: 0404520; 059QF0KO0R (Water); 142M471B3J (Carbon Dioxide); 9061-29-4 (Carboxyhemoglobin); 2009/04/29 [received]; 2009/07/10 [accepted]; epublish Place of Publication South Africa ISSN/ISBN 0256-9574 Accession Number PMID: 20459918 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Controlled Clinical Trial; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20459918 Abstract Water-pipe smoking is growing in popularity, especially among young people, because of the social nature of the smoking session and the assumption that the effects are less harmful than those of cigarette smoking. It has however been shown that a single water-pipe smoking session produces a 24-hour urinary cotinine level equivalent to smoking 10 cigarettes per day. AIM: We aimed to measure carboxyhaemoglogin (COHb) blood levels before and after water-pipe and cigarette smoking sessions. METHOD: Self-confessed smokers older than 18 years (N=30) volunteered to smoke a water-pipe or a cigarette and have their blood COHb levels measured under controlled conditions. RESULTS: Mean baseline COHb levels were 2.9% for the 15 cigarette smokers and 1.0% for the 15 water-pipe smokers. Levels increased by a mean of 481.7% in water-pipe smokers as opposed to 39.9% in cigarette smokers. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that water-pipe smokers had significantly higher increases in blood COHb levels than cigarette smokers during a single smoking session. Descriptors Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Carbon Dioxide/metabolism, Carboxyhemoglobin/metabolism, Cohort Studies, Equipment Design, Female, Humans, Male, Nebulizers and Vaporizers, Smoking/blood, South Africa, Tobacco/metabolism, Water, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Theron,A., Schultz,C., Ker,J. A., Falzone,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100129 PMCID Editors
In vitro activity of antifungal combinations against Candida albicans biofilms	2010	Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wahringer Gurtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. J.Antimicrob.Chemother. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 65 Issue 2 Start Page 271 Other Pages 274 Notes LR: 20131125; JID: 7513617; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Triazoles); 6TK1G07BHZ (posaconazole); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); 2009/12/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1460-2091; 0305-7453 Accession Number PMID: 19996142 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/jac/dkp429 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19996142 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro activity and synergism of the combinations of amphotericin B/caspofungin and amphotericin B/posaconazole against Candida albicans, grown either as planktonic cells or in biofilms. METHODS: Ten C. albicans bloodstream isolates used in this study were collected from intensive care patients admitted to the Vienna University Hospital between 2006 and 2007. Chequerboard tests were employed to determine the efficacy of the antifungal combinations amphotericin B/caspofungin and amphotericin B/posaconazole against both planktonic cells and biofilms. C. albicans biofilms were prepared using the static microtitre plate model. The activity of antifungal combination therapy was determined by visual reading for planktonic cells and using the XTT assay for biofilms. RESULTS: For Candida biofilms the median MIC was 4 mg/L for amphotericin B and caspofungin, and >256 mg/L for posaconazole. The combination amphotericin B/posaconazole yielded synergism [fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) <0.26], whereas amphotericin B/caspofungin yielded indifferent interaction only (FICI 0.75-1.25) against all isolates when grown in biofilms. Under planktonic conditions, synergism was demonstrable for the combination amphotericin B/caspofungin against 4 of the 10 isolates, whereas the combination of caspofungin/posaconazole was indifferent against all tested isolates. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that MICs for planktonic and biofilm forms of C. albicans were much lower when treated with an antifungal combination than when treated with single agents. The combination of amphotericin B/posaconazole yielded synergism against Candida biofilms, whereas amphotericin B/caspofungin yielded indifferent interaction. Descriptors Amphotericin B/pharmacology, Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Austria, Biofilms/drug effects, Candida albicans/drug effects/isolation & purification, Candidiasis/microbiology, Drug Synergism, Echinocandins/pharmacology, Fungemia/microbiology, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Triazoles/pharmacology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tobudic,S., Kratzer,C., Lassnigg,A., Graninger,W., Presterl,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20091208 PMCID Editors

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