WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in urban air of Thessaloniki, Greece	2006	Environmental Department, Municipality of Thessaloniki, Paparigopoulou 7, Thessaloniki 54630, Greece. kelesis@envdimosthes.gr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental toxicology Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 21 Issue 4 Start Page 440 Other Pages 443 Notes LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright 2006; JID: 100885357; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Vehicle Emissions); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1520-4081; 1520-4081 Accession Number PMID: 16841317 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1002/tox.20197 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16841317 Abstract In this study, quasicontinuous measurements of major aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes were carried out by means of an automatic gas chromatograph (GC-PID analyzer), in the urban air of Thessaloniki, at a mean level of 27 m above ground, during the years 2003 and 2004. The highest measured concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons were observed during the winter period of the year. The data indicate that the annual mean benzene concentration levels were around 1 ppb, less than the E.U. annual limit value of 5.0 microg m(-3) (1.44 ppb at STP). The diurnal variation of aromatic hydrocarbons suggests that emissions from motor vehicles are their dominant source, at the commercial center of the city, while meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction) are important variables that control the atmospheric abundance of these pollutants, especially during stagnant weather conditions that favor the development of land-sea breeze circulations. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Benzene/analysis, Benzene Derivatives/analysis, Chromatography, Gas, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Greece, Toluene/analysis, Urban Health, Vehicle Emissions/analysis, Wind, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley Periodicals, Inc Data Source Authors Kelessis,A. G., Petrakakis,M. J., Zoumakis,N. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Study on mutagenic effects of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its derivatives in the Escherichia coli tryptophan reverse mutation assay	2006	Laboratorio de Microbioloxia, Instituto de Investigacion e Analises Alimentarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. mprosaan@usc.es	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Mutation research Periodical, Abbrev. Mutat.Res. Pub Date Free Form 10-Oct Volume 609 Issue 1 Start Page 11 Other Pages 16 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0400763; 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds); 0 (Carcinogens); 0 (Epoxy Compounds); 8DUH1N11BX (Tryptophan); F3XRM1NX4H (2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane); 2005/07/22 [received]; 2006/05/17 [revised]; 2006/05/29 [accepted]; 2006/07/25 [aheadofp Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0027-5107; 0027-5107 Accession Number PMID: 16870492 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S1383-5718(06)00161-6 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16870492 Abstract The di-epoxy compound bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), its first and second hydrolysis products (BADGE.H2O and BADGE.2H2O, respectively) and its bis-chlorohydrin derivative (BADGE.2HCl) were examined for their mutagenicity in the Escherichia coli tryptophan reverse mutation test with strains WP2, WP2uvrA and IC3327. The assays were performed in the presence and absence of exogenous metabolic activation (S9 fraction from rat liver). The di-epoxy compound BADGE was able to induce mutagenic effects in strains WP2uvrA and IC3327 and the epoxy-diol BADGE.H2O also showed a positive response with these strains, although the latter was less potent than the former. On the other hand, the lack of mutagenic activity of BADGE.2H2O and BADGE.2HCl was also demonstrated. Descriptors Benzhydryl Compounds, Carcinogens/chemistry/toxicity, Colony Count, Microbial, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Epoxy Compounds/chemistry/toxicity, Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics/growth & development, Molecular Structure, Mutagenicity Tests/methods, Mutation/drug effects/genetics, Tryptophan/genetics Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sueiro,R. A., Suarez,S., Araujo,M., Garrido,M. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060725 PMCID Editors
Killing kinetics of caspofungin, micafungin, and amphotericin B against Candida guilliermondii	2006	Unidad de Microbiologia Experimental-Centro de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Fe, 46009 Valencia, Spain. canton_emi@gva.es	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 50 Issue 8 Start Page 2829 Other Pages 2832 Notes LR: 20140909; JID: 0315061; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Lipopeptides); 0 (Lipoproteins); 0 (Peptides, Cyclic); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); R10H71BSWG (micafungin); OID: NLM: PMC1538680; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0066-4804; 0066-4804 Accession Number PMID: 16870779 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI 50/8/2829 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16870779 Abstract Amphotericin B (AMB), micafungin, and caspofungin MICs, minimal fungicidal concentrations, and time-killing curves were determined in the presence and absence of 10% inactivated serum. AMB was the only agent with consistent killing activity (time required to achieve 99.9% of growth reduction was 2.1 to 3.2 h). The presence of serum enhanced caspofungin activity but lowered those of micafungin and AMB. Descriptors Amphotericin B/pharmacology, Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Candida/classification/drug effects/growth & development, Candidiasis/microbiology, Echinocandins, Kinetics, Lipopeptides, Lipoproteins/pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Canton,E., Peman,J., Sastre,M., Romero,M., Espinel-Ingroff,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1538680 Editors
Effects of type of smoking (pipe, cigars or cigarettes) on biological indices of tobacco exposure and toxicity	2006	INSERM-AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center, CIC-9304, Paris F-75012, France. christian.funck-brentano@sat.aphp.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Periodical, Abbrev. Lung Cancer Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 54 Issue 1 Start Page 11 Other Pages 18 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8800805; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Nitrosamines); 0 (Pyrenes); 3417WMA06D (Benzo(a)pyrene); 5315-79-7 (1-hydroxypyrene); AYI8EX34EU (Creatinine); EC 1.14.14.1 (Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); 2006/04/04 [received]; 2006/06/24 Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 0169-5002; 0169-5002 Accession Number PMID: 16884817 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0169-5002(06)00345-X [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16884817 Abstract Although all forms of smoking are harmful, smoking pipes or cigars is associated with lower exposure to the lethal products of tobacco products and lower levels of morbidity and mortality than smoking cigarettes. Cytochrome P-450-1A (CYP1A) is a major pathway activating carcinogens from tobacco smoke. Our primary aim was to compare CYP1A2 activity in individuals smoking pipes or cigars only, cigarettes only and in non-smokers. We studied 30 smokers of pipes or cigars only, 28 smokers of cigarettes only, and 30 non-smokers male subjects matched for age. CYP1A2 activity was assessed as the caffeine metabolic ratio in plasma. One-day urine collection was used for determining exposure to products of tobacco metabolism. Nitrosamine and benzo[a]pyrene DNA adducts were measured in lymphocytes. CYP1A2 activity was greater (p<0.0001) in cigarette smokers (median: 0.61; interquartile range: 0.52-0.76) than in pipe or cigar smokers (0.27; 0.21-0.37) and non-smokers (0.34; 0.25-0.42) who did not differ significantly. Urinary cotinine and 1-hydroxypyrene levels were higher in cigarette smokers than in pipe or cigar smokers and higher in the later than in non-smokers. DNA adducts levels were significantly lower in pipe or cigar smokers than in cigarette smokers. In multivariate analysis, cigarette smoking was the only independent predictor of CYP1A2 activity (p<0.0001) and of 1-hydroxypyrene excretion in urine (p=0.0012). In this study, pipe or cigar smoking was associated with lower exposure to products of tobacco metabolism than cigarette smoking and to an absence of CYP1A2 induction. Cigarette smoking was the only independent predictor of CYP1A2 activity in smokers. However, inhalation behaviour, rather than the type of tobacco smoked, may be the key factor linked to the extent of tobacco exposure and CYP1A2 induction. Our results provide a reasonable explanation for the results of epidemiological studies showing pipe or cigar smoking to present fewer health hazards than cigarette smoking. Descriptors Adult, Benzo(a)pyrene/metabolism, Biomarkers/metabolism, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cotinine/urine, Creatinine/urine, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrosamines/blood, Plants, Toxic, Pyrenes/metabolism, Smoking/adverse effects, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tobacco/toxicity Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Funck-Brentano,C., Raphael,M., Lafontaine,M., Arnould,J. P., Verstuyft,C., Lebot,M., Costagliola,D., Roussel,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060801 PMCID Editors
Parental smoking and children's respiratory health: independent effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure	2006	London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 15 Issue 4 Start Page 294 Other Pages 301 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); RF: 40; OID: NLM: PMC2563598; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 16885578 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 15/4/294 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16885578 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Adverse effects have been reported of prenatal and/or postnatal passive exposure to smoking on children's health. Uncertainties remain about the relative importance of smoking at different periods in the child's life. We investigate this in a pooled analysis, on 53,879 children from 12 cross-sectional studies--components of the PATY study (Pollution And The Young). METHODS: Effects were estimated, within each study, of three exposures: mother smoked during pregnancy, parental smoking in the first two years, current parental smoking. Outcomes were: wheeze, asthma, "woken by wheeze", bronchitis, nocturnal cough, morning cough, "sensitivity to inhaled allergens" and hay fever. Logistic regressions were used, controlling for individual risk factors and study area. Heterogeneity between study-specific results, and mean effects (allowing for heterogeneity) were estimated using meta-analytical tools. RESULTS: There was strong evidence linking parental smoking to wheeze, asthma, bronchitis and nocturnal cough, with mean odds ratios all around 1.15, with independent effects of prenatal and postnatal exposures for most associations. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse effects of both pre- and postnatal parental smoking on children's respiratory health were confirmed. Asthma was most strongly associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, but postnatal exposure showed independent associations with a range of other respiratory symptoms. All tobacco smoke exposure has serious consequences for children's respiratory health and needs to be reduced urgently. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects, Child, Child Welfare, Cough/etiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pattenden,S., Antova,T., Neuberger,M., Nikiforov,B., De Sario,M., Grize,L., Heinrich,J., Hruba,F., Janssen,N., Luttmann-Gibson,H., Privalova,L., Rudnai,P., Splichalova,A., Zlotkowska,R., Fletcher,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2563598 Editors
Exogenous nitric oxide and bubble formation in divers	2006	Departments of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia. zdujic@bsb.mefst.hr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Medicine and science in sports and exercise Periodical, Abbrev. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 38 Issue 8 Start Page 1432 Other Pages 1435 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8005433; 0 (Gases); 0 (Nitric Oxide Donors); G59M7S0WS3 (Nitroglycerin); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0195-9131; 0195-9131 Accession Number PMID: 16888456 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI 10.1249/01.mss.0000228936.78916.23 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16888456 Abstract PURPOSE: Prevention of bubble formation is a central goal in standard decompression procedures. Previously we have shown that exercise 20-24 h prior to a dive reduces bubble formation and increases survival in rats exposed to a simulated dive. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) may be involved in this protection; blocking the production of NO increases bubble formation while giving rats a long-lasting NO donor 20 h and immediately prior to a dive reduces bubble formation. This study determined whether a short-lasting NO donor, nitroglycerine, reduced bubble formation after standard dives and decompression in man. METHODS: A total of 16 experienced divers were randomly assigned into two groups. One group performed two dives to 30 m of seawater (msw) for 30 min breathing air, and performed exercise at an intensity corresponding to 30% of maximal oxygen uptake during the bottom time. The second group performed two simulated dives to 18 msw for 80 min breathing air in a hyperbaric chamber, and remained sedentary during the bottom period. The first dive for each diver served as the control dive, whereas the divers received 0.4 mg of nitroglycerine by oral spray 30 min before the second dive. Following the dive, gas bubbles in the pulmonary artery were recorded using ultrasound. RESULTS: The open-water dive resulted in significantly more gas bubbles than the dry dive (0.87 +/- 1.3 vs 0.12 +/- 0.23 bubbles per square centimeter). Nitroglycerine reduced bubble formation significantly in both dives from 0.87 +/- 1.3 to 0.32 +/- 0.7 in the in-water dive and from 0.12 +/- 0.23 to 0.03 +/- 0.03 bubbles per square centimeter in the chamber dive. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that intake of a short-lasting NO donor reduces bubble formation following decompression after different dives. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/physiopathology/prevention & control/ultrasonography, Diving/physiology, Gases/blood, Heart Rate/physiology, Humans, Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Male, Nitric Oxide Donors/administration & dosage, Nitroglycerin/administration & dosage, Oxygen Consumption/physiology, Pulmonary Artery/ultrasonography Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dujic,Z., Palada,I., Valic,Z., Duplancic,D., Obad,A., Wisloff,U., Brubakk,A. O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of placement agitation and placement time on the shear bond strength of 3 self-etching adhesives	2006	University of the Pacific, Arthur A Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Operative dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. Oper.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Aug Volume 31 Issue 4 Start Page 426 Other Pages 430 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7605679; 0 (Acrylic Resins); 0 (AdheSE cement); 0 (Clearfil SE Bond); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Xeno III); 0 (Z100 composite resin); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 7631-86-9 (Silicon Dioxide); C6V6S92N3 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0361-7734; 0361-7734 Accession Number PMID: 16924982 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; D DOI 10.2341/05-52 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16924982 Abstract This study measured the shear bond strength (SBS) of 3 self-etching bonding agents to enamel and dentin with and without agitation at 3 different application times. The null hypotheses tested were that agitation and application time have no effect on bond strength. Occlusal surfaces of 180 recently extracted caries-free human molars were wet ground with 600 grit wet-dry silica carbide abrasive paper to obtain a flat enamel surface. The teeth were divided into 18 groups of 10 teeth. Three self-etching bonding agents, Clearfil SE BOND (Kuraray America), Xeno III (Dentsply) and AdheSE (Ivoclar-Vivadent) were applied using application times of 10, 20 or 30 seconds with or without agitation, thinned with a gentle stream of air and cured for 10 seconds, according to manufacturers' directions. Z100 (3M ESPE) composite, A2 shade, was placed over the cured adhesive and cured for 40 seconds. The samples were stored in distilled water at room temperature until testing. The samples were tested in shear to failure with a 1-mm/minute crosshead speed. After enamel shear bond strength testing, the teeth were again ground with 400 and 600-grit wet-dry SiC paper to obtain a flat dentin surface. The protocol used for preparing the enamel bond test samples was repeated, and the teeth were stored until testing in distilled water at room temperature. The samples were again tested in shear at a 1-mm/minute crosshead speed. Values were converted to MPa and data analyzed for intergroup differences using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. Agitation did not improve enamel SBS for any of the materials tested, but there was a significant difference in enamel SBS among materials: Clearfil SE Bond shear bond strength was greater than Xeno III, which was greater than AdheSE. At 10 seconds application time on dentin, agitation improved the Clearfil SE Bond SBS and, at 20 seconds application time on dentin, agitation significantly improved SBS to dentin for all systems tested. Agitation had no affect when the adhesive was applied to dentin for 30 seconds. Clearfil SE Bond SBS to dentin was significantly higher than the other self-etching adhesives tested except at 10 seconds without agitation. Descriptors Acrylic Resins/chemistry, Composite Resins/chemistry, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/ultrastructure, Dentin/ultrastructure, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Humans, Kinetics, Materials Testing, Resin Cements/chemistry, Shear Strength, Silicon Dioxide/chemistry, Surface Properties, Temperature, Time Factors, Water/chemistry, Zirconium/chemistry Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Velasquez,L. M., Sergent,R. S., Burgess,J. O., Mercante,D. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Single laboratory validation of a method for the determination of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and its derivatives in canned foods by reversed-phase liquid chromatography	2006	Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 29-Sep Volume 1129 Issue 1 Start Page 145 Other Pages 148 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9318488; 0 (Acetonitriles); 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds); 0 (Epoxy Compounds); 0 (Phenols); F3XRM1NX4H (2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane); MLT3645I99 (bisphenol A); Z072SB282N (acetonitrile); 2005/12/20 [received]; 2006/07/31 [revised]; Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0021-9673; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 16945377 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0021-9673(06)01563-9 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16945377 Abstract A method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), BADGE-H2O, BADGE-2H2O, BADGE-H2O-HCl, BADGE-HCl, and BADGE-2HCl in canned food using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection; chromatographic separation of all seven analytes was achieved (Rs > or = 1.08) using HPLC gradient elution technique. Acetonitrile was used to extract the analytes from the food matrix before subjecting the samples to liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction for further clean-up and preconcentration prior to HPLC analysis. Excellent inter-day precision data (n = 10) and intra-day precision data (n = 5) were obtained on a 200 microg/kg spiked sample. The RSD ranged from 0.20% to 2.96% for the inter-day precision tests, and 0.04% to 2.82% for the intra-day precision tests. Accuracy was measured at three concentration levels: 200, 1000, and 2000 microg/kg; recoveries ranged from 86.07% to 114.06%. The excellent validation data suggests that this method can be applied on canned foods for the determination of migration of BPA, BADGE and its derivatives from can coatings into food. Descriptors Acetonitriles/chemistry, Benzhydryl Compounds, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods, Epoxy Compounds/analysis/chemistry/isolation & purification, Food Analysis/methods, Food Contamination/analysis, Food Preservation, Phenols/analysis/chemistry/isolation & purification, Reproducibility of Results Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sun,C., Leong,L. P., Barlow,P. J., Chan,S. H., Bloodworth,B. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060901 PMCID Editors
Cigarettes and oral snuff use in Sweden: Prevalence and transitions	2006	Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 101 Issue 10 Start Page 1509 Other Pages 1515 Notes LR: 20140908; GR: CA085739/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA118412/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA118412-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9304118; NIHMS222036; OID: NLM: NIHMS222036; OID: NLM: PMC2909685; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0965-2140; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 16968353 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Twin Study; IM DOI ADD1550 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16968353 Abstract AIMS: To investigate the prevalence and patterns of transitions between cigarette and snus use. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study within the population-based Swedish Twin Registry. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 31 213 male and female twins 42-64 years old. MEASUREMENTS: Age-adjusted prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) described the association between gender and tobacco use, while Kaplan-Meier survival methods produced cumulative incidence curves of age at onset of tobacco use. Life-time tobacco use histories were constructed using ages at onset of tobacco use and current tobacco use status. FINDINGS: Although more males reported ever smoking (64.4%) than females (61.7%), more males were former smokers (POR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.27-1.39). Males were far more likely to use snus than females (POR: 18.0, 95% CI: 16.17-20.04). Age at onset of cigarette smoking occurred almost entirely before age 25, while the age at onset of snus use among males occurred over a longer time period. Most men began using cigarettes first, nearly one-third of whom switched to using cigarettes and snus in combination. While 30.6% of these combined users quit tobacco completely, only 7.4% quit snus and currently use cigarettes, while 47.7% quit cigarettes and currently use snus. CONCLUSIONS: Current cigarette smoking is more prevalent among Swedish women than men, while snus use is more prevalent among men. Among men who reported using both cigarettes and snus during their life-time, it was more common to quit cigarettes and currently use snus than to quit snus and currently use cigarettes. Once snus use was initiated, more men continued using snus rather than quit tobacco completely. Descriptors Adult, Age of Onset, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Smoking/epidemiology, Sweden/epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Furberg,H., Lichtenstein,P., Pedersen,N. L., Bulik,C., Sullivan,P. F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2909685 Editors
US news media coverage of tobacco control issues	2006	Department of Journalism and Technical Communication, C223 Clark Building, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. malong@lamar.colostate.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 15 Issue 5 Start Page 367 Other Pages 372 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: AA10377/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: CA109649/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC2563650; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 16998170 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 15/5/367 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16998170 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To characterise the relative amount and type of daily newspaper, local and national TV newscast, and national news magazine coverage of tobacco control issues in the United States in 2002 and 2003. DESIGN: Content analysis of daily newspapers, news magazines, and TV newscasts. SUBJECTS: Items about tobacco in daily newspapers, local and national TV newscasts, and three national news magazines in a nationally representative sample of 56 days of news stratified by day of week and season of the year, from 2002 and 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Story theme, tobacco topics, sources, story prominence, story valence (orientation), and story type. RESULTS: Tobacco coverage was modest over the two-year period as estimated in our sample. Only 21 TV stories, 17 news magazine stories, and 335 daily newspaper stories were found during the two-year sampling period. Noteworthy results for the newspaper data set include the following: (1) government topics predominated coverage; (2) government action and negative health effects topics tended not to occur together in stories; (3) tobacco stories were fairly prominently placed in newspapers; (4) opinion news items tended to favour tobacco control policies, while news and feature stories were evenly split between positive and negative stories; and (5) tobacco coverage in the southeast, which is the country's major tobacco producing region, did not differ from the rest of the country. CONCLUSION: Results suggest mixed support in news coverage for tobacco control efforts in the United States. The modest amount of news coverage of tobacco is troubling, particularly because so few news stories were found on TV, which is a more important news source for Americans than newspapers. When tobacco was covered, government themed stories, which often did not include mentions of negative health effects, were typical, suggesting that media coverage does not reinforce the reason for tobacco control efforts. However, some results were encouraging. For example, when newspapers did cover tobacco, they accorded the stories relatively high prominence, thus increasing the chance that readers would see tobacco stories when they were published. Descriptors Humans, Mass Media/statistics & numerical data, Newspapers as Topic, Smoking/adverse effects, Smoking Cessation, Television, Tobacco, Tobacco Industry, United States Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Long,M., Slater,M. D., Lysengen,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2563650 Editors

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