WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort ascending	SearchLink
Effects of type of smoking (pipe, cigars or cigarettes) on biological indices of tobacco exposure and toxicity	2006	INSERM-AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center, CIC-9304, Paris F-75012, France. christian.funck-brentano@sat.aphp.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Periodical, Abbrev. Lung Cancer Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 54 Issue 1 Start Page 11 Other Pages 18 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8800805; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Nitrosamines); 0 (Pyrenes); 3417WMA06D (Benzo(a)pyrene); 5315-79-7 (1-hydroxypyrene); AYI8EX34EU (Creatinine); EC 1.14.14.1 (Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); 2006/04/04 [received]; 2006/06/24 Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 0169-5002; 0169-5002 Accession Number PMID: 16884817 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0169-5002(06)00345-X [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16884817 Abstract Although all forms of smoking are harmful, smoking pipes or cigars is associated with lower exposure to the lethal products of tobacco products and lower levels of morbidity and mortality than smoking cigarettes. Cytochrome P-450-1A (CYP1A) is a major pathway activating carcinogens from tobacco smoke. Our primary aim was to compare CYP1A2 activity in individuals smoking pipes or cigars only, cigarettes only and in non-smokers. We studied 30 smokers of pipes or cigars only, 28 smokers of cigarettes only, and 30 non-smokers male subjects matched for age. CYP1A2 activity was assessed as the caffeine metabolic ratio in plasma. One-day urine collection was used for determining exposure to products of tobacco metabolism. Nitrosamine and benzo[a]pyrene DNA adducts were measured in lymphocytes. CYP1A2 activity was greater (p<0.0001) in cigarette smokers (median: 0.61; interquartile range: 0.52-0.76) than in pipe or cigar smokers (0.27; 0.21-0.37) and non-smokers (0.34; 0.25-0.42) who did not differ significantly. Urinary cotinine and 1-hydroxypyrene levels were higher in cigarette smokers than in pipe or cigar smokers and higher in the later than in non-smokers. DNA adducts levels were significantly lower in pipe or cigar smokers than in cigarette smokers. In multivariate analysis, cigarette smoking was the only independent predictor of CYP1A2 activity (p<0.0001) and of 1-hydroxypyrene excretion in urine (p=0.0012). In this study, pipe or cigar smoking was associated with lower exposure to products of tobacco metabolism than cigarette smoking and to an absence of CYP1A2 induction. Cigarette smoking was the only independent predictor of CYP1A2 activity in smokers. However, inhalation behaviour, rather than the type of tobacco smoked, may be the key factor linked to the extent of tobacco exposure and CYP1A2 induction. Our results provide a reasonable explanation for the results of epidemiological studies showing pipe or cigar smoking to present fewer health hazards than cigarette smoking. Descriptors Adult, Benzo(a)pyrene/metabolism, Biomarkers/metabolism, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cotinine/urine, Creatinine/urine, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrosamines/blood, Plants, Toxic, Pyrenes/metabolism, Smoking/adverse effects, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tobacco/toxicity Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Funck-Brentano,C., Raphael,M., Lafontaine,M., Arnould,J. P., Verstuyft,C., Lebot,M., Costagliola,D., Roussel,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060801 PMCID Editors
Probabilistic models to describe the dynamics of migrating microbial communities	2015	Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; The Marine Biological Association of the UK, Plymouth, UK.; Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, U	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 24-Mar Volume 10 Issue 3 Start Page e0117221 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150405; JID: 101285081; OID: NLM: PMC4372544; 2015 [ecollection]; 2014/07/18 [received]; 2014/12/21 [accepted]; 2015/03/24 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 25803866 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0117221 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25803866 Abstract In all but the most sterile environments bacteria will reside in fluid being transported through conduits and some of these will attach and grow as biofilms on the conduit walls. The concentration and diversity of bacteria in the fluid at the point of delivery will be a mix of those when it entered the conduit and those that have become entrained into the flow due to seeding from biofilms. Examples include fluids through conduits such as drinking water pipe networks, endotracheal tubes, catheters and ventilation systems. Here we present two probabilistic models to describe changes in the composition of bulk fluid microbial communities as they are transported through a conduit whilst exposed to biofilm communities. The first (discrete) model simulates absolute numbers of individual cells, whereas the other (continuous) model simulates the relative abundance of taxa in the bulk fluid. The discrete model is founded on a birth-death process whereby the community changes one individual at a time and the numbers of cells in the system can vary. The continuous model is a stochastic differential equation derived from the discrete model and can also accommodate changes in the carrying capacity of the bulk fluid. These models provide a novel Lagrangian framework to investigate and predict the dynamics of migrating microbial communities. In this paper we compare the two models, discuss their merits, possible applications and present simulation results in the context of drinking water distribution systems. Our results provide novel insight into the effects of stochastic dynamics on the composition of non-stationary microbial communities that are exposed to biofilms and provides a new avenue for modelling microbial dynamics in systems where fluids are being transported. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Schroeder,J.L., Lunn,M., Pinto,A.J., Raskin,L., Sloan,W.T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150324 PMCID PMC4372544 Editors
Candida species distribution and antifungal susceptibility testing according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and new vs. old Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute clinical breakpoints: a 6-year prospective candidaemia s	2014	Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Microbiol.Infect. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 20 Issue 7 Start Page 698 Other Pages 705 Notes CI: (c) 2013 The Authors Clinical Microbiology and Infection (c) 2013; JID: 9516420; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 8VZV102JFY (Fluconazole); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); JFU09I87TR (Voriconazole); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/07/18 [received]; 2013/10/28 [r Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1469-0691; 1198-743X Accession Number PMID: 24188136 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/1469-0691.12440 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24188136 Abstract We analyzed the species distribution of Candida blood isolates (CBIs), prospectively collected between 2004 and 2009 within FUNGINOS, and compared their antifungal susceptibility according to clinical breakpoints defined by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) in 2013, and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in 2008 (old CLSI breakpoints) and 2012 (new CLSI breakpoints). CBIs were tested for susceptiblity to fluconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin by microtitre broth dilution (Sensititre(R) YeastOne test panel). Of 1090 CBIs, 675 (61.9%) were C. albicans, 191 (17.5%) C. glabrata, 64 (5.9%) C. tropicalis, 59 (5.4%) C. parapsilosis, 33 (3%) C. dubliniensis, 22 (2%) C. krusei and 46 (4.2%) rare Candida species. Independently of the breakpoints applied, C. albicans was almost uniformly (>98%) susceptible to all three antifungal agents. In contrast, the proportions of fluconazole- and voriconazole-susceptible C. tropicalis and F-susceptible C. parapsilosis were lower according to EUCAST/new CLSI breakpoints than to the old CLSI breakpoints. For caspofungin, non-susceptibility occurred mainly in C. krusei (63.3%) and C. glabrata (9.4%). Nine isolates (five C. tropicalis, three C. albicans and one C. parapsilosis) were cross-resistant to azoles according to EUCAST breakpoints, compared with three isolates (two C. albicans and one C. tropicalis) according to new and two (2 C. albicans) according to old CLSI breakpoints. Four species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis) represented >90% of all CBIs. In vitro resistance to fluconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin was rare among C. albicans, but an increase of non-susceptibile isolates was observed among C. tropicalis/C. parapsilosis for the azoles and C. glabrata/C. krusei for caspofungin according to EUCAST and new CLSI breakpoints compared with old CLSI breakpoints. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Data Source Authors Orasch,C., Marchetti,O., Garbino,J., Schrenzel,J., Zimmerli,S., Muhlethaler,K., Pfyffer,G., Ruef,C., Fehr,J., Zbinden,R., Calandra,T., Bille,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131212 PMCID Editors
Community Attitudes Toward Mass Drug Administration for Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases After the 2014 Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in Lofa County, Liberia	2016	Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 94 Issue 3 Start Page 497 Other Pages 503 Notes LR: 20160319; CI: (c) The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.; JID: 0370507; 0 (Antiparasitic Agents); 6490C9U457 (Praziquantel); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); F4216019LN (Albendazole); OID: NLM: PMC4775880; 2015/08/12 [received]; 2015/11/03 [ac Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1476-1645; 0002-9637 Accession Number PMID: 26666700 Language eng SubFile Historical Article; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0591 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26666700 Abstract The recent outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) interrupted mass drug administration (MDA) programs to control and eliminate neglected tropical diseases in Liberia. MDA programs treat entire communities with medication regardless of infection status to interrupt transmission and eliminate lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Following reports of hostilities toward health workers and fear that they might be spreading EVD, it was important to determine whether attitudes toward MDA might have changed after the outbreak. We surveyed 140 community leaders from 32 villages in Lofa County, Liberia, that had previously participated in MDA and are located in an area that was an early epicenter of the EVD outbreak. Survey respondents reported a high degree of community trust in the MDA program, and 97% thought their communities were ready to resume MDA. However, respondents predicted that fewer people would comply with MDA after the EVD epidemic than before. The survey also uncovered fears in the community that EVD and MDA might be linked. Respondents suggested that MDA programs emphasize to people that the medications are identical to those previously distributed and that MDA programs have nothing to do with EVD. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bogus,J., Gankpala,L., Fischer,K., Krentel,A., Weil,G.J., Fischer,P.U., Kollie,K., Bolay,F.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151214 PMCID PMC4775880 Editors
Endemicity of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 in a hospital water supply	1989	Infectious Diseases Department, University of Turin, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of hospital infection Periodical, Abbrev. J.Hosp.Infect. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 13 Issue 3 Start Page 281 Other Pages 288 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 8007166; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0195-6701; 0195-6701 Accession Number PMID: 2567758 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 2567758 Abstract A microbiological and epidemiological investigation at the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Turin, Italy, demonstrated Legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 at 10(2) to greater than 4 X 10(3) cfu l-1 from 24 of 32 hot water samples collected from hand-basins in six separate buildings. A sample taken from the public water supply, and a hot water sample (80 degrees C) collected from hot water tanks, did not yield legionellas. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 was found in samples taken at the first point of mixed hot and cold water (50 degrees C) at 3 X 10(2) cfu l-1. 12 of 26 samples from the shower-heads yielded 10(3) to 2.5 X 10(5) cfu l-1 and one of 12 water samples from oxygen bubble humidifiers tested yielded 1.6 X 10(4) cfu l-1. No other legionellas species or serogroups of Legionella pneumophila were isolated during the study. No cases of nosocomial pneumonia were detected among 3653 patients' records, nor was there serological evidence of Legionella infection in the 180 patients tested. Descriptors Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Hospitals, Humans, Italy, Legionella/isolation & purification, Legionnaires' Disease/epidemiology, Male, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Sanitary Engineering, Water Microbiology, Water Supply/standards Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Franzin,L., Castellani Pastoris,M., Gioannini,P., Villani,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Liposomal amphotericin B displays rapid dose-dependent activity against Candida albicans biofilms	2013	Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. gordon.ramage@glasgow.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 57 Issue 5 Start Page 2369 Other Pages 2371 Notes LR: 20150219; JID: 0315061; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Pyrimidines); 0 (Triazoles); 0 (liposomal amphotericin B); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); JFU09I87TR (Voriconazole); OID: NLM: PMC3632906; 2013/02/19 [aheadof Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-6596; 0066-4804 Accession Number PMID: 23422915 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1128/AAC.02344-12 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23422915 Abstract Biofilms formed by Candida albicans bloodstream isolates on catheters are an important clinical problem. Devising chemotherapeutic strategies to treat these in situ is an attractive option. We report here that liposomal amphotericin effectively kills C. albicans biofilms rapidly (12 h) and effectively (>90%) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas caspofungin displays an inverse concentration-dependent effect. This study has implications for considering the effective doses of antifungal agents used for catheter lock therapy. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ramage,G., Jose,A., Sherry,L., Lappin,D.F., Jones,B., Williams,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130219 PMCID PMC3632906 Editors
Toxic volatile organic compounds in simulated environmental tobacco smoke: emission factors for exposure assessment	1998	Indoor Environment Program, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 947720, USA. jmdaisey@lbl.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Expo.Anal.Environ.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Sep Volume 8 Issue 3 Start Page 313 Other Pages 334 Notes LR: 20071114; GR: R01-HL42490/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9111438; 0 (Organic Chemicals); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1053-4245; 1053-4245 Accession Number PMID: 9679214 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9679214 Abstract Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is suspected to be a major source of exposure to many of the compounds identified as toxic air contaminants. However, we lack emission factors for many of the ETS air toxics for the brands of cigarettes which currently dominate the market and therefore cannot adequately estimate contributions of ETS to such exposures. This study provides up-to-date emission factors for selected air toxics and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in simulated ETS and uses them in a mass balance model to evaluate the potential contribution of ETS to air toxics in indoor air and, therefore to indoor exposures to air toxics. Emission factors (microgram/cigarette) were determined for 21 VOCs (including two aldehydes), nicotine and particulate matter in a room-sized (20-m3) environmental chamber with stainless-steel walls, operated under static conditions, using diluted sidestream smoke (no exhaled mainstream smoke) to simulate ETS. Experiments were conducted for Kentucky Reference cigarette 1R4F and for each of six commercial cigarette brands with major market shares. The variabilities in the ETS emission factors among brands of cigarettes were relatively small, ranging from 16 to 31% (expressed as the coefficient of variation) among the six brands. The concentrations of most of the VOCs did not change over the 4-hour periods of the experiments. However, concentrations of 3-ethenylpyridine, phenol, o-cresol and m,p-cresol showed consistent decreases over time, indicating removal by means other than the very low air infiltration rate (0.03 h-1), e.g., deposition onto the chamber surfaces. Emission factors for these compounds were calculated to take these losses into account and the rate constants for these losses were estimated. To estimate indoor concentrations and inhalation exposures to 16 VOCs, nicotine and PM-2.5, the average emission factors for the six commercial brands were used in a time-dependent mass-balance model for two scenarios: a typical office building and an average residence. In general, the indoor concentrations of the air toxics from ETS, under conditions selected to be "typical" rather than extreme, are comparable in magnitude to average outdoor concentrations, indicating that ETS can be a significant contributor to the total indoor concentration and the inhalation exposure for these species. At higher smoking rates, exposures to VOCs from ETS could be several times higher than those modeled under more "typical" conditions. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Organic Chemicals/analysis, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Daisey,J. M., Mahanama,K. R., Hodgson,A. T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
On the role of abnormal DL(CO) in ex-smokers without airflow limitation: symptoms, exercise capacity and hyperpolarised helium-3 MRI	2013	Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Thorax Periodical, Abbrev. Thorax Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 68 Issue 8 Start Page 752 Other Pages 759 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: CIF#97687/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada; JID: 0417353; 0 (Antimetabolites); 206GF3GB41 (Helium); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/04/19 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3296; 0040-6376 Accession Number PMID: 23604381 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203108 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23604381 Abstract BACKGROUND: The functional effects of abnormal diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in ex-smokers without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate and compare well established clinical, physiological and emerging imaging measurements in ex-smokers with normal spirometry and abnormal DLCO with a group of ex-smokers with normal spirometry and DLCO and ex-smokers with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I COPD. METHODS: We enrolled 38 ex-smokers and 15 subjects with stage I COPD who underwent spirometry, plethysmography, St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), 6 min Walk Test (6MWT), x-ray CT and hyperpolarised helium-3 ((3)He) MRI. The 6MWT distance (6MWD), SGRQ scores, (3)He MRI apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) and CT attenuation values below -950 HU (RA950) were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 38 ex-smokers without COPD, 19 subjects had abnormal DLCO with significantly worse ADC (p=0.01), 6MWD (p=0.008) and SGRQ (p=0.01) but not RA950 (p=0.53) compared with 19 ex-smokers with normal DLCO. Stage I COPD subjects showed significantly worse ADC (p=0.02), RA950 (p=0.0008) and 6MWD (p=0.005), but not SGRQ (p=0.59) compared with subjects with abnormal DLCO. There was a significant correlation for (3)He ADC with SGRQ (r=0.34, p=0.02) and 6MWD (r=-0.51, p=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: In ex-smokers with normal spirometry and CT but abnormal DLCO, there were significantly worse symptoms, 6MWD and (3)He ADC compared with ex-smokers with normal DLCO, providing evidence of the impact of mild or early stage emphysema and a better understanding of abnormal DLCO and hyperpolarised (3)He MRI in ex-smokers without COPD. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kirby,M., Owrangi,A., Svenningsen,S., Wheatley,A., Coxson,H.O., Paterson,N.A., McCormack,D.G., Parraga,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130419 PMCID Editors
Social Listening: A Content Analysis of E-Cigarette Discussions on Twitter	2015	ICF International, Rockville, MD, United States.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of medical Internet research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Med.Internet Res. Pub Date Free Form 27-Oct Volume 17 Issue 10 Start Page e243 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160113; JID: 100959882; OID: NLM: PMC4642379; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/07/24 [received]; 2015/09/23 [accepted]; 2015/09/22 [revised]; epublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1438-8871; 1438-8871 Accession Number PMID: 26508089 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.2196/jmir.4969 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26508089 Abstract BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased in the United States, leading to active debate in the public health sphere regarding e-cigarette use and regulation. To better understand trends in e-cigarette attitudes and behaviors, public health and communication professionals can turn to the dialogue taking place on popular social media platforms such as Twitter. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to conduct a content analysis to identify key conversation trends and patterns over time using historical Twitter data. METHODS: A 5-category content analysis was conducted on a random sample of tweets chosen from all publicly available tweets sent between May 1, 2013, and April 30, 2014, that matched strategic keywords related to e-cigarettes. Relevant tweets were isolated from the random sample of approximately 10,000 tweets and classified according to sentiment, user description, genre, and theme. Descriptive analyses including univariate and bivariate associations, as well as correlation analyses were performed on all categories in order to identify patterns and trends. RESULTS: The analysis revealed an increase in e-cigarette-related tweets from May 2013 through April 2014, with tweets generally being positive; 71% of the sample tweets were classified as having a positive sentiment. The top two user categories were everyday people (65%) and individuals who are part of the e-cigarette community movement (16%). These two user groups were responsible for a majority of informational (79%) and news tweets (75%), compared to reputable news sources and foundations or organizations, which combined provided 5% of informational tweets and 12% of news tweets. Personal opinion (28%), marketing (21%), and first person e-cigarette use or intent (20%) were the three most common genres of tweets, which tended to have a positive sentiment. Marketing was the most common theme (26%), and policy and government was the second most common theme (20%), with 86% of these tweets coming from everyday people and the e-cigarette community movement combined, compared to 5% of policy and government tweets coming from government, reputable news sources, and foundations or organizations combined. CONCLUSIONS: Everyday people and the e-cigarette community are dominant forces across several genres and themes, warranting continued monitoring to understand trends and their implications regarding public opinion, e-cigarette use, and smoking cessation. Analyzing social media trends is a meaningful way to inform public health practitioners of current sentiments regarding e-cigarettes, and this study contributes a replicable methodology. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cole-Lewis,H., Pugatch,J., Sanders,A., Varghese,A., Posada,S., Yun,C., Schwarz,M., Augustson,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151027 PMCID PMC4642379 Editors
Incorporation of natural uncultivable Legionella pneumophila into potable water biofilms provides a protective niche against chlorination stress	2009	IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal. salome.giao@deb.uminho.pt	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Biofouling Periodical, Abbrev. Biofouling Pub Date Free Form Volume 25 Issue 4 Start Page 335 Other Pages 341 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9200331; 0 (Culture Media); 0 (Disinfectants); 0 (Peptide Nucleic Acids); 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1029-2454; 0892-7014 Accession Number PMID: 19241230 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/08927010902802232 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19241230 Abstract Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne pathogen that has been isolated sporadically from drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Resistance to disinfectants is mainly attributed to the association of cells with amoebae, but biofilms are also thought to provide some degree of protection. In the present work, a two-stage chemostat was used to form heterotrophic biofilms from drinking water to study the influence of chlorine on the presence of naturally occurring L. pneumophila. The pathogen was tracked in planktonic and sessile biofilm phases using standard culture recovery techniques for cultivable cells and a peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridisation assay for total cells. The results showed that the total number of L. pneumophila cells in biofilms was not affected by the concentrations of chlorine tested, and the presence of L. pneumophila could not be detected by culturing. To restrict the outbreaks of disease caused by this bacterium, efforts need to be concentrated on preventing L. pneumophila from re-entering an infectious state by maintaining residual disinfectant levels through the entire DWDS network so that the resuscitation of cells via contact with amoebae is prevented. Descriptors Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development, Chlorine/analysis/pharmacology, Colony Count, Microbial, Culture Media, Disinfectants/analysis/pharmacology, Disinfection/methods, Fresh Water/microbiology, Halogenation, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Legionella pneumophila/drug effects/genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification, Peptide Nucleic Acids/genetics, Plankton/growth & development, Water Microbiology, Water Supply Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Giao,M. S., Wilks,S., Azevedo,N. F., Vieira,M. J., Keevil,C. W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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