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Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Its Rare Association with Barrett's Esophagus in Henan, China	2014	Henan Office for Cancer Research and Control, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases and Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of Ameri	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 15-Oct Volume 9 Issue 10 Start Page e110348 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160219; JID: 101285081; Adenocarcinoma Of Esophagus; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; EIN: PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0127135. de Dieu Tapsoba, Jean [corrected to Tapsoba, Jean de Dieu]. PMID: 25919884; OID: NLM: PMC4198241; 2014 [ecollection]; 2014/0 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 25333822 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0110348 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25333822 Abstract Incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased sharply in Western Europe and United States over the past three decades. Nearly all cases of EAC in the west are thought to be associated with Barrett's esophagus (BE) at the time of diagnosis. Regions in the Henan province of China have one of world's highest incidences of esophageal cancer, yet recent temporal trends in the relative rates of EAC with respect to esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC), as well as its association with Barrett's esophagus (BE), have not been reported. In this report, we present large-scale longitudinal clinical and histological data on 5401 esophageal cancers (EC) patients diagnosed during the recent 10-year period (2002-2011) at Henan Cancer Hospital, China. All 217 esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients from these 5401 EC patients were examined to better understand the relationship between Barrett's esophagus (BE) and EAC. We found that EAC was relatively rare and accounted for approximately 5% of all esophageal cancers each year during 2002-2011. There is no evidence of significant temporal trends in the rate of EAC relative to ESCC. Only 10 out of 217 (4.6%) EAC cases were detected to have any evidence of Barrett's esophagus. This result raises the possibility of a different etiological basis for EAC in China motivating more detailed epidemiological, clinical and molecular characterization of EAC in China in order to better understand the neoplastic development of EAC. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Liu,S., Dai,J.Y., Yao,L., Li,X., Reid,B., Self,S., Ma,J., Chang,Y., Feng,S., Tapsoba Jde,D., Sun,X., Sun,X. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141015 PMCID PMC4198241 Editors
Esophageal cancer: Risk factors, screening and endoscopic treatment in Western and Eastern countries	2015	Maria Jose Domper Arnal, Angel Ferrandez Arenas, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital LB, Aragon Health Research Institute, IIS Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.; Maria Jose Domper Arnal, Angel Ferrandez Arenas, Department of Gastroenterology,	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full World journal of gastroenterology Periodical, Abbrev. World J.Gastroenterol. Pub Date Free Form 14-Jul Volume 21 Issue 26 Start Page 7933 Other Pages 7943 Notes LR: 20150719; JID: 100883448; Adenocarcinoma Of Esophagus; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; OID: NLM: PMC4499337; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/01/10 [received]; 2015/03/11 [revised]; 2015/04/16 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 2219-2840; 1007-9327 Accession Number PMID: 26185366 Language eng SubFile Editorial; Review; IM DOI 10.3748/wjg.v21.i26.7933 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26185366 Abstract Esophageal cancer is one of the most unknown and deadliest cancers worldwide, mainly because of its extremely aggressive nature and poor survival rate. Esophageal cancer is the 6(th) leading cause of death from cancer and the 8(th) most common cancer in the world. The 5-year survival is around 15%-25%. There are clear differences between the risk factors of both histological types that affect their incidence and distribution worldwide. There are areas of high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (some areas in China) that meet the requirements for cost-effectiveness of endoscopy for early diagnosis in the general population of those areas. In Europe and United States the predominant histologic subtype is adenocarcinoma. The role of early diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus remains controversial. The differences in the therapeutic management of early esophageal carcinoma (high-grade dysplasia, T1a, T1b, N0) between different parts of the world may be explained by the number of cancers diagnosed at an early stage. In areas where the incidence is high (China and Japan among others) early diagnoses is more frequent and has led to the development of endoscopic techniques for definitive treatment that achieve very effective results with a minimum number of complications and preserving the functionality of the esophagus. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Domper Arnal,M.J., Ferrandez Arenas,A., Lanas Arbeloa,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4499337 Editors
Establishment of a community care center for isolation and management of Ebola patients - Bomi County, Liberia, October 2014	2014		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 7-Nov Volume 63 Issue 44 Start Page 1010 Other Pages 1012 Notes JID: 7802429; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-861X; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 25375073 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI mm6344a6 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25375073 Abstract As of October 29, 2014, a total of 6,454 Ebola virus disease (Ebola) cases had been reported in Liberia by the Liberian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, with 2,609 deaths. Although the national strategy for combating the ongoing Ebola epidemic calls for construction of Ebola treatment units (ETUs) in all 15 counties of Liberia, only a limited number are operational, and most of these are within Montserrado County. ETUs are intended to improve medical care delivery to persons whose illnesses meet Ebola case definitions, while also allowing for the safe isolation of patients to break chains of transmission in the community. Until additional ETUs are constructed, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare is supporting development of community care centers (CCCs) for isolation of patients who are awaiting Ebola diagnostic test results and for provision of basic care (e.g., oral rehydration salts solutions) to patients confirmed to have Ebola who are awaiting transfer to ETUs. CCCs often have less bed capacity than ETUs and are frequently placed in areas not served by ETUs; if built rapidly enough and in sufficient quantity, CCCs will allow Ebola-related health measures to reach a larger proportion of the population. Staffing requirements for CCCs are frequently lower than for ETUs because CCCs are often designed such that basic patient needs such as food are provided for by friends and family of patients rather than by CCC staff. (It is customary in Liberia for friends and family to provide food for hospitalized patients.) Creation of CCCs in Liberia has been led by county health officials and nongovernmental organizations, and this local, community-based approach is intended to destigmatize Ebola, to encourage persons with illness to seek care rather than remain at home, and to facilitate contact tracing of exposed family members. This report describes one Liberian county's approach to establishing a CCC. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Logan,G., Vora,N.M., Nyensuah,T.G., Gasasira,A., Mott,J., Walke,H., Mahoney,F., Luce,R., Flannery,B., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Establishment of an Ebola Treatment Unit and Laboratory - Bombali District, Sierra Leone, July 2014-January 2015	2015		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 9-Oct Volume 64 Issue 39 Start Page 1108 Other Pages 1111 Notes JID: 7802429; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-861X; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 26447483 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm6439a4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26447483 Abstract The first confirmed case of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in Sierra Leone related to the ongoing epidemic in West Africa occurred in May 2014, and the outbreak quickly spread. To date, 8,704 Ebola cases and 3,955 Ebola deaths have been confirmed in Sierra Leone. The first Ebola treatment units (ETUs) in Sierra Leone were established in the eastern districts of Kenema and Kailahun, where the first Ebola cases were detected, and these districts were also the first to control the epidemic. By September and October 2014, districts in the western and northern provinces, including Bombali, had the highest case counts, but additional ETUs outside of the eastern province were not operational for weeks to months. Bombali became one of the most heavily affected districts in Sierra Leone, with 873 confirmed patients with Ebola during July-November 2014. The first ETU and laboratory in Bombali District were established in late November and early December 2014, respectively. T- evaluate the impact of the first ETU and laboratory becoming operational in Bombali on outbreak control, the Bombali Ebola surveillance team assessed epidemiologic indicators before and after the establishment of the first ETU and laboratory in Bombali. After the establishment of the ETU and laboratory, the interval from symptom onset to laboratory result and from specimen collection to laboratory result decreased. By providing treatment to Ebola patients and isolating contagious persons to halt ongoing community transmission, ETUs play a critical role in breaking chains of transmission and preventing uncontrolled spread of Ebola (4). Prioritizing and expediting the establishment of an ETU and laboratory by pre-positioning resources needed to provide capacity for isolation, testing, and treatment of Ebola are essential aspects of pre-outbreak planning. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gleason,B., Redd,J., Kilmarx,P., Sesay,T., Bayor,F., Mozalevskis,A., Connolly,A., Akpablie,J., Prybylski,D., Moffett,D., King,M., Bass,M., Joseph,K., Jones,J., Ocen,F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151009 PMCID Editors
Estimates of maximum or average cigarette tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields can be obtained from yields under standard conditions	1986		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventive medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 15 Issue 1 Start Page 82 Other Pages 91 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0322116; 0 (Smoke); 0 (Tars); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); EIN: Prev Med 1987 Mar;16(2):290; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0091-7435; 0091-7435 Accession Number PMID: 3714662 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 3714662 Abstract Average yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide per liter of smoke and per cigarette were determined for 10 brands of cigarettes smoked under 27 different conditions (one standard and 26 nonstandard). Per cigarette yields were highly variable across smoking conditions due to differences in the total volume of smoke taken for analysis. The results of a simple linear regression analysis indicated that up to 95% of the variation in tar yield per cigarette could be explained by variations in the total volume of smoke produced per cigarette. Per liter yields for tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide were almost constant over the conditions investigated. Since most smokers inhale less than this amount, yields per liter provide a rough estimate of the maximum amount to which a smoker might be exposed. Yields per liter, taken over all 26 conditions, are highly correlated with per cigarette yields under standard conditions. Consequently, values on one scale can be converted to the other, at least for the 10 brands investigated. The average conversion factor for tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide is 2.5 when proceeding from milligrams per king-size cigarette under standard conditions to milligrams per liter. This relationship is true for both vented and nonvented cigarettes when ventilation holes are not blocked. Descriptors Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Methods, Nicotine/analysis, Plants, Toxic, Smoke/analysis, Smoking, Tars/analysis, Tobacco Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rickert,W. S., Collishaw,N. E., Bray,D. F., Robinson,J. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Estimating the beginning of the waterpipe epidemic in Syria	2004		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 4 Issue Start Page 32 Other Pages 32 Notes ID: 15294023 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe smoking is becoming a global public health problem, especially in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). METHODS: We try in this study, which is a cross sectional survey among a representative sample of waterpipe smokers in cafes/restaurants in Aleppo-Syria, to assess the time period for the beginning of this new smoking hype. We recruited 268 waterpipe smokers (161 men, 107 women; mean age +/- standard deviation (SD) 30.1 +/- 10.2, response rate 95.3%). Participants were divided into 4 birth cohorts (1980) and year of initiation of waterpipe smoking and daily cigarette smoking were plotted according to these birth cohorts. RESULTS: Data indicate that unlike initiation of cigarette smoking, which shows a clear age-related pattern, the nineties was the starting point for most of waterpipe smoking implicating this time period for the beginning of the waterpipe epidemic in Syria. CONCLUSION: The introduction of new flavored and aromatic waterpipe tobacco (Maassel), and the proliferation of satellite and electronic media during the nineties may have helped spread the new hype all over the Arab World. Descriptors Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Smoking/epidemiology, Social Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Restaurants, Sex Factors, Smoking/psychology, Socioeconomic Factors, Syria/epidemiology, Water Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514554/?tool=pubmed Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Rastam,Samer, Ward,Kenneth D., Eissenberg,Thomas, Maziak,Wasim Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Etching enamel for orthodontics with an erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser system	2007	Dicle University, Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Campus, Diyarbakir, Turkey. basaran@dicle.edu.tr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Angle Orthodontist Periodical, Abbrev. Angle Orthod. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 77 Issue 1 Start Page 117 Other Pages 123 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0370550; 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0R0008Q3JB (Chromium); 77B218D3YE (Erbium); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); 2005/12/01 [received]; 2006/01/01 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0003-3219; 0003-3219 Accession Number PMID: 17029548 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; D; IM DOI 10.2319/120605-426R.1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17029548 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To test the shear bond strength, surface characteristics, and fracture mode of brackets that are bonded to enamel etched with an erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser operated at different power outputs: 0.5 W, 1 W, and 2 W. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human premolars that had been extracted for orthodontic purposes were used. Enamel was etched with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser system operated at one of three power outputs or with orthophosphoric acid. RESULTS: The shear bond strength associated with the 0.5-W laser irradiation was significantly less than the strengths obtained with the other irradiations. Both the 1-W and 2-W laser irradiations were capable of etching enamel in the same manner. This finding was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy examination. The evaluation of adhesive-remnant-index scores demonstrated no statistically significant difference in bond failure site among the groups, except for the 0.5-W laser-etched group. Generally, more adhesive was left on the enamel surface with laser irradiation than with acid etching. CONCLUSION: The mean shear bond strength and enamel surface etching obtained with an Er,Cr: YSGG laser (operated at 1 W or 2 W for 15 seconds) is comparable to that obtained with acid etching. Descriptors Analysis of Variance, Bicuspid, Chi-Square Distribution, Chromium, Dental Bonding, Dental Debonding, Dental Enamel, Dental Etching/methods, Dental Stress Analysis, Erbium, Humans, Lasers, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Phosphoric Acids, Shear Strength, Surface Properties Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Basaran,G., Ozer,T., Berk,N., Hamamci,O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ethnic and gender differences in smoking and smoking cessation in a population of young adult air force recruits	2002	University of Memphis Center for Community Health, 5050 Poplar Avenue, Suite 1800, Memphis, TN 38157, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health promotion : AJHP Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Promot. Pub Date Free Form May-Jun Volume 16 Issue 5 Start Page 259 Other Pages 266 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: HL-53478/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8701680; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0890-1171; 0890-1171 Accession Number PMID: 12053437 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; T DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12053437 Abstract PURPOSE: To examine gender and ethnic differences in smoking and smoking cessation in a population of young adult military recruits. DESIGN: A self-administered survey of demographics, tobacco use, and other health risk behaviors was administered at the start of basic military training. SETTING: The study was conducted at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, where all U.S. Air Force recruits complete basic military training. SUBJECTS: All recruits who entered the U.S. Air Force between September 1995 and September 1996 participated in this study (n = 32,144; 100% participation rate). MEASURES: Recruits completed a written 53-item behavioral risk questionnaire. Measures examined in the present study included smoking status (ever having smoked a cigarette, current daily smoking, and quitting); demographics (ethnicity, gender, education, family income, and age); smoking history; and nicotine dependence. RESULTS: Rates of ever smoking, current daily smoking, and quitting were examined in multiple logistic regression analyses as a function of gender and ethnicity, controlling for age, education, and family income. Overall, 54% of recruits had ever smoked a cigarette and 24.9% smoked daily at the time of entry into basic military training. Smoking rates were highest among white and Native American recruits. Among whites, women were more likely to be a current daily smoker (31.6% vs. 29.4%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.18, 99% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.08-1.29). The opposite pattern was observed among African-Americans (5.6% vs. 9.8%, respectively; OR = .57; CI = .41-.79). Current smokers had low levels of nicotine dependence compared with the general population of U.S. smokers, but whites tended to be more dependent than other ethnic groups. Cessation rates were similar for men and women but differed according to ethnicity, ranging from 15% among whites to 23% among Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: These findings document important gender and ethnic differences in cigarette smoking among military recruits. Whites and Native Americans were more likely to smoke, less likely to quit, and more nicotine-dependent than other ethnic groups. Across gender/ethnicity groups, smoking rates were especially high among white women, with nearly one-third smoking daily until entry into basic training. Gender differences were not observed in cessation rates, but Hispanics were more likely than other ethnic groups to have quit smoking. The results highlight the need to develop effective cessation interventions for this population. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Ethnic Groups/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Military Personnel/psychology, Prevalence, Risk-Taking, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Texas/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ward,K. D., Vander Weg,M. W., Kovach,K. W., Klesges,R. C., DeBon,M. W., Haddock,C. K., Talcott,G. W., Lando,H. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ethnic differences in cigarette smoking among adolescents: a comparison of Jews and Arabs in Jerusalem	2001	Pediatric Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (affiliated to Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School), Jerusalem, Israel.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ Periodical, Abbrev. Isr.Med.Assoc.J. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 3 Issue 7 Start Page 504 Other Pages 507 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 100930740; ppublish Place of Publication Israel ISSN/ISBN 1565-1088 Accession Number PMID: 11791417 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11791417 Abstract BACKGROUND: Prevention of cigarette smoking is an important issue in public health policy. Since most adult smokers began smoking in childhood, understanding behavorial factors associated with smoking initiation would contribute to smoking initiation programs. Health-related behavior may vary between different ethnic groups. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of smoking among Jewish and Arab adolescents in Jerusalem, and whether there are differences in smoking initiation between the two ethnic groups. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional survey of all students in the 6th to 11th grades (age range 11-17 years) of a Jewish school and an Arab school in the Jerusalem area, using an anonymous self-completion questionnaire. A total of 791 questionnaires was analyzed, 479 from the Jewish students and 312 from the Arab students. RESULTS: The lowest prevalence of smoking was found among Arab female students and the highest among Jewish female students (9% vs. 41%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of smoking among Jewish and Arab males was similar. More Arab female students smoked than their mothers. Peer pressure seemed to be a more important factor among Jewish students. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the presence of ethnic differences in smoking prevalence and the reasons for smoking among adolescents in Israel. These results suggest the need for specific smoking prevention policies for different ethnic groups. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/ethnology/psychology, Age Distribution, Arabs/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Behavior/ethnology, Health Surveys, Humans, Israel/epidemiology, Jews/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Male, Sex Distribution, Smoking/ethnology/psychology, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/psychology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Meijer,B., Branski,D., Kerem,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ethnic differences in reported smoking behaviors in face-to-face and telephone interviews	2004	Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Israel. ornaepel@research.haifa.ac.il	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 19 Issue 7 Start Page 679 Other Pages 686 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 8508062; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0393-2990; 0393-2990 Accession Number PMID: 15461199 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15461199 Abstract Different modes of gathering data on self-reported health measures and self-reported risk factors are used frequently in research. However, data on the influence of the mode of collection of data on self-reporting are limited. The aim of the study was to identify associations between the mode of data collection and self-reported smoking in two distinct ethnic groups, Jews and Arabs in Israel. During the last 2 years, data were collected in two national surveys regarding the smoking behaviors of Jews and Arabs in Israel. In the telephone surveys 4713 Israeli residents were interviewed and in the face-to-face interviewees 3239 people were interviewed. The interviewees were between the ages 25 and 64. There was no significant difference in smoking rates between face-to-face interviews and telephone interviews among Jewish men or women after adjusting for other variables associated with smoking. However, there was a difference between the two methods of data collection in the Arab population also after the adjustment. In this group, respondents tended to report more often being a smoker in the face-to-face interviews. This was especially apparent in Arab women. There was no significant difference in the reported number of cigarettes smoked in the two modes of data collection. In Arabs compared to Jews there is a significant difference between reporting smoking during a telephone interview and a face-to-face interview. The mode of data collection can affect comparisons between different groups. Descriptors Adult, Arabs, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Israel, Jews, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking/ethnology, Tobacco Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Baron-Epel,O., Haviv-Messika,A., Green,M. S., Kalutzki,D. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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