WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort ascending	SearchLink
Knowledge of health effects and intentions to quit among smokeless tobacco users in India: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC) India Pilot Survey	2011	Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, India. rautel@healis.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP Periodical, Abbrev. Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 12 Issue 5 Start Page 1233 Other Pages 1238 Notes GR: 79551/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada; JID: 101130625; ppublish Place of Publication Thailand ISSN/ISBN 1513-7368; 1513-7368 Accession Number PMID: 21875273 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21875273 Abstract INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in India is the highest in the world, with 26% of adults reporting being users of smokeless tobacco only. But to date, there are few studies of beliefs, knowledge, and other psychosocial measures relating to smokeless tobacco use in India. The aim of the present study was to use data from the ITC India Pilot Study conducted in 2006 to examine beliefs about the harms of smokeless tobacco use, knowledge of health effects, and intentions to quit among current smokeless tobacco users in two states, Maharashtra and Bihar. METHODS: Data from the ITC India Pilot Study, a face-to-face crosssectional survey of 248 adults reporting exclusive current use of smokeless tobacco in Maharashtra and Bihar, were analyzed with respect to the knowledge of health effects, beliefs about harmfulness, and intentions to quit smokeless tobacco use. RESULTS: Around three quarters (36%) of smokeless tobacco users from Maharashtra and two thirds (62%) from Bihar had a 'bad' opinion about smokeless tobacco use. About 77% believed that smokeless tobacco use causes mouth cancer, followed by gum disease (66%) and difficulty in opening the mouth (56%). Significant differences were found in health knowledge between urban and rural smokeless tobacco users in both states. Only 38% of smokeless tobacco users reported having intentions to quit, and only 11% had intentions to quit within the next 6 months. Smokeless tobacco users who reported higher knowledge of the specific health effects from smokeless tobacco use were more likely to have intentions to quit. CONCLUSION: Despite the fairly high levels of awareness of health effects from smokeless tobacco use in Maharashtra and Bihar, the majority of smokeless users had no intentions to quit. Increased educational efforts about the detrimental health effects from smokeless tobacco use may result in higher levels of knowledge about the harms of smokeless tobacco and this in turn could increase quit intentions and subsequent quitting among users. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Raute,L.J., Sansone,G., Pednekar,M.S., Fong,G.T., Gupta,P.C., Quah,A.C., Bansal-Travers,M., Sinha,D.N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Trichloroacetic acid cycling in Sitka spruce saplings and effects on sapling health following long term exposure	2004	Heal, M.R., School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental Pollution Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Pollut. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 130 Issue 2 Start Page 165 Other Pages 176 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0269-7491 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Trichloroacetic acid (TCA, CCl3COOH) has been associated with forest damage but the source of TCA to trees is poorly characterised. To investigate the routes and effects of TCA uptake in conifers, 120 Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr) saplings were exposed to control, 10 or 100 Î¼g l-1 solutions of TCA applied twice weekly to foliage only or soil only over two consecutive 5-month growing seasons. At the end of each growing season similar elevated TCA concentrations (approximate range 200-300 ng g-1 dwt) were detected in both foliage and soil-dosed saplings exposed to 100 Î¼g l-1 TCA solutions showing that TCA uptake can occur from both exposure routes. Higher TCA concentrations in branchwood of foliage-dosed saplings suggest that atmospheric TCA in solution is taken up indirectly into conifer needles via branch and stemwood. TCA concentrations in needles declined slowly by only 25-30% over 6 months of winter without dosing. No effect of TCA exposure on sapling growth was measured during the experiment. However at the end of the first growing season needles of saplings exposed to 10 or 100 Î¼g l-1 foliage-applied TCA showed significantly more visible damage, higher activities of some detoxifying enzymes, lower protein contents and poorer water control than needles of saplings dosed with the same TCA concentrations to the soil. At the end of each growing season the combined TCA storage in needles, stemwood, branchwood and soil of each sapling was <6% of TCA applied. Even with an estimated half-life of tens of days for within-sapling elimination of TCA during the growing season, this indicates that TCA is eliminated rapidly before uptake or accumulates in another compartment. Although TCA stored in sapling needles accounted for only a small proportion of TCA stored in the sapling/soil system it appears to significantly affect some measures of sapling health. Â© 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Descriptors trichloroacetic acid, water, air pollution indicator, article, bioaccumulation, concentration process, concentration response, conifer, correlation analysis, detoxification, enzyme activity, foliage, half life time, long term exposure, phytochemistry, plant damage, plant growth, pollution, seasonal variation, sitka spruce, soil analysis, statistical significance, water analysis, winter Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Dickey,C. A., Heal,K. V., Stidson,R. T., Koren,R., SchrÃ¶der,P., Cape,J. N., Heal,M. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Pneumorachis and pneumomediastinum caused by repeated MÃ¼ller's maneuvers: Complications of marijuana smoking	2001	Hazouard, E., Department of Pneumology, INSERM EMI-U 00-10, Bretonneau University Hospital, F-37044 Tours, France	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Annals of Emergency Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Ann.Emerg.Med. Pub Date Free Form 2001/ Volume 38 Issue 6 Start Page 694 Other Pages 697 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0196-0644 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Pneumomediastinum may occur during marijuana inhalation but only rarely has pneumorachis (epidural pneumatosis or aerorachia) been reported. The usual mechanisms that produce pneumomediastinum include severe acute asthma, toxic-induced bronchial hyperreactivity, and barotrauma caused by Valsalva's maneuver (expiration through resistance). We report a case in which barotrauma resulted from repeated deep inspiration through a device with airflow resistance equivalent to MÃ¼ller's maneuver. Inspiration occurred through a homemade apparatus resembling a narrow outlet bong with 2 piled compartments. Pneumomediastinum combined with subcutaneous emphysema and pneumorachis occurred, without identified pneumothorax. There were no neurologic complications. Because of the absence of bronchospasm, expiration either through the apparatus or actively against a closed glottis, or apnea, this phenomenon is likely a result of repeated MÃ¼ller's maneuvers. Successive inhalation through resistance could have resulted in extreme negative intrathoracic pressure, which would have caused a transmural pressure gradient inducing barotrauma and release of extrarespiratory air. High-concentration oxygen therapy to achieve nitrogen washout was used. Descriptors cannabis, adult, article, barotrauma, case report, clinical feature, computer assisted tomography, epidural space, human, male, oxygen therapy, pneumatocele, pneumomediastinum, priority journal, smoking, subcutaneous emphysema, thorax pressure Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Hazouard,E., Koninck,J. -C, Attucci,S., Fauchier-Rolland,F., Brunereau,L., Diot,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Radioactivity concentration in liquid and solid phases of scale and sludge generated in the petroleum industry	2005	Hazin, C.A., Departamento de Energia Nuclear, UFPE, 50740-540 Recife, Brazil	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental radioactivity Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Radioact. Pub Date Free Form 2005/ Volume 81 Issue 1 Start Page 47 Other Pages 54 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0265-931X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Scales and sludge generated during oil extraction and production can contain uranium, thorium, radium and other natural radionuclides, which can cause exposure of maintenance personnel. This work shows how the oil content can influence the results of measurements of radionuclide concentration in scale and sludge. Samples were taken from a PETROBRAS unit in Northeast Brazil. They were collected directly from the inner surface of water pipes or from barrels stored in the waste storage area of the E&P unit. The oil was separated from the solids with a Soxhlet extractor by using aguarras at 90 Â± 5Â°C as solvent. Concentrations of 226Ra and 228Ra in the samples were determined before and after oil extraction by using an HPGe gamma spectrometric system. The results showed an increase in the radionuclide concentration in the solid (dry) phase, indicating that the above radionuclides concentrate mostly in the solid material. Â© 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Descriptors oil, radioisotope, radium 226, solvent, water, article, Brazil, concentration (parameters), gamma spectrometry, liquid, petrochemical industry, radioactivity, sampling, scale up, sludge, solid, storage, surface property, temperature, tube, waste Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Paranhos Gazineu,M. H., De AraÃºjo,A. A., BrandÃ£o,Y. B., Hazin,C. A., Godoy,J. M. D. O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Analysis of a historical cohort of chinese tin miners with arsenic, radon, cigarette smoke, and pipe smoke exposures using the biologically based two-stage clonal expansion model	2001	Hazelton, W.D., Fred Hutchinson Can. Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Radiation research Periodical, Abbrev. Radiat.Res. Pub Date Free Form 2001/ Volume 156 Issue 1 Start Page 78 Other Pages 94 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0033-7587 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The two-stage clonal expansion model is used to analyze lung cancer mortality in a cohort of Yunnan tin miners based on individual histories with multiple exposures to arsenic, radon, cigarette smoke, and pipe smoke. Advances in methodology include the use of nested dose-response models for the parameters of the two-stage clonal expansion model, calculation of attributable risks for all exposure combinations, use of both a fixed lag and a gamma distribution to represent the time between generation of the first malignant cell and death from lung cancer, and scaling of biological parameters allowed by parameter identifiability. The cohort consists of 12,011 males working for the Yunnan Tin Corporation, with complete exposure records, who were initially surveyed in 1976 and followed through 1988. Tobacco and arsenic dominate the attributable risk for lung cancer. Of 842 lung cancer deaths, 21.4% are attributable to tobacco alone, 19.7% to a combination of tobacco and arsenic, 15.8% to arsenic alone, 11% to a combination of arsenic and radon, 9.2% to a combination of tobacco and radon, 8.7% to combination of arsenic, tobacco and radon, 5.5% to radon alone, and 8.7% to background. The models indicate that arsenic, radon and tobacco increase cell division, death and malignant conversion of initiated cells, but with significant differences in net cell proliferation rates in response to the different exposures. Smoking a bamboo water pipe or a Chinese long-stem pipe appears to confer less risk than cigarette use, given equivalent tobacco consumption. Â© 2001 by Radiation Research Society. Descriptors arsenic, cigarette smoke, radon, adolescent, adult, article, cancer mortality, cancer risk, cell death, cell division, cell proliferation, child, smoking, cohort analysis, female, human, lung cancer, major clinical study, male, miner, occupational cancer, occupational exposure, occupational lung disease, priority journal, tobacco Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Hazelton,W. D., Luebeck,E. G., Heidenreich,W. F., Moolgavkar,S. H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco use, smoking quit rates, and socioeconomic patterning among men and women: a cross-sectional survey in rural Andhra Pradesh, India	2014	Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA djcorsi@hsph.harvard.edu.; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.; Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada.; McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada.; McMaster Univers	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of preventive cardiology Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Prev.Cardiol. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 21 Issue 10 Start Page 1308 Other Pages 1318 Notes CI: (c) The European Society of Cardiology 2013; JID: 101564430; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/05/30 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 2047-4881; 2047-4873 Accession Number PMID: 23723329 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1177/2047487313491356 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23723329 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is common in India and a majority of users are in rural areas. We examine tobacco use and smoking quit rates along gender and socioeconomic dimensions in rural Andhra Pradesh. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data come from a cross-sectional survey. Markers of socioeconomic status (SES) were education, occupation, and income. Regression analyses were undertaken to examine determinants of current smoking, smoking quit rates, tobacco use by type (cigarettes, bidis, and chewing), and quantity consumed (number per day, pack-years). RESULTS: The weighted prevalence of current smoking and tobacco chewing was higher in men (50.3%, 95% confidence interval, CI, 48.1-52.6 and 5.0%, 95% CI 4.1-5.9, respectively) compared with women (4.8%, 95% CI 3.9-5.7 and 1.0%, 95% CI 0.6-1.4, respectively) and higher among older age groups. The quit rate was higher in women (45.5%, 95% CI 38.7-52.2) compared to men (18.8%, 95% CI 16.7-20.9). Illiterate individuals were more likely to be current smokers of any type compared to those with secondary/higher education (odds ratio, OR, 3.25, 95% CI 2.54-4.16), although cigarette smoking was higher in men of high SES. Smoking quit rates were positively associated with SES (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.76-3.71) for secondary/higher education vs. illiterates. Level of consumption increased with SES and those with secondary/higher education smoked an additional 1.93 (95% CI 1.08-2.77) cigarettes or bidis per day and had an additional 1.87 (95% CI 0.57-3.17) pack-years vs. illiterates. CONCLUSIONS: The social gradients in cigarette smoking and level of consumption contrasted those for indigenous forms of tobacco (bidi smoking and chewing). International prevention and cessation initiatives designed at modifying Western-style cigarette usage will need to be tailored to the social context of rural Andhra Pradesh to effectively influence the use of cigarettes and equally harmful indigenous forms of tobacco. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Data Source Authors Corsi,D.J., Subramanian,S.V., Lear,S.A., Teo,K.K., Boyle,M.H., Raju,P.K., Joshi,R., Neal,B., Chow,C.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130530 PMCID Editors
Environmental and economic evaluation of the Massachusetts Smoke-Free Workplace Law	2007	Harvard School of Public Health, Division of Public Health Practice, Tobacco Research Program, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Building, Floor 3E, Boston, MA 02215, USA. halpert@hsph.harvard.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of community health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Community Health Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 32 Issue 4 Start Page 269 Other Pages 281 Notes JID: 7600747; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0094-5145; 0094-5145 Accession Number PMID: 17696050 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17696050 Abstract An environmental and economic evaluation of the smoke-free law in Massachusetts provides a broad appreciation of how a state-wide smoking ban affects the health of patrons and workers as well as the industries that are commonly concerned about the effects of smoking bans on business. The aim of this study is to evaluate environmental and economic effects of the statewide Massachusetts statewide Smoke-Free Workplace Law. Before and after the smoking ban, air quality testing was conducted in a sample (n = 27) of hospitality venues and state-wide economic changes were assessed. Compliance, in terms of patronage was measured by person-counts. Environmental outcomes were respirable suspended particles (RSP) less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5). Economic outcomes were meals tax collections, employment in the food services and drinking places and accommodations industries. On average, levels of respirable suspended particles (RSPs) less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) decreased 93% in these venues after the Massachusetts Smoke-free Workplace Law went into effect. No statistically significant changes were observed among the economic indicators. This evaluation demonstrates that the state-wide Massachusetts law has effectively improved indoor air quality in a sample of Massachusetts venues and has not negatively affected several economic indicators. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Massachusetts, Occupational Exposure/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Particulate Matter/analysis, Public Facilities/legislation & jurisprudence, Restaurants/economics/legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Taxes, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Workplace/legislation & jurisprudence Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Alpert,H. R., Carpenter,C. M., Travers,M. J., Connolly,G. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The Effect of Exposure to Pro-Tobacco Advertising on Experimentation With Emerging Tobacco Products Among U.S. Adolescents	2014	Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA iagaku@post.harvard.edu.; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education Periodical, Abbrev. Health Educ.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 41 Issue 3 Start Page 275 Other Pages 280 Notes CI: (c) 2013; JID: 9704962; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/12/16 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1552-6127; 1090-1981 Accession Number PMID: 24347143 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1177/1090198113511817 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24347143 Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the influence of exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements on experimentation with emerging tobacco products among U.S. adolescents aged >/=9 years, in Grades 6 to 12. METHOD: Data were obtained from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Multivariate logistic regression was used to measure the association between experimentation with snus and e-cigarettes and exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements from three sources: over the Internet, in newspapers/magazines, and at retail stores. RESULTS: After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and current use of other tobacco products, the odds of experimenting with snus were 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.88-3.16), 2.03 (95% CI = 1.30-3.17), and 3.24 (95% CI = 2.07-5.07), among students exposed to one, two, or all three types of pro-tobacco advertisements, respectively, compared with those exposed to none. Similar results were obtained for e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION: Stronger restrictions on tobacco advertisements, in concert with increased tobacco taxes and warning about the dangers of tobacco, use may help reduce youth tobacco use. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for Public Health Education Data Source Authors Agaku,I.T., Ayo-Yusuf,O.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131216 PMCID Editors
Self-perceived HIV risk and the use of risk reduction strategies among men who engage in transactional sex with other men in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	2013	Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. mmimiaga@partners.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full AIDS Care Periodical, Abbrev. AIDS Care Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 25 Issue 8 Start Page 1039 Other Pages 1044 Notes LR: 20150219; GR: 1 UL1 RR 025758-02/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States; GR: UL1 TR000170/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8915313; NIHMS451634; OID: NLM: NIHMS451634; OID: NLM: PMC3700653; 2012/12/20 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0451; 0954-0121 Accession Number PMID: 23252673 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; X DOI 10.1080/09540121.2012.748873 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23252673 Abstract An emerging HIV epidemic can be seen among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Vietnam, with prevalence as high as 18%. Transactional sex represents a risk factor for HIV transmission/acquisition among MSM globally, particularly in urban contexts, but remains largely underinvestigated in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. In 2010, 23 MSM who reported exchanging sex for money in the last month completed a brief survey and semistructured qualitative interview at The Life Centre, a non-governmental organization in HCMC, to assess sociodemographics, individual- and structural-level HIV risk factors and explore acceptable future prevention interventions. Participants' mean age was 24 years. Equal proportions of respondents self-identified as heterosexual/straight, homosexual/gay, and bisexual. Participants had a mean of 158 male clients in the past year, with a median of 60 male clients in the past year (interquartile range [IQR]=70) and reported inconsistent condom use and inaccurate perceptions of HIV risk. Nearly half of the sample reported engaging in unprotected anal sex with a male partner in the past 12 months and one-third with a male client. Major themes that emerged for HIV prevention interventions with male sex workers were those that: (1) focused on individual factors (drug and alcohol use, barriers to condom use, knowledge of asymptomatic STIs, enhancement of behavioral risk-reduction skills, and addressing concomitant mental health issues); (2) incorporated interpersonal and relational contexts (led by peer educators, built interpersonal skills, attended to partner type and intimacy dynamics); and (3) considered the exogenous environments in which individual choices/relationships operate (stigma of being MSM in Vietnam, availability of alternative economic opportunities, and varied sexual venues). HIV prevention efforts are needed that address the specific needs of MSM who engage in transactional sex in HCMC. Universally, MSM endorsed HIV prevention interventions, suggesting a need and desire for efforts in this context. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mimiaga,M.J., Reisner,S.L., Closson,E.F., Perry,N., Perkovich,B., Nguyen,T., Trang,N.N., Lan,H.X., Thien,D.D., Mayer,K.H., Colby,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121220 PMCID PMC3700653 Editors
Nicotine content in tobacco used in hubble-bubble smoking	2004	Hadidi, K.A., Forensic Med./Toxicology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Saudi medical journal Periodical, Abbrev. Saudi Med.J. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 25 Issue 7 Start Page 912 Other Pages 917 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0379-5284 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective: To determine the nicotine content of commonly used tobacco in hubble-bubble (HB) and compare it with that found in cigarettes. Methods: Analysis of nicotine content of 13 commercial brands of HB tobacco was carried out using gas chromatography over an 8 month period; November 2002 through to June 2003 at the Toxicology Laboratory, University of Jordan. Results: A wide variation in nicotine content in all brands was noticed with an average of 8.32 mg/g tobacco, range (1.8-44.3 mg/g). The average nicotine content in each HB head (20 gm) of unflavored tobacco was (713mg/head) and flavored tobacco has (67mg/head). One head of unflavored tobacco has nicotine equivalent to 70 regular cigarettes. The addition of adulterations; honey, glycerin and other flavors in the process of preparing the flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco contributes to lowering the nicotine content in each gram of flavored tobacco. Smoking one head of flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco which contains on average one third of nicotine presented in 20 cigarettes (204mg/pack) usually resulted in a higher plasma nicotine level by 20%. Conclusion: Hubble-bubble smokers are not at a lesser risk from smoking than cigarette smokers in relation to nicotine dependence. The inability of water to trap significant amounts of chemical substances present in tobacco (especially nicotine) and the danger which might result from the combustion of additives like; glycerin, honey and other flavors could be a very important factor to extrapolate the damage resulting from HB smoking. Descriptors flavoring agent, glycerol, nicotine, article, blood level, chemical analysis, chemical composition, smoking, clinical laboratory, combustion, controlled study, flavor, gas chromatography, honey, Jordan, risk assessment, tobacco dependence, toxicology, university Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Hadidi,K. A., Mohammed,F. I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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