WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Effect of acid etching time and a self-etching adhesive on the shear bond strength of composite resin to porcelain	2006	Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. auguler@omu.edu.tr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The journal of adhesive dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adhes.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 8 Issue 1 Start Page 21 Other Pages 25 Notes JID: 100888552; 0 (Acrylic Resins); 0 (Adhesives); 0 (Composite Dental Resin); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Polyurethanes); 12001-21-7 (Dental Porcelain); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1461-5185; 1461-5185 Accession Number PMID: 16536340 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16536340 Abstract PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different acid etching times with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid gel and two adhesive systems on shear bond strengths of resin composite to porcelain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight 7 x 7 x 2 mm feldspathic porcelain blocks (VMK 95, Vita) were prepared. The specimens were divided into 7 groups: 1 control (no surface treatment) and 6 groups acid etched with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid gel for different etching times, including 30 s, 30+30 s, 60 s, 60+60 s, 120 s, and 180 s. Each of the etching time groups was divided into two bonding agent (Single Bond, AdheSE) subgroups (n = 7). Microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250) was condensed using a teflon mold and light polymerized for 20 s on the porcelain specimens. The prepared specimens were then stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 h before mechanical testing. Shear testing of all groups was performed on a universal testing machine (Lloyd LRX) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The bond strength data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA. The means were compared using the Tukey HSD test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Acid etching time and bonding agent statistically significantly influenced bond strength (p < 0.05). In the Single Bond group, the bond strengths between group 0 (10.48 MPa) and Group 30 (11.17 MPa) did not differ significantly, with these groups exhibiting the lowest bond strength values. The highest bond strength in Single Bond group was observed in group 120 (15.07 MPa) and group 60+60 (15.42 MPa), which did not differ significantly from each other. In the AdheSE group, the bond strengths of group 0 (9.33 MPa) and group 30 (9.49 MPa) did not differ significantly, and these groups exhibited the lowest bond strength values. The highest bond strengths in the AdheSE subgroup were observed in group 120 (14.84 MPa) and group 60+60 (14.96 MPa), which were not significantly different. Comparing the two different adhesive systems, Single Bond exhibited higher bond strength values than did the self-etching adhesive AdheSE. CONCLUSIONS: Acid etching of porcelain with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid gel for 120 s provided adequate bond strength for composite repair with a microhybrid composite. When a porcelain restoration is repaired with composite, Single Bond adhesive should be preferred to the AdheSE self-etching adhesive system. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Acrylic Resins/chemistry, Adhesives/chemistry, Composite Resins/chemistry, Dental Porcelain/chemistry, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Materials Testing, Polyurethanes/chemistry, Shear Strength, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Guler,A. U., Yilmaz,F., Yenisey,M., Guler,E., Ural,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Usefulness of length heterogeneity-PCR for monitoring lactic acid bacteria succession during maize ensiling	2006	Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Universita degli Studi, Milan, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full FEMS microbiology ecology Periodical, Abbrev. FEMS Microbiol.Ecol. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 56 Issue 1 Start Page 154 Other Pages 164 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 8901229; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0168-6496; 0168-6496 Accession Number PMID: 16542413 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI FEM059 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16542413 Abstract The use of length-heterogeneity PCR was explored to monitor lactic acid bacteria succession during ensiling of maize. Bacterial diversity was studied during the fermentation of 30-day-old maize in optimal and spoilage-simulating conditions. A length heterogeneity PCR profile database of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the silage and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing was established. Although interoperonic 16S rRNA gene length polymorphisms were detected in some isolates, strain analysis showed that most of the lactic acid bacteria species thriving in silage could be discriminated by this method. The length heterogeneity PCR profiles of bacterial communities during maize fermentation were compared with those on a database. Under optimal fermentation conditions all the ecological indices of bacterial diversity, richness and evenness, deduced from community profiles, increased until day thirteen of fermentation and then decreased to the initial values. Pediococcus and Weissella dominated, especially in the first days of fermentation. Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactobacillus brevis were mainly found after six days of fermentation. A peak corresponding to Lactobacillus plantarum was present in all the fermentation phases, but was only a minor fraction of the population. Unsuitable fermentation conditions and withered maize leaves in the presence of oxygen and water excess caused an enrichment of Enterococcus sp. and Enterobacter sp. Descriptors Base Sequence, Colony Count, Microbial, DNA Fingerprinting, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, Lactobacillus/genetics/metabolism, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Silage/microbiology, Zea mays/metabolism/microbiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Brusetti,L., Borin,S., Mora,D., Rizzi,A., Raddadi,N., Sorlini,C., Daffonchio,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Six-minute walk distance in healthy Singaporean adults cannot be predicted using reference equations derived from Caucasian populations	2006	School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) Periodical, Abbrev. Respirology Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 11 Issue 2 Start Page 211 Other Pages 216 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 9616368; CIN: Respirology. 2006 Sep;11(5):669-70; author reply 671-2. PMID: 16916347; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1323-7799; 1323-7799 Accession Number PMID: 16548908 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI RES [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16548908 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is commonly used to assess the functional exercise capacity of individuals with cardiopulmonary disease. Recent studies have established regression equations to predict the 6-min walk distance (6MWD) in healthy Caucasian populations; however, regression equations have yet to be established for the Singaporean population. The aim of this study was to determine 6MWD in healthy Singaporeans and identify contributors to 6MWD in this population. We also compared measured 6MWD with predicted 6MWD from two regression equations derived in Caucasian subjects. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-five healthy subjects (32 Chinese, 16 men) aged between 45 and 85 years performed three walking tests using a standardized protocol. 6MWD was defined as the greatest distance achieved from the three tests. Heart rate (HR) was recorded each minute during the 6MWT. Other measurements included age, height, leg length, smoking history and self-reported physical activity. RESULTS: 6MWD was 560 +/- 105 m and was not significantly different between men and women (P = 0.19). 6MWD was related to age (r = -0.36, P = 0.03), height (r = 0.35, P = 0.04), leg length (r = 0.38, P = 0.02) and the maximum HR achieved on the 6MWT when expressed as a percentage of the predicted maximum HR (%predHRmax, r = 0.73, P < 0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that age, height, weight and %predHRmax were independent contributors (P < 0.01) to 6MWD, explaining 78% of the variance. Predicted 6MWD using regression equations derived from Caucasian subjects exceeded measured 6MWD by more than 75 m (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report 6MWD for healthy Singaporeans aged 45-85 years. The regression equation developed in this study explained 78% of the variance in 6MWD. Published equations derived from Caucasian subjects overestimate 6MWD in Singaporean Chinese. Descriptors Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Body Composition, European Continental Ancestry Group, Exercise Test/standards, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Standards, Reference Values, Singapore, Spirometry, Walking/physiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Poh,H., Eastwood,P. R., Cecins,N. M., Ho,K. T., Jenkins,S. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Elevated CO(2) and elevated temperature have no effect on Douglas-fir fine-root dynamics in nitrogen-poor soil	2006	US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA. johnson.markg@epa.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The New phytologist Periodical, Abbrev. New Phytol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 170 Issue 2 Start Page 345 Other Pages 356 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9882884; 059QF0KO0R (Water); 142M471B3J (Carbon Dioxide); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0028-646X; 0028-646X Accession Number PMID: 16608459 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI NPH1658 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16608459 Abstract Here, we investigate fine-root production, mortality and standing crop of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings exposed to elevated atmospheric CO(2) and elevated air temperature. We hypothesized that these treatments would increase fine-root production, but that mortality would be greater under elevated temperature, leading to a smaller increase in standing crop. Seedlings were grown in outdoor, sun-lit controlled-environment chambers containing native soil. They were exposed in a factorial design to two levels of atmospheric CO(2) and two levels of air temperature. Minirhizotron methods were used to measure fine-root length production, mortality and standing crop every 4 wk for 36 months. Neither elevated atmospheric CO(2) nor elevated air temperature affected fine-root production, mortality, or standing crop. Fine roots appeared to root deeper in the soil profile under elevated CO(2) and elevated temperature. Low soil nitrogen (N) levels apparently limited root responses to the treatments. This suggests that forests on nutrient-poor soils may exhibit limited fine-root responses to elevated atmospheric CO(2) and elevated air temperature. Descriptors Carbon Dioxide/metabolism, Nitrogen/metabolism, Plant Roots/growth & development/metabolism, Pseudotsuga/growth & development/metabolism, Seasons, Temperature, Water/metabolism Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Johnson,M. G., Rygiewicz,P. T., Tingey,D. T., Phillips,D. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) pollution in ambient air: a case study	2004	National Envrionmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental science & engineering Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Sci.Eng. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 46 Issue 1 Start Page 15 Other Pages 20 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 101273917; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Vehicle Emissions); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); ppublish Place of Publication India ISSN/ISBN Accession Number PMID: 16649588 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16649588 Abstract Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in presence of sunlight and oxides of nitrogen in atmosphere are considered as precursors for ozone production at the ground level. Concentration of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (BTX) in ambient air was measured near seven traffic junctions in the city of Nagpur. Air samples were collected using Organic Vapour Sampler and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph equipped with Flame Ionization Detector (FID). Benzene concentration was found to be in the range 9.3 to 28.7 microg/m3, Toluene 3.26 to 21.0 microg/m3 and Xylene 4.9 to 15.0 microg/m3. These values are lower than those found in Metropolitan cities like Mumbai. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution/analysis, Benzene/analysis, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, India, Toluene/analysis, Vehicle Emissions, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Deole,S., Phadke,K. M., Kumar,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
First description of CTX-M beta-lactamase-producing clinical Escherichia coli isolates from Egypt	2006	Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of antimicrobial agents Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Antimicrob.Agents Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 27 Issue 6 Start Page 545 Other Pages 548 Notes JID: 9111860; 0 (Escherichia coli Proteins); EC 3.5.2.- (CTX-M-27, E coli); EC 3.5.2.- (beta-lactamase CTX-M-14); EC 3.5.2.- (beta-lactamase CTX-M-15); EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-Lactamases); 2005/11/02 [received]; 2006/01/08 [accepted]; 2006/05/18 [aheadofprint]; Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0924-8579; 0924-8579 Accession Number PMID: 16713187 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S0924-8579(06)00092-6 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16713187 Abstract We studied the presence of beta-lactamases with an extended spectrum of activity in clinical Escherichia coli isolates from Cairo, Egypt. Forty-six E. coli isolates were collected from patients with urinary tract infections at a university hospital in 2001. Phenotypic characterisation identified a very high extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) rate of 60.9%. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid profiles revealed eight different clonal groups. All ESBL producers were polymerase chain reaction-positive for blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes. Within the CTX-M family, three different enzymes, CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-27, were found. The ESBL producers carried multiple plasmids and further plasmid-encoded resistances. In several strains, genes for up to six aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes were detected. A linkage to fluoroquinolone resistance was not observed. This study confirms the high rate of ESBLs in Egypt and further demonstrates the worldwide spread of genes coding for CTX-M enzymes in clinical isolates. Descriptors Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Escherichia coli/drug effects/enzymology, Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics, Humans, Plasmids, Polymerase Chain Reaction, beta-Lactamases/genetics Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mohamed Al-Agamy,M. H., El-Din Ashour,M. S., Wiegand,I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060518 PMCID Editors
Role of snus in initiation and cessation of tobacco smoking in Sweden	2006	Institute for Tobacco Studies, Stockholm, Sweden. tobstud@algonet.se	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 15 Issue 3 Start Page 210 Other Pages 214 Notes LR: 20140909; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC2564662; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 16728752 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 15/3/210 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16728752 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine patterns of smoking and snus use and identify individual pathways of Swedish tobacco users in order to clarify whether snus use is associated with increased or decreased smoking. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey completed by 6752 adult Swedes in 2001-2 focusing on identifying tobacco use history by survey items on current and prior tobacco use and smoking initiation and cessation procedures. RESULTS: 15% of the men and 19% of the women completing the survey were daily smokers. 21% of the men and 2% of the women were daily snus users. Almost all (91%) male daily smoking began before the age of 23 years, whereas initiation of daily snus use continued throughout the age range (33% of initiation after age 22). 20% of male primary snus users started daily smoking compared to 47% of non-primary snus users. Thus, the odds of initiating daily smoking were significantly lower for men who had started using snus than for those who had not (odds ratio (OR) 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22 to 0.36). Among male primary smokers, 28% started secondary daily snus use and 73% did not. 88% of those secondary snus users had ceased daily smoking completely by the time of the survey as compared with 56% of those primary daily smokers who never became daily snus users (OR 5.7, 95% CI 4.9 to 8.1). Among men who made attempts to quit smoking, snus was the most commonly used cessation aid, being used by 24% on their latest quit attempt. Of those men who had used one single cessation aid 58% had used snus, as compared with 38% for all nicotine replacement therapy products together. Among men who used snus as a single aid, 66% succeeded in quitting completely, as compared with 47% of those using nicotine gum (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.7) or 32% for those using the nicotine patch (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.1 to 8.6). Women using snus as an aid were also significantly more likely to quit smoking successfully than those using nicotine patches or gum. CONCLUSION: Use of snus in Sweden is associated with a reduced risk of becoming a daily smoker and an increased likelihood of stopping smoking. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods/statistics & numerical data, Sweden/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/rehabilitation, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ramstrom,L. M., Foulds,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2564662 Editors
Indoor and outdoor carbonyl compounds and BTEX in the hospitals of Guangzhou, China	2006	State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Key Laboratory of GD for Utilization and Protection of Environmental Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Science of the total environment Periodical, Abbrev. Sci.Total Environ. Pub Date Free Form 15-Sep Volume 368 Issue 3-Feb Start Page 574 Other Pages 584 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0330500; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Aldehydes); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); 2005/11/15 [received]; 2006/03/23 [revised]; 2006/03/29 [accepted]; 2006/06/05 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0048-9697; 0048-9697 Accession Number PMID: 16740294 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0048-9697(06)00298-1 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16740294 Abstract Indoor and outdoor concentration levels of 21 carbonyl compounds and five BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) were measured in four hospitals of Guangzhou from 2nd January to 20th March 2004. Samples were collected in five consecutive daytimes for each hospital. Among most of the samples, acetone was the most abundant carbonyl, followed by acetaldehyde, 2-butanone or formaldehyde. Toluene was the most abundant BTEX and the others were at similar levels. The relatively higher acetone concentrations might have resulted from the high level of background in Guangzhou area due to emission of the factories and LPG-fuel vehicles, and also for the special weather conditions during sampling time. The high concentration of acetaldehyde, which was even higher than that of formaldehyde, might be resulted from the wide use of ethanol in hospital. The partial oxidation of ethanol may form acetaldehyde. The indoor concentrations of carbonyls and BTEX were found a little higher than their outdoor counterparts with only a few exceptions, which showed the anthropogenic sources for these compounds. The low correlations between most carbonyls and BTEX concentrations might be caused by their complex sources. Finally, the human exposure levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in hospitals are discussed. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Aldehydes/analysis, Benzene/analysis, China, Environmental Monitoring, Hospitals, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, Risk Assessment, Toluene/analysis, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lu,H., Wen,S., Feng,Y., Wang,X., Bi,X., Sheng,G., Fu,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060605 PMCID Editors
Transdermal nicotine-induced tobacco abstinence symptom suppression: nicotine dose and smokers' gender	2006	Department of Psychology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23298-0205, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology Periodical, Abbrev. Exp.Clin.Psychopharmacol. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 14 Issue 2 Start Page 121 Other Pages 135 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: DA018447/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA07027/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA11082/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA011082/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9419066; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); NIHMS11824; OID: NLM: NIHM Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1064-1297; 1064-1297 Accession Number PMID: 16756416 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 2006-07129-003 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16756416 Abstract An aversive tobacco abstinence syndrome, thought to reflect an underlying level of nicotine dependence, contributes to cigarette smokers' failed quit attempts. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) suppresses tobacco abstinence, but high relapse rates suggest room for improvement. Improving NRT's efficacy might begin with identifying factors that influence tobacco abstinence symptom suppression. Two such factors are smokers' gender and NRT dose. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose-related effects of transdermal nicotine (TN) on tobacco abstinence symptoms in 75 men and 53 women who regularly smoked cigarettes but who had abstained from smoking for at least 8-12 hr. Participants completed 4 double-blind, randomized 6.5-hr laboratory sessions that differed by TN dose (0, 7, 21, or 42 mg). Each session included blood sampling for plasma nicotine level, measurement of heart rate, participants' ratings of tobacco abstinence symptoms and effects of nicotine, and psychomotor performance. Increases in plasma nicotine level were related to TN dose and were independent of gender. TN-induced abstinence symptom suppression was dose-related for items assessing craving and urge to smoke and largely was independent of gender. TN increased heart rate and ratings of aversive side effects (e.g., nausea, lightheadedness) in a dose-related manner, and women were more sensitive at higher doses. Results from this laboratory study support the continued use of TN as a pharmacotherapy. Higher doses may ameliorate some abstinence symptoms, although the side effect profile, at least in the short term, may limit effectiveness, especially for women. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Heart Rate/drug effects, Humans, Male, Nicotine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/blood, Sex Characteristics, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/drug therapy/physiopathology, Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy/physiopathology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Evans,S. E., Blank,M., Sams,C., Weaver,M. F., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1564049 Editors
Venous bubble count declines during strenuous exercise after an open sea dive to 30 m	2006	Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Croatia. zdujic@bsb.mefst.hr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 77 Issue 6 Start Page 592 Other Pages 596 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 7501714; 0 (Gases); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 16780236 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16780236 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The effect of post-dive exercise on bubble formation remains controversial, although the current practice of divers and aviators is to avoid strenuous exercise after diving. Previously, we have shown that exercising 24 h before a dive, or during a decompression stop, significantly reduces bubble formation in man. The objective of this study was to determine whether a short period of strenuous post-dive exercise promotes venous bubble formation. METHODS: Seven male military divers performed an open-sea field dive to a maximum depth of 30 m for 30 min. At maximum depth, subjects performed mild underwater fin swimming, followed by standard decompression. Diving was followed by a post-dive exercise session consisting of short, strenuous incremental upright cycle ergometry, up to 85% of maximal oxygen uptake, for about 10 min. Subjects were monitored for venous gas bubbles in the right heart with an echo-imaging system starting 20 min post-dive while in the supine position, during cycle ergometry in the seated upright position, and immediately after exercise in a supine position. RESULTS: The average number of bubbles was 1.5 +/- 1.4 bubbles x cm(-2) 20 min after diving. Changes in posture from supine to seated upright resulted in significant reduction of bubbles to 0.6 +/- 1.3 bubbles x cm(-2) (p = 0.043), with further reduction to 0.2 +/- 0.3 bubbles x cm(-2) at the end of exercise (p = 0.02). No cases of DCS or intra-pulmonary shunt were observed during or following post-dive exercise. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that post-dive strenuous exercise after a single field dive reduces post-dive gas bubble formation in well-trained military divers. Additional findings are needed for normal sports divers. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/prevention & control, Diving/physiology, Exercise/physiology, Gases/blood, Humans, Male, Military Medicine, Statistics, Nonparametric, Veins Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dujic,Z., Obad,A., Palada,I., Ivancev,V., Valic,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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