WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Effects of secondhand smoke on the birth weight of term infants and the demographic profile of Saudi exposed women	2013	Sheikh Bahamdan Research Chair of Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 102799, Riyadh 11685, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. umlena@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 15-Apr Volume 13 Issue Start Page 341 Other Pages 2458-13-341 Notes LR: 20150427; JID: 100968562; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC3641009; 2013/01/07 [received]; 2013/04/11 [accepted]; 2013/04/15 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 23587116 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-13-341 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23587116 Abstract BACKGROUND: Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy is associated with detrimental effects on the mother and the fetus including; impaired fetal growth, low birth weight and preterm delivery. In utero exposure to tobacco is implicated in the etiology of many adults' diseases including obesity, diabetes and hypertension.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Secondhand Tobacco Smoke (SHS) exposure on newborns' anthropometric measurements and to compare the demographic profile of the women exposed to SHS to those who were not. METHOD: This is a retrospective cohort study investigating the effects of SHS during pregnancy on newborns' anthropometry. Women who self-reported SHS exposure were compared with those not exposed. The primary outcomes were birth weight, newborn length and head circumference. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were performed. Adjusted differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Mothers exposed to SHS constituted 31% of the cohort. The mean birth weight of infants of exposed mothers was significantly lower by 35 g, 95% CI: 2-68 g, (P = 0.037) and the mean length was shorter by 0.261 cm, 95% CI 0.058-0.464 cm, (P = 0.012) compared to the infants of unexposed mothers. Women exposed to SHS, were younger, of lower parity and more likely to be illiterate than those who were not exposed in addition, exposed women were less likely to be primiparous. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of exposure of Saudi pregnant women to SHS is high at 31% and it is associated with reduced birth weight, and shorter length of the newborn. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wahabi,H.A., Alzeidan,R.A., Fayed,A.A., Mandil,A., Al-Shaikh,G., Esmaeil,S.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130415 PMCID PMC3641009 Editors
Effects of sheesha and cigarette smoking on pulmonary function of Saudi males and females	1988	Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Allied Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tropical and geographical medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Trop.Geogr.Med. Pub Date Free Form 1988/ Volume 40 Issue 2 Start Page 115 Other Pages 123 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0041-3232 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Descriptors age, smoking, female, human, lung function, major clinical study, male, obstructive airway disease, risk factor, Saudi Arabia, sex difference Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Al-Fayez,S. F., Ardawi,M. S. M., Zahran,F. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of shisha smoking on carbon monoxide and PM2.5 concentrations in the indoor and outdoor microenvironment of shisha premises	2016		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Sci Total Environ Periodical, Abbrev. Sci.Total Environ. Pub Date Free Form Volume 548-549 Issue Start Page 340 Other Pages 6 Notes ID: 26803732 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract There has been significant rise in shisha premises in the United Kingdom with an unsubstantiated belief that shisha smoking is harmless and relatively safe. This study aimed to assess the public health situation by evaluating the extent of shisha environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure among those that work in, and are customers of shisha businesses. Concentrations of several ETS pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5Âµm (PM2.5) in shisha premises were measured using real-time sensors inside and outside twelve shisha premises and at 5 pubs/restaurants where smoking is prohibited. Mean concentration of CO (7.3Â±2.4mg/m(3)) and PM2.5 (287Â±233Âµg/m(3)) inside active shisha premises was higher than concentrations measured within the vicinity of the shisha premises (CO: 0.9Â±0.7mg/m(3) and PM2.5: 34Â±14Âµg/m(3)) and strongly correlated (PM2.5 R=0.957). Concentrations were higher than indoor concentrations in pubs and restaurants where smoking is not permitted under UK law. The number of shisha pipes was a strong predictor of the PM2.5 concentrations. The study also assessed the risk perception within patrons and managers, with only 25% being aware of the risks associated to shisha smoking. The study identifies owners, employees and consumers within active shisha premises being exposed to concentrations of CO and PM2.5 at levels considered hazardous to human health. The results and outcome of this research serve as a basis to influence a discussion around the need of developing specific policies to protect consumers and employees of such premises. Descriptors Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.093 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Gurung,Gam, Bradley,Janet, Delgado-Saborit, Juana Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of smoking on clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in patients with chronic periodontitis	2004	Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. ebruerdemir@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 31 Issue 2 Start Page 99 Other Pages 104 Notes LR: 20061115; CI: Copyright Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004; JID: 0425123; 0 (Interleukin-6); 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha); ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 0303-6979; 0303-6979 Accession Number PMID: 15016034 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI 10.1111/j.0303-6979.2004.00454.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15016034 Abstract OBJECTIVE: Smoking is an important environmental risk factor for the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of smoking on clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) contents of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study base consisted of 41 patients including 22 volunteer current smokers with an age range of 32-59 (44.41+/-7.88) years and 19 volunteer non-smokers with an age range of 36-59 (46.94+/-6.07) years. The first month after non-surgical periodontal therapy was accepted as the baseline of the study. The clinical parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded and GCF samples were collected for analysis of GCF contents of IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels. At the 3rd and 6th months, all of these procedures were repeated. RESULTS: In smokers, only CAL was significantly higher at the 3rd month compared with non-smokers (p0.05), the total amount of TNF-alpha in GCF decreased from the initial to the 6th month in smokers (p0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that cigarette smoking increases the amount of dental plaque over time in smokers and does not influence GCF contents of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Descriptors Adult, Analysis of Variance, Chronic Disease, Dental Plaque Index, Dental Scaling, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gingival Crevicular Fluid/chemistry, Gingival Hemorrhage/physiopathology, Humans, Interleukin-6/analysis, Male, Middle Aged, Periodontal Attachment Loss/physiopathology, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/physiopathology, Periodontitis/physiopathology/therapy, Root Planing, Smoking/physiopathology, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Erdemir,E. O., Duran,I., Haliloglu,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of staining and bleaching on color change of dental composite resins	2006	Bioscience Research Center, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33329, USA. pvillalt@nova.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of prosthetic dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Prosthet.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 95 Issue 2 Start Page 137 Other Pages 142 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0376364; 0 (Coffee); 0 (Coloring Agents); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Esthet-X); 0 (Filtek Supreme); 0 (Oxidants); 0 (Peroxides); 31PZ2VAU81 (carbamide peroxide); 8W8T17847W (Urea); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0022-3913; 0022-3913 Accession Number PMID: 16473088 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; D; IM DOI S0022-3913(05)00646-3 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16473088 Abstract STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Discoloration of resin-based composites by colored solutions is a common problem. The use of bleaching agents for discolored natural teeth is becoming increasingly popular. It is not clear if bleaching agents can remove the stain from composite resins. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 staining solutions and 3 bleaching systems on the color changes of 2 dental composite resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five disk-shaped specimens (9 x 2.5 mm) of each of 2 composite resins, Filtek Supreme (FS) and Esthet X (EX), were prepared. The specimens were then divided into 3 groups of 15 specimens each and immersed in 2 staining solutions (coffee or red wine) or distilled water (control) for 3 hours daily over a 40-day test period. The 3 groups were then divided into 3 subgroups (n = 5), and 3 bleaching agents (Crest Night Effects, Colgate Simply White Night, or Opalescence Quick) were applied to the surface of the specimens over a 14-day period. Color of the specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer using CIELAB color space relative to CIE standard illuminant D55 at baseline, after staining, and after bleaching. The color differences (deltaE(ab)) between the 3 measurements were calculated. The value deltaE(ab) = 3.3 was used as an acceptable value in subjective visual evaluations. Analysis of variance and nonparametric analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test) were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: After staining, FS had more color change than EX and was more affected by the wine solution. After bleaching, the color of both EX and FS specimens returned to the baseline. The color differences between bleaching and baseline were less than value deltaE(ab)* = 3.3 for all groups. CONCLUSION: The nanocomposite (FS) changed color more than the microhybrid composite (EX) as a result of staining in coffee or red wine solutions. After bleaching, discoloration was removed completely from the composite resins tested. Descriptors Analysis of Variance, Coffee, Color, Coloring Agents/chemistry, Composite Resins/chemistry, Drug Combinations, Materials Testing, Oxidants, Particle Size, Peroxides, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tooth Bleaching, Urea/analogs & derivatives, Wine Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Villalta,P., Lu,H., Okte,Z., Garcia-Godoy,F., Powers,J. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of sulfuric acid rain on major cation and sulfate concentrations of water percolating through two model hardwood forests	1982	Corvallis Environm. Res. Lab., USEPA, Washington, DC 20406	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental quality Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Qual. Pub Date Free Form 1982/ Volume 11 Issue 1 Start Page 57 Other Pages 64 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0047-2425 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Acid precipitation falls on vast areas of forested land, including most of the eastern deciduous forest of the United States. Forest productivity, ground-water quality, and surface waters might all be affected. To document and quantify ecosystem response to the onset of acid precipitation, simulated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) rain was applied to model forest plots of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong). One set of four plots (two alder and two maple) received a control rain consisting of a stock solution equilibrated with atmospheric CO2 to approximately pH 5.7. For three sets of four plots, sufficient H2SO4 was added to the stock solution to lower the pH to 4.0, 3.5, or 3.0. Nozzles were used to apply simulated acid rain at the rate of 2.8 mm/hour (maple) or 3.7 mm/hour (alder) for 3 hours/day, 3 days/week, throughout the year. Water samples were collected above and below the canopy, below the litter layer, and from 20-cm and 1-m depths below the surface of the soil. While constituents of the throughfall were similar to those of the simulated rain, the litter leachate (the actual input to the soil) had consistently higher concentrations of SO42-, Ca2+, and Mg2+, and higher pH, than the acid rain. For the first 6 months, SO42- adsorption by the soil prevented any apparent differences in the SO42-, Ca2+, or Mg2+ concentrations or the pH of samples taken from a depth of 20 cm from plots receiving either acid or control treatments. Then, SO42- concentrations at this depth on plots receiving the most acidic rain (pH 3.0) became increasingly higher than on the other plots until, after 3 years, they were approximately equal to SO42- concentrations in the rain. Soil solutions from the pH 3.5 and 4.0 treatments responded similarly starting 10 months and 1 year, respectively, after initiation of exposure to acid rain. Increased Ca2+, Mg2+, and, to a lesser extent, K+ concentrations and lowered pH in solutions from the 20-cm depths occurred simultaneously with increased SO42- concentrations. At a depth of 1 m, no acid-rain-related effects were evident after 2.5 years exposure to pH 3.0 H2SO4 rain. Results showed that a hardwood canopy and litter layer can alter the input of chemicals to the soil from acid rain, that the relative sensitivity of ions to mobilization by acid rain is not the same for all components of an ecosystem, and that acid rain can alter the chemical composition of water within the root zone within a few years, even if the soil is a strong sulfate adsorber. Descriptors calcium, ground water, magnesium, rain, sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid derivative, unclassified drug, vascular plant, leaching, soil, theoretical study, water quality Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Lee,J. J., Weber,D. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Cardiovascular Outcomes-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	2016	The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.; Armadale Kelmscott Memorial Hospital, South Metropolitan Health Service, Armadale, WA, 6112, Australia.; The G	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 10-Aug Volume 11 Issue 8 Start Page e0159252 Other Pages Notes JID: 101285081; 2016 [ecollection]; 2015/10/19 [received]; 2016/06/29 [accepted]; 2016/08/10 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 27509006 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0159252 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27509006 Abstract BACKGROUND: A Mediterranean dietary pattern is widely recommended for the prevention of chronic disease. We sought to define the most likely effects of the Mediterranean diet on vascular disease and mortality. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register without language restriction for randomized controlled trials comparing Mediterranean to control diets. Data on study design, patient characteristics, interventions, follow-up duration, outcomes and adverse events were sought. Individual study relative risks (RR) were pooled to create summary estimates. RESULTS: Six studies with a total of 10950 participants were included. Effects on major vascular events (n = 477), death (n = 693) and vascular deaths (n = 315) were reported for 3, 5 and 4 studies respectively. For one large study (n = 1000) there were serious concerns about the integrity of the data. When data for all studies were combined there was evidence of protection against major vascular events (RR 0.63, 95% confidence interval 0.53-0.75), coronary events (0.65, 0.50-0.85), stroke (0.65, 0.48-0.88) and heart failure (0.30, 0.17-0.56) but not for all-cause mortality (1.00, 0.86-1.15) or cardiovascular mortality (0.90, 0.72-1.11). After the study of concern was excluded the benefit for vascular events (0.69, 0.55-0.86) and stroke (0.66, 0.48-0.92) persisted but apparently positive findings for coronary events (0.73, 0.51-1.05) and heart failure (0.25, 0.05-1.17) disappeared. CONCLUSION: The Mediterranean diet may protect against vascular disease. However, both the quantity and quality of the available evidence is limited and highly variable. Results must be interpreted with caution. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Liyanage,T., Ninomiya,T., Wang,A., Neal,B., Jun,M., Wong,M.G., Jardine,M., Hillis,G.S., Perkovic,V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160810 PMCID Editors
Effects of twice-ambient carbon dioxide and nitrogen amendment on biomass, nutrient contents and carbon costs of Norway spruce seedlings as influenced by mycorrhization with Piloderma croceum and Tomentellopsis submollis	2011	Department of Biology I and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Division of Organismic Biology: Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany. weigt@wzw.tum.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Mycorrhiza Periodical, Abbrev. Mycorrhiza Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 21 Issue 5 Start Page 375 Other Pages 391 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100955036; 142M471B3J (Carbon Dioxide); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); 2010/05/29 [received]; 2010/10/26 [accepted]; 2010/11/24 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1432-1890; 0940-6360 Accession Number PMID: 21107870 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s00572-010-0343-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21107870 Abstract Elevated tropospheric CO(2) concentrations may increase plant carbon fixation. In ectomycorrhizal trees, a considerable portion of the synthesized carbohydrates can be used to support the mutualistic fungal root partner which in turn can benefit the tree by increased nutrient supply. In this study, Norway spruce seedlings were inoculated with either Piloderma croceum (medium distance "fringe" exploration type) or Tomentellopsis submollis (medium distance "smooth" exploration type). We studied the impact of either species regarding fungal biomass production, seedling biomass, nutrient status and nutrient use efficiency in rhizotrons under ambient and twice-ambient CO(2) concentrations. A subset was amended with ammonium nitrate to prevent nitrogen imbalances expected under growth promotion by elevated CO(2). The two fungal species exhibited considerably different influences on growth, biomass allocation as well as nutrient uptake of spruce seedlings. P. croceum increased nutrient supply and promoted plant growth more strongly than T. submollis despite considerably higher carbon costs. In contrast, seedlings with T. submollis showed higher nutrient use efficiency, i.e. produced plant biomass per received unit of nutrient, particularly for P, K and Mg, thereby promoting shoot growth and reducing the root/shoot ratio. Under the given low soil nutrient availability, P. croceum proved to be a more favourable fungal partner for seedling development than T. submollis. Additionally, plant internal allocation of nutrients was differently influenced by the two ECM fungal species, particularly evident for P in shoots and for Ca in roots. Despite slightly increased ECM length and biomass production, neither of the two species had increased its capacity of nutrient uptake in proportion to the rise of CO(2). This lead to imbalances in nutritional status with reduced nutrient concentrations, particularly in seedlings with P. croceum. The beneficial effect of P. croceum thus diminished, although the nutrient status of its host plants was still above that of plants with T. submollis. We conclude that the imbalances of nutrient status in response to elevated CO(2) at early stages of plant development are likely to prove particularly severe at nutrient-poor soils as the increased growth of ECM cannot cover the enhanced nutrient demand. Hyphal length and biomass per unit of ectomycorrhizal length as determined for the first time for P. croceum amounted to 6.9 m cm(-1) and 6.0 mug cm(-1), respectively, across all treatments. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Weigt,R.B., Raidl,S., Verma,R., Rodenkirchen,H., Gottlein,A., Agerer,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101124 PMCID Editors
Effects of type of smoking (pipe, cigars or cigarettes) on biological indices of tobacco exposure and toxicity	2006	INSERM-AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center, CIC-9304, Paris F-75012, France. christian.funck-brentano@sat.aphp.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Periodical, Abbrev. Lung Cancer Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 54 Issue 1 Start Page 11 Other Pages 18 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8800805; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Nitrosamines); 0 (Pyrenes); 3417WMA06D (Benzo(a)pyrene); 5315-79-7 (1-hydroxypyrene); AYI8EX34EU (Creatinine); EC 1.14.14.1 (Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); 2006/04/04 [received]; 2006/06/24 Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 0169-5002; 0169-5002 Accession Number PMID: 16884817 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0169-5002(06)00345-X [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16884817 Abstract Although all forms of smoking are harmful, smoking pipes or cigars is associated with lower exposure to the lethal products of tobacco products and lower levels of morbidity and mortality than smoking cigarettes. Cytochrome P-450-1A (CYP1A) is a major pathway activating carcinogens from tobacco smoke. Our primary aim was to compare CYP1A2 activity in individuals smoking pipes or cigars only, cigarettes only and in non-smokers. We studied 30 smokers of pipes or cigars only, 28 smokers of cigarettes only, and 30 non-smokers male subjects matched for age. CYP1A2 activity was assessed as the caffeine metabolic ratio in plasma. One-day urine collection was used for determining exposure to products of tobacco metabolism. Nitrosamine and benzo[a]pyrene DNA adducts were measured in lymphocytes. CYP1A2 activity was greater (p<0.0001) in cigarette smokers (median: 0.61; interquartile range: 0.52-0.76) than in pipe or cigar smokers (0.27; 0.21-0.37) and non-smokers (0.34; 0.25-0.42) who did not differ significantly. Urinary cotinine and 1-hydroxypyrene levels were higher in cigarette smokers than in pipe or cigar smokers and higher in the later than in non-smokers. DNA adducts levels were significantly lower in pipe or cigar smokers than in cigarette smokers. In multivariate analysis, cigarette smoking was the only independent predictor of CYP1A2 activity (p<0.0001) and of 1-hydroxypyrene excretion in urine (p=0.0012). In this study, pipe or cigar smoking was associated with lower exposure to products of tobacco metabolism than cigarette smoking and to an absence of CYP1A2 induction. Cigarette smoking was the only independent predictor of CYP1A2 activity in smokers. However, inhalation behaviour, rather than the type of tobacco smoked, may be the key factor linked to the extent of tobacco exposure and CYP1A2 induction. Our results provide a reasonable explanation for the results of epidemiological studies showing pipe or cigar smoking to present fewer health hazards than cigarette smoking. Descriptors Adult, Benzo(a)pyrene/metabolism, Biomarkers/metabolism, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cotinine/urine, Creatinine/urine, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrosamines/blood, Plants, Toxic, Pyrenes/metabolism, Smoking/adverse effects, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tobacco/toxicity Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Funck-Brentano,C., Raphael,M., Lafontaine,M., Arnould,J. P., Verstuyft,C., Lebot,M., Costagliola,D., Roussel,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060801 PMCID Editors
Effects of various methods of chlorhexidine application on shear bond strength	1998	College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Orthod.Dentofacial Orthop. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 114 Issue 2 Start Page 150 Other Pages 153 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8610224; 0 (Anti-Infective Agents, Local); 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Parogencyl); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Toothpastes); 0 (chlorhexidine, thymol drug combination); 12597-68-1 (Stainless Steel); 135669-49-7 (Transbond); 3J50XA376E (Thymol) Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0889-5406; 0889-5406 Accession Number PMID: 9714279 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM DOI S0889-5406(98)00176-0 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9714279 Abstract Chlorhexidine has been applied on the teeth and over orthodontic appliances during treatment in order to reduce bacterial colonization. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of chlorhexidine with or without a sealant, to the etched enamel will affect the shear bond strength and the bracket/adhesive failure modes of orthodontic brackets. A total of 132 extracted third molars were cleaned and then divided into 6 groups of at least 20 teeth each. The teeth were etched with a 37% phosphoric acid gel and a sealant was applied in 5 of the groups. Stainless steel orthodontic brackets were then bonded with the Transbond XT bonding system. The chlorhexidine was applied to the teeth either as a prophylactic paste or as a varnish under the following conditions: (1) as a varnish over the bracket and tooth surfaces after the bonding procedure was completed; (2) as a prophylactic paste containing 0.12% chlorhexidine over the intact enamel i.e., before etching; (3) mixed with the sealant and applied to the etched enamel before bonding, (4) as a varnish applied to the etched enamel with no sealant used; (5) as a varnish over the light cured sealant; and (6) as a varnish over the sealant before the sealant was light cured. All teeth were mounted in phenolic rings and stored in deionized water at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. A Zwick Universal Testing Machine was used to determine shear bond strengths. The residual adhesive on the enamel surface was evaluated with the Adhesive Remnant Index. The analysis of variance and chi square tests were used to compare the six groups. Significance was predetermined at the p < or = 0.05. The findings in this study indicated that shear bond strength was not significantly affected when chlorhexidine was applied; (1) over the bracket and tooth surfaces after the bonding procedure was completed (mean = 12.3 +/- 3.1 MPa), (2) as a prophylactic paste over the unetched enamel surface before the bonding procedure is initiated (mean = 9.6 +/- 2.3 MPa), and (3) when the varnish was premixed with the sealant and applied on the etched enamel surface (mean 11.8 +/- 2.1 MPa). On the other hand, in all the experimental groups in which the chlorhexidine varnish was applied as a layer on the etched enamel surface or over the sealant, shear bond strength values and bracket failure rates were of a magnitude that made them clinically unacceptable. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Analysis of Variance, Anti-Infective Agents, Local, Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate, Chi-Square Distribution, Chlorhexidine/administration & dosage/chemistry, Dental Bonding, Dental Debonding, Dental Enamel, Dental Stress Analysis, Drug Combinations, Humans, Lacquer, Materials Testing, Orthodontic Brackets, Resin Cements, Stainless Steel, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tensile Strength, Thymol/chemistry, Toothpastes Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bishara,S. E., Vonwald,L., Zamtua,J., Damon,P. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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