WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort ascending	SearchLink
Indoor fine particle (PM2.5) pollution exposure due to secondhand smoke in selected public places of Sri Lanka	2012	Evaluation and Research Unit, National Institute of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Kalutara, Sri Lanka. sumalnandasena@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Industrial Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Ind.Med. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 55 Issue 12 Start Page 1129 Other Pages 1136 Notes LR: 20150225; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; GR: 5 D43 TW05750/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: D43 TW005750/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: D43 TW005750-10/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8101110; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); NIHMS Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1097-0274; 0271-3586 Accession Number PMID: 22473526 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1002/ajim.22040 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22473526 Abstract BACKGROUND: Secondhand smoke accounts for a considerable proportion of deaths due to tobacco smoke. Although the existing laws ban indoor smoking in public places in Sri Lanka, the level of compliance is unknown. METHODS: Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) levels in 20 public places in Colombo, Sri Lanka were measured by a PM monitor (Model AM510-SIDEPAK Personal Aerosol Monitor). Different types of businesses (restaurants, bars, cafes, and entertainment venues) were selected by purposive sampling. Only the places where smoking was permitted were considered. RESULTS: The average indoor PM(2.5) ranged from 33 to 299 microg/m(3). The average outdoor PM(2.5) ranged from 18 to 83 microg/m(3). The indoor to outdoor PM(2.5) ratio ranged from 1.05 to 14.93. In all venues, indoor PM(2.5) levels were higher than the Sri Lankan ambient PM(2.5) standard of 50 microg/m(3). All indoor locations had higher PM(2.5) levels as compared to their immediate outdoor surroundings. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the importance of improving ventilation and enforcing laws to stop smoking in public places. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley Periodicals, Inc Data Source Authors Nandasena,S., Wickremasinghe,A.R., Lee,K., Sathiakumar,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120402 PMCID PMC3432657 Editors
Impact of the 2011 Spanish smoking ban in hospitality venues: indoor secondhand smoke exposure and influence of outdoor smoking	2013	Evaluation and Intervention Methods Service, Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. mjlopez@aspb.cat	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 15 Issue 5 Start Page 992 Other Pages 996 Notes JID: 9815751; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2012/10/25 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 23100458 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts218 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23100458 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Spanish tobacco control law of 2006 was modified in January 2011, banning smoking in all hospitality venues. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the 2011 Spanish smoking ban on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in hospitality venues, and to analyze the potential impact of outdoor smokers close to entrances on indoor SHS levels after the law came into force. METHODS: Before-and-after evaluation study with repeated measures. The study was carried out in three regions of Spain (Catalonia, Galicia, and Madrid) and included a random sample of 178 hospitality venues. We measured vapor-phase nicotine and particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (PM2.5) as SHS markers at baseline (November-December 2010) and at follow-up (April-June 2011). We also recorded tobacco consumption variables such as the presence of butts, ashtrays, and smokers. In the posttest assessment, we also recorded the number of outdoor smokers close to the entrance. RESULTS: A total of 351 nicotine and 160 PM2.5 measurements were taken. Both nicotine and PM2.5 concentrations decreased by more than 90% (nicotine from 5.73 to 0.57 microg/m(3), PM2.5 from 233.38 to 18.82 microg/m(3)). After the law came into force, both nicotine and PM2.5 concentrations were significantly higher in venues with outdoor smokers close to the entrance than in those without outdoor smokers. All the observational tobacco consumption variables significantly decreased (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lopez,M.J., Fernandez,E., Perez-Rios,M., Martinez-Sanchez,J.M., Schiaffino,A., Galan,I., Moncada,A., Fu,M., Montes,A., Salto,E., Nebot,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121025 PMCID Editors
Towards estimating the burden of disease attributable to second-hand smoke exposure in Polish children	2014	European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Occup.Med.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 27 Issue 1 Start Page 38 Other Pages 49 Notes JID: 9437093; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2013/03/15 [received]; 2013/12/13 [accepted]; 2014/01/24 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1896-494X; 1232-1087 Accession Number PMID: 24464439 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.2478/s13382-014-0223-6 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24464439 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To estimate the burden of disease attributable to second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in Polish children in terms of the number of deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) due to lower respiratory infections (LRI), otitis media (OM), asthma, low birth weight (LBW) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Estimates of SHS exposure in children and in pregnant women as well as information concerning maternal smoking were derived from a national survey, the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey in Poland. Mortality data (LRI, OM, asthma, and SIDS), the number of cases (LBW), and population data were obtained from national statistics (year 2010), and DALYs came from the WHO (year 2004). The burden of disease due to SHS was calculated by multiplying the total burden of a specific health outcome (deaths or DALYs) by a population attributable fraction. RESULTS: Using two estimates of SHS exposure in children: 48% and 60%, at least 12 and 14 deaths from LRI in children aged up to 2 years were attributed to SHS, for the two exposure scenarios, respectively. The highest burden of DALYs was for asthma in children aged up to 15 years: 2412, and 2970 DALYs, for the two exposure scenarios, respectively. For LRI, 419 and 500 DALYs, and for OM, 61 and 77 DALYs were attributed to SHS, for the two exposure scenarios, respectively. Between 13% and 27% of SIDS cases and between 3% and 16% of the cases of LBW at term were attributed to SHS exposure. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a conservative estimate of the public health impact of SHS exposure on Polish children. Lack of comprehensive, up to date health data concerning children, as well as lack of measures that would best reflect actual SHS exposure are major limitations of the study, likely to underestimate the burden of disease. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Jarosinska,D., Polanska,K., Wojtyniak,B., Hanke,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140124 PMCID Editors
Analysing compliance of cigarette packaging with the FCTC and national legislation in eight former Soviet countries	2013	European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 22 Issue 4 Start Page 231 Other Pages 234 Notes JID: 9209612; OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/10/09 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 23047889 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050567 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23047889 Abstract AIM: To analyse compliance of cigarette packets with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and national legislation and the policy actions that are required in eight former Soviet Union countries. METHODS: We obtained cigarette packets of each of the 10 most smoked cigarette brands in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. The packets were then analysed using a standardised data collection instrument. The analysis included the placing, size and content of health warning labels and deceptive labels (eg, 'Lights'). Findings were assessed for compliance with the FCTC and national legislation. RESULTS: Health warnings were on all packets from all countries and met the FCTC minimum recommendations on size and position except Azerbaijan and Georgia. All countries used a variety of warnings except Azerbaijan. No country had pictorial health warnings, despite them being mandatory in Georgia and Moldova. All of the countries had deceptive labels despite being banned in all countries except Russia and Azerbaijan where still no such legislation exists. CONCLUSIONS: Despite progress in the use of health warning messages, gaps still remain-particularly with the use of deceptive labels. Stronger surveillance and enforcement mechanisms are required to improve compliance with the FCTC and national legislation. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mir,H., Roberts,B., Richardson,E., Chow,C., McKee,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121009 PMCID Editors
The Impact of Trying Electronic Cigarettes on Cigarette Smoking by College Students: A Prospective Analysis	2015	Erin L. Sutfin, Beata Debinski, Kimberly G. Wagoner, and Mark Wolfson are with the Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Beth A. Reboussin is with the Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wak	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 105 Issue 8 Start Page e83 Other Pages 9 Notes LR: 20160809; GR: R01 CA141643/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA141643/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 1254074; OID: NLM: PMC4504281; 2015/06/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1541-0048; 0090-0036 Accession Number PMID: 26066954 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; AIM; IM DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302707 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26066954 Abstract OBJECTIVES: We assessed the impact of trying electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on future cigarette smoking in a sample of smokers enrolled in college. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, first-semester college students at 7 colleges in North Carolina and 4 in Virginia completed a baseline survey and 5 follow-up surveys between fall 2010 and fall 2013. Current cigarette smoking at wave 6 was the primary outcome. Participants (n = 271) reported current cigarette smoking at baseline and no history of e-cigarette use. We measured trying e-cigarettes at each wave, defined as use in the past 6 months. RESULTS: By wave 5, 43.5% had tried e-cigarettes. Even after controlling for other variables associated with cigarette smoking, trying e-cigarettes was a significant predictor of cigarette smoking at wave 6 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32, 4.66), as were friends' cigarette smoking (AOR = 4.20; 95% CI = 2.22, 7.96) and lifetime use of other tobacco products (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.22, 2.17). CONCLUSIONS: Trying e-cigarettes during college did not deter cigarette smoking and may have contributed to continued smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sutfin,E.L., Reboussin,B.A., Debinski,B., Wagoner,K.G., Spangler,J., Wolfson,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150611 PMCID PMC4504281 Editors
Waterpipe (narghile) smoking among medical and non-medical university students in Turkey	2010	Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Upsala journal of medical sciences Periodical, Abbrev. Ups.J.Med.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 115 Issue 3 Start Page 210 Other Pages 216 Notes LR: 20141203; JID: 0332203; OID: NLM: PMC2939523; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 2000-1967; 0300-9734 Accession Number PMID: 20636256 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.3109/03009734.2010.487164 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20636256 Abstract OBJECTIVES: This investigation was performed in order to determine the prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking in students of Erciyes University and the effects of some socio-demographic factors. METHODS: A total of 645 students who study the first three grades of the medical faculty and the engineering faculty of Erciyes University were enrolled in the study. A questionnaire including 48 questions was applied. Chi-square test and logistic regression method were performed for the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The total prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was found to be 32.7%. The prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was 28.6% in the medical and 37.5% in the non-medical students. It was determined that 41.6% of the males and 20.2% of the females currently smoke waterpipe. Gender, cigarette smoking, and the presence of waterpipe smokers among family members and friends have significant effects on the prevalence of waterpipe smoking. Residence and economical status of the family and with whom the students live have no significant effect on the prevalence rate. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of the students currently smoke waterpipe. Smoking of both cigarette and waterpipe was frequently found. The measures against all tobacco products should be combined. Descriptors Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Students, Medical, Turkey/epidemiology, Universities Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Poyrazoglu,S., Sarli,S., Gencer,Z., Gunay,O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2939523 Editors
Negative effects of passive smoking on the (unborn) child	2002	Erasmus Medisch Centrum, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, afd. Longziekten, Postbus 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde Periodical, Abbrev. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. Pub Date Free Form 23-Feb Volume 146 Issue 8 Start Page 356 Other Pages 359 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 0400770; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); CIN: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002 Apr 20;146(16):782-3; author reply 783. PMID: 11998360; CIN: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002 Apr 20;146(16):782; author reply 782. PMID: 11998361; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0028-2162; 0028-2162 Accession Number PMID: 11887620 Language dut SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11887620 Abstract The negative effects of passive smoking on the health of the foetus or child continue to receive little attention, despite the large volume of research in this area. Passive smoking during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight, a reduction in head circumference at birth, and a far higher incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. Exposure to cigarette smoke also leads to a decreased lung function, an increased risk of severe infections, including respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, meningococcal disease and middle ear infections. There is no association between passive smoking and the development of allergic asthma, but passive smoking does cause an increase in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in children with or without asthma. Finally, there is a relation between passive smoking and behavioural disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Passive smoking before birth seems even more harmful than after birth. A causal relationship is suggested in most studies, or has been proven by animal experiments. A decreased birth weight in general increases the risk of developing chronic diseases as an adult, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This extensive knowledge about the adverse health effects of smoke exposure in (unborn) children deserves greater attention in the counselling of pregnant women, and in anti-smoking campaigns. Descriptors Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/etiology, Communicable Diseases/etiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight/physiology, Infant, Newborn, Lung Diseases/etiology, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/etiology, Sudden Infant Death/etiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hofhuis,W., Merkus,P. J., de Jongste,J. C. Original/Translated Title Nadelige effecten van passief roken op het (ongeboren) kind URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Adverse health effects of prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure on children	2003	Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands. w.hofhuis@erasmusmc.nl	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives of Disease in Childhood Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Dis.Child. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 88 Issue 12 Start Page 1086 Other Pages 1090 Notes LR: 20140610; JID: 0372434; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); RF: 83; OID: NLM: PMC1719394; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-2044; 0003-9888 Accession Number PMID: 14670776 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; AIM; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 14670776 Abstract Parents who choose to smoke are possibly not aware of, or deny, the negative effects of passive smoking on their offspring. This review summarises a wide range of effects of passive smoking on mortality and morbidity in children. It offers paediatricians, obstetricians, specialists in preventive child health care, general practitioners, and midwives an approach to promote smoking cessation in smoking parents before, during, and after pregnancy. Descriptors Child, Child Behavior Disorders/etiology, Child, Preschool, Developmental Disabilities/etiology, Female, Fetal Diseases/etiology, Humans, Hypersensitivity/etiology, Infant, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Infection/etiology, Lung Diseases/etiology, Neoplasms/etiology, Obstetric Labor Complications/etiology, Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/etiology, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Respiration Disorders/etiology, Sudden Infant Death/etiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hofhuis,W., de Jongste,J. C., Merkus,P. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1719394 Editors
Evaluation of the conjunctival fungal flora and its susceptibility to antifungal agents in healthy horses in Switzerland	2014	Equine Department, Section of Ophthalmology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Veterinary ophthalmology Periodical, Abbrev. Vet.Ophthalmol. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 17 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page 31 Other Pages 36 Notes CI: (c) 2013; JID: 100887377; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 304NUG5GF4 (Itraconazole); 7NNO0D7S5M (Miconazole); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); 8VZV102JFY (Fluconazole); JFU09I87TR (Voriconazole); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/08/02 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1463-5224; 1463-5216 Accession Number PMID: 23910390 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/vop.12088 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23910390 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To characterize the conjunctival fungal flora and to determine the susceptibility of 2 isolated molds to antifungal drugs in samples of 64 healthy horses from The National Stud in Switzerland. PROCEDURE: Conjunctival cytobrush samples were collected from both eyes of 64 ophthalmologically normal horses in August 2012 and subsequently cultured on Sabouraud's agar medium. Growing fungi were identified and counted. Etests or broth microdilution tests for Aspergillus fumigatus and Eurotium amstelodami were carried out to determine antifungal drug sensitivity. These species had previously been detected in samples from eyes with keratomycosis in Switzerland. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for voriconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, and miconazole were recorded. RESULTS: Fifty-nine of the horses were tested positive for fungal growth from at least one eye (92%). Eleven genera of fungi were identified. The most common fungal genera were Alternaria, Eurotium, Rhizopus, and Cladosporium. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were isolated frequently, while no Fusarium spp. was found. In only 2 cases, yeasts were identified as Candida guilliermondii. For certain fungal species, the type of bedding and housing appeared to influence their prevalence. Susceptibility testing of A. fumigatus showed lowest MICs for voriconazole, E. amstelodami for voriconazole and itraconazole. High MICs for fluconazole were detected for all tested fungi while MICs for amphotericin B and miconazole were variable. CONCLUSIONS: A large range of fungal mold species was identified including A. fumigatus and E. amstelodami, which have been causative agents of keratomycosis in Switzerland. Best in vitro susceptibility results for these two species were obtained for voriconazole. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists Data Source Authors Voelter-Ratson,K., Monod,M., Unger,L., Spiess,B.M., Pot,S.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130802 PMCID Editors
Spatial and temporal distribution of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis in northern Sudan: influence of environmental factors and implications for vector control	2009	Epidemiology Department, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan. tellalageep@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Malaria journal Periodical, Abbrev. Malar J. Pub Date Free Form 7-Jun Volume 8 Issue Start Page 123 Other Pages 2875-8-123 Notes LR: 20141209; JID: 101139802; OID: NLM: PMC2698915; 2009/04/03 [received]; 2009/06/07 [accepted]; 2009/06/07 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1475-2875; 1475-2875 Accession Number PMID: 19500425 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1475-2875-8-123 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19500425 Abstract BACKGROUND: Malaria is an important public health problem in northern Sudan, but little is known about the dynamics of its transmission. Given the characteristic low densities of Anopheles arabiensis and the difficult terrain in this area, future vector control strategies are likely to be based on area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) that may include the sterile insect technique (SIT). To support the planning and implementation of future AW-IPM activities, larval surveys were carried out to provide key data on spatial and seasonal dynamics of local vector populations. METHODS: Monthly cross-sectional larval surveys were carried out between March 2005 and May 2007 in two localities (Dongola and Merowe) adjacent to the river Nile. A stratified random sampling strategy based on the use of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to select survey locations. Breeding sites were mapped using GPS and data on larval density and breeding site characteristics were recorded using handheld computers. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify breeding site characteristics associated with increased risk of presence of larvae. Seasonal patterns in the proportion of breeding sites positive for larvae were compared visually to contemporaneous data on climate and river height. RESULTS: Of a total of 3,349 aquatic habitats sampled, 321 (9.6%) contained An. arabiensis larvae. The frequency with which larvae were found varied markedly by habitat type. Although most positive sites were associated with temporary standing water around the margins of the main Nile channel, larvae were also found at brickworks and in areas of leaking pipes and canals - often far from the river. Close to the Nile channel, a distinct seasonal pattern in larval populations was evident and appeared to be linked to the rise and fall of the river level. These patterns were not evident in vector populations breeding in artificial water sources away from the river. CONCLUSION: The GIS-based survey strategy developed in this study provides key data on the population dynamics of An. arabiensis in Northern State. Quantitative estimates of the contributions of various habitat types and their proximity to settlements provide a basis for planning a strategy for reducing malaria risk by elimination of the vector population. Descriptors Animals, Anopheles, Geographic Information Systems, Geography, Humans, Insect Vectors, Larva, Malaria/prevention & control, Mosquito Control, Population Dynamics, Seasons, Sudan Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ageep,T. B., Cox,J., Hassan,M. M., Knols,B. G., Benedict,M. Q., Malcolm,C. A., Babiker,A., El Sayed,B. B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090607 PMCID PMC2698915 Editors

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