WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Differing psychosocial risk profiles of college freshmen waterpipe, cigar, and cigarette smokers	2008	Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Outcomes Research, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. smithsimone@email.chop.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 33 Issue 12 Start Page 1619 Other Pages 1624 Notes JID: 7603486; 2008/03/04 [received]; 2008/07/09 [revised]; 2008/07/29 [accepted]; 2008/08/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 18783890 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.07.017 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18783890 Abstract Few studies have examined the psychosocial aspects of tobacco smoking in young adults, particularly among alternative forms such as waterpipe. To address this gap, we examined the association of psychosocial characteristics (i.e., sociodemographics, risk perception, social norms, and pluralistic ignorance) with waterpipe, cigar, and cigarette smoking in college freshmen. Data are from a cross-sectional internet survey conducted during spring semester 2004 at Johns Hopkins University, N=411. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the association between psychosocial risk factors and waterpipe, cigar, and cigarette smoking. Results reveal that (1) psychosocial risk profiles of smokers differed by type of smoker and by type of tobacco product smoked, and (2) freshmen perceived the waterpipe as the most attractive product, out of the three products evaluated, to use among their peers. This study provides some of the first data on the association of psychosocial characteristics and various forms of tobacco smoking in young adults. This area of research is of increasing importance as a surge of waterpipe use among college students is becoming evident and interventions to reduce and prevent use are critically needed. Descriptors Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Regression Analysis, Smoking/prevention & control/psychology, Social Environment, Students/psychology, Tobacco, Smokeless/adverse effects, Universities, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Smith-Simone,S. Y., Curbow,B. A., Stillman,F. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080803 PMCID Editors
Normal values and influencing factors of fractional exhaled nitric oxide for Chinese healthy adults	2012	China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Zhonghua yi xue za zhi Periodical, Abbrev. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi Pub Date Free Form 24-Jul Volume 92 Issue 28 Start Page 1971 Other Pages 1973 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7511141; 31C4KY9ESH (Nitric Oxide); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 0376-2491; 0376-2491 Accession Number PMID: 22944271 Language chi SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22944271 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the normal values of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) for Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 200 non-smoking and healthy Chinese adults were recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They received lung function and allergen skin prick tests at the Outpatient Department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from February to August 2011. There were 100 males and 100 females. FENO test was performed according to the standard procedures of American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) recommendation. The FENO levels of healthy non-smokers were tested by the NIOXMINO analyzer. All variables, such as age, gender, height, weight, forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV(1))% predicted and FEV(1)/FVC, were included for multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: The FENO level of healthy non-smokers was (14.2 +/- 5.6)x10(-9) mol/L with the 95% normal range of (3.2 - 25.2)x10(-9) mol/L. The value of FENO was significantly higher in males than females ((15.6 +/- 5.5) vs (12.9 +/- 5.4)x10(-9) mol/L, t = 3.48, P = 0.001). The FENO level of the subjects aged 60 - 80 years was (15.7 +/- 5.4)x10(-9) mol/L and it was higher than those aged 18 - 60 years ((13.8 +/- 5.6)x10(-9) mol/L, t = 2.04, P = 0.040). Multiple regression analysis showed that gender was an independent influencing factor of FENO level. CONCLUSIONS: The FENO level of non-smoking and healthy Chinese adults is similar with that of the westerners. Gender is an independent influencing factor of FENO level. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhang,Y.M., Lin,J.T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Iron and copper release in drinking-water distribution systems	2007	Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Haidian, Beijing, China. byshi@rcees.ac.cn	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 70 Issue 2 Start Page 29 Other Pages 36, 44, 46 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0405525; 0 (Disinfectants); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine); 789U1901C5 (Copper); E1UOL152H7 (Iron); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0022-0892; 0022-0892 Accession Number PMID: 17886579 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17886579 Abstract A large-scale pilot study was carried out to evaluate the impacts of changes in water source and treatment process on iron and copper release in water distribution systems. Finished surface waters, groundwaters, and desalinated waters were produced with seven different treatment systems and supplied to 18 pipe distribution systems (PDSs). The major water treatment processes included lime softening, ferric sulfate coagulation, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and integrated membrane systems. PDSs were constructed from PVC, lined cast iron, unlined cast iron, and galvanized pipes. Copper pipe loops were set up for corrosion monitoring. Results showed that surface water after ferric sulfate coagulation had low alkalinity and high sulfates, and consequently caused the highest iron release. Finished groundwater treated by conventional method produced the lowest iron release but the highest copper release. The iron release of desalinated water was relatively high because of the water's high chloride level and low alkalinity. Both iron and copper release behaviors were influenced by temperature. Descriptors Chlorine/chemistry, Copper/analysis/chemistry, Corrosion, Disinfectants/chemistry, Environmental Monitoring, Iron/analysis/chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/chemistry, Water Purification/methods, Water Supply/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shi,B., Taylor,J. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Study on the level of tobacco-generated smoke in several restautants and bars in Beijing, China	2007	Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi Periodical, Abbrev. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 28 Issue 8 Start Page 738 Other Pages 741 Notes JID: 8208604; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 0254-6450; 0254-6450 Accession Number PMID: 18080555 Language chi SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18080555 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current smoking regulations and their impacts on the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) levels inside restaurants and bars in Beijing. METHODS: Telephone survey was used to investigate the smoking regulations. TSI Sidepak AM510 was used to measure the level of fine particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) in restaurants and bars. Analysis of variance and non-parametric rank tests were used to examine the association between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels and (1) smoking regulations; and (2) types of restaurants and bars. RESULTS: Of the 305 restaurants and bars surveyed, 27.9% had complete or partial smoking prohibiting rules. The average indoor PM2.5, level of the 92 restaurants and bars was 253.08 microg/m3 , 102.37% higher than the outdoor level. The average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels in the restaurants and bars with smoking ban regulations were 93.10 microg/m3 and 110.33 microg/m3 whole 289.34 microg/m3 and 128.40 microg/m3 in those without, respectively. The average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels of bars were 413.46 microg/m3 and 190.62 microg/m3, respectively, while in the western fast-food restaurants, they were 83.86 microg/m3 and 104.77 microg/m3, respectively. The outdoor PM2.5 levels were higher than the indoor levels in different classes of restaurants and bars. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between PM2.5 levels and the number of smokers per cube meters (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Smoking regulations could effectively reduce the ETS level in restaurants and bars. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence, China, Environmental Monitoring, Particulate Matter/analysis, Restaurants, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kang,J. M., Jiang,Y., Lin,X. G., Yang,Y., Nan,Y., Li,Z., Liu,R. L., Feng,G. Z., Wei,X. S., Travers,M. J., Li,Q., Hyland,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A cross-sectional study on levels of second-hand smoke in restaurants and bars in five cities in China	2010	Chinese National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. ruiling_liu@berkeley.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 19 Suppl 2 Issue Start Page i24 Other Pages 9 Notes LR: 20141204; GR: P50 CA111236/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA125116/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC2976000; 2009/12/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 20008154 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2009.029959 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20008154 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To assess indoor second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in restaurants and bars via PM(2.5) (fine particles 2.5 mum in diameter and smaller) level measurements in five cities in China. METHODS: The study was conducted from July to September in 2007 in Beijing, Xi'an, Wuhan, Kunming and Guiyang. Portable aerosol monitors were used to measure PM(2.5) concentrations in 404 restaurants and bars. The occupant density and the active smoker density were calculated for each venue sampled. RESULTS: Among the 404 surveyed venues, 23 had complete smoking bans, 9 had partial smoking bans and 313 (77.5%) were observed to have allowed smoking during sampling. The geometric mean of indoor PM(2.5) levels in venues with smoking observed was 208 mug/m(3) and 99 mug/m(3) in venues without observed smoking. When outdoor PM(2.5) levels were adjusted, indoor PM(2.5) levels in venues with smoking observed were consistently significantly higher than in venues without smoking observed (F=80.49, p<0.001). Indoor PM(2.5) levels were positively correlated with outdoor PM(2.5) levels (partial rho=0.37 p<0.001) and active smoker density (partial rho=0.34, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with findings in other countries, PM(2.5) levels in smoking places are significantly higher than those in smoke-free places and are strongly related to the number and density of active smokers. These findings document the high levels of SHS in hospitality venues in China and point to the urgent need for comprehensive smoke-free laws in China to protect the public from SHS hazards, as called for in Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which was ratified by China in 2005. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, Environmental Exposure/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Public Health, Restaurants/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Liu,R. L., Yang,Y., Travers,M. J., Fong,G. T., O'Connor,R. J., Hyland,A., Li,L., Nan,Y., Feng,G. Z., Li,Q., Jiang,Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20091211 PMCID PMC2976000 Editors
Cross-section survey on smoking behavior and cognition in Chongqing, 2014	2015	Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China.; Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China; Email: xianbinding@126.com.; Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control an	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi Periodical, Abbrev. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 36 Issue 11 Start Page 1236 Other Pages 1243 Notes JID: 8208604; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 0254-6450; 0254-6450 Accession Number PMID: 26850243 Language chi SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26850243 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of smoking, smoking cessation, passive smoking and awareness of the dangers of tobacco in population in Chongqing and provide evidence for developing prevention and control measures. METHODS: A total of 5 400 residents aged >/=18 years were selected from 9 districts/counties in Chongqing through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling and face-to-face interviews were conducted among them. Indicators as current smoking rates, smoking cessation rates and passive smoking rates were calculated by the weight of age proportions from 2010 population census. The analytical method was based on complex sampling design. RESULTS: The current smoking rate of the residents aged >/=18 years was 27.4% (male: 53.5% and female: 1.1%), which was highest in age group 40-50 years (58.4%) for males. The current smoking rate among rural residents was higher than that in urban residents. The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking was 27.5%, which was significantly higher in southeastern Chongqing. The rate of passive smoking was 52.4%. Among daily smokers, the mean number of cigarettes smoked was 17.5 per day (men: 17.6 per day; women: 13.5 per day). The daily smoked cigarette number in males was higher in age group 40-50 years (20.1 per day) and those with junior middle school education level (18.9 per day). The proportion of the current smokers who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day (the rate of heavy smoker) was higher in males than in females and in rural residents than in urban residents. The proportion of heavy smokers was 59.3%, which was highest in age group 40-50 years (66.8%), followed by those with junior middle school educational level (65.2%). The average age of smokers when they stared to smoke was 20.8 years old, which was low in males and rural residents. About 80.2% of the smokers stared to smoke under 25 years old, and 70.3% of the smokers stared to smoke between 15 and 25 years old. The overall rate of smoking cessation was 20.1% and the successful smoking cessation rate was 13.7%. The two rates increased with age, the successful smoking cessation rate was lowest in age group 18-40 years (4.8%). The awareness of the tobacco risk related knowledge seemed poor among the residents, only 19.6% of the residents were aware that smoking could cause serious diseases (stoke, heart disease and lung cancer). 21.9% of the residents were aware that passive smoking could cause serious diseases (heart disease, lung disease and lung cancer). CONCLUSION: Current prevalence of smoking in males in Chongqing remains at a high level, indicating that the publicity programs on the tobacco risk related knowledge needs to be strengthened and the tobacco control needs more efforts. The tobacco control in Chongqing is still facing serious challenge. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shen,Z., Ding,X., Mao,D., Zhang,C., Lyu,X., Jiao,Y., Qi,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Follow up of water use in a tin mining area affected with arsenic poisoning.	2000	Chongsuvivatwong, V., Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health Periodical, Abbrev. Southeast Asian J.Trop.Med.Public Health Pub Date Free Form / Volume 31 Issue 4 Start Page 769 Other Pages 774 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0125-1562 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Ron Phibun district in southern Thailand has been known as an endemic area for arsenic contamination. The government has been trying to improve the situation by encouraging the use of rainwater and piped water. This study aimed to document the change of water use and to identify factors associated with safe water use in 1997 compared to that in 1994. Home visits and face-to-face questionnaire interviews were undertaken. Information on water use for drinking, cooking, washing food and washing utensils in 1994 and 1997 was obtained. Among 3,849 households from which data could be obtained (estimated 79% of total households), the percentages of using safe water (including water from bottled rain water, piped and artesian well water) for drinking and cooking rose from 72.5 and 57.9 in 1994 to 93.6 and 80.9 in 1997, respectively. The percentages for washing foods and for washing utensils rose from 28.6 and 20.5 to 59.1 and 53.8, respectively. In 1997, percentage of households using piped water for drinking and cooking was still low (3.6 and 12.3) compared to those using piped water for washing food and utensils (39.1 and 43.6). Multivariate analysis shows that independent factors of the household predicting safe water use are: high arsenic area, near main road and having piped water installed. The influence of these factors (as judged by the level of odds ratio) operates more or less equally on water use for all purposes, except that installation of piped water has more influence on washing water than drinking and cooking water. We conclude that safe water supply in the area is still inadequate. Even if piped water is installed, it is often not used for drinking and cooking. The reasons for not using piped water for drinking and cooking need to be identified. Descriptors tin, arsenic poisoning, article, follow up, human, mining, Thailand, water supply Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Chongsuvivatwong,V., Lim,A., Dueravee,M., Geater,A., Ritsamitchai,S., Oshikawa,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Evaluation of volatiles from two subtropical strawberry cultivars using GC-olfactometry, GC-MS odor activity values, and sensory analysis	2011	Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Agric.Food Chem. Pub Date Free Form 14-Dec Volume 59 Issue 23 Start Page 12569 Other Pages 12577 Notes JID: 0374755; 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds); 2011/11/09 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1520-5118; 0021-8561 Accession Number PMID: 22026593 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1021/jf2030924 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22026593 Abstract Most strawberry flavor studies have examined berries grown in temperate regions with long summer days. Few studies have examined berries harvested in winter months from subtropical regions with shorter photoperiods. Fruits harvested in February and March from two strawberry cultivars, 'Strawberry Festival' and 'Florida Radiance', were examined. Thirty odor active compounds were detected using time-intensity GC-O. Twenty-nine were identified. The major odor active volatiles in both cultivars were 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMMF), 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF), methyl butanoate, gamma-decalactone, unknown (grassy, LRI 1362, wax), (E)-2-hexenal, linalool, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, geraniol, butanoic acid, methyl 2-methylbutanoate, and ethyl hexanoate. Over 90 volatiles were identified and 54 quantified using GC-MS including 33 esters, 6 alcohols, 5 acids, 3 aldehydes, 3 lactones, 2 ketones, and 2 furanones. Odor activity values (OAVs) were determined for 46 volatiles, of which 22 had OAV > 1. The highest OAVs for 'Strawberry Festival' were ethyl butanoate (461), DMHF (424), methyl butanoate (358), and linalool (102). A 14-member trained panel evaluated quartered fruit using quantitative descriptive analysis to quantify seven sensory attributes. Sensory "strawberry flavor" scores were positively correlated with sensory "sweetness" (R(2) = 0.83) as well as GC-MS methyl 3-methylbutanoate (R(2) = 0.90) and ethyl butanoate (R(2) = 0.96). These cultivars lacked methyl anthranilate and possessed an aroma pattern different from summer-grown strawberries. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Du,X., Plotto,A., Baldwin,E., Rouseff,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111109 PMCID Editors
Controlled experiments measuring personal exposure to PM2.5 in close proximity to cigarette smoking	2014	Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indoor air Periodical, Abbrev. Indoor Air Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 24 Issue 2 Start Page 199 Other Pages 212 Notes CI: (c) 2013; JID: 9423515; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/11/29 [received]; 2013/06/20 [accepted]; 2013/08/02 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1600-0668; 0905-6947 Accession Number PMID: 23808850 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/ina.12057 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23808850 Abstract Few measurements of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in close proximity to a smoker are available. Recent health studies have demonstrated an association between acute (160 mug/m(3) of PM2.5 . The average incremental exposure of the non-smokers was higher indoors (42 mug/m(3) , n = 35) than outdoors (29 mug/m(3) , n = 47), but the overall indoor and outdoor frequency distributions were similar. The 10-s PM2.5 averages during the smoking periods showed great variability, with multiple high concentrations of short duration (microplumes) both indoors and outdoors. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Data Source Authors Acevedo-Bolton,V., Ott,W.R., Cheng,K.C., Jiang,R.T., Klepeis,N.E., Hildemann,L.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130802 PMCID Editors
Impact of RO-desalted water on distribution water qualities	2005	Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA. taylor@mail.ucf.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci.Technol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 51 Issue 7-Jun Start Page 285 Other Pages 291 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9879497; 0 (Chlorides); 0 (Metals); 0 (Salts); 0 (Sulfates); E1UOL152H7 (Iron); H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223; 0273-1223 Accession Number PMID: 16003988 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16003988 Abstract A large-scale pilot distribution study was conducted to investigate the impacts of blending different source waters on distribution water qualities, with an emphasis on metal release (i.e. corrosion). The principal source waters investigated were conventionally treated ground water (G1), surface water processed by enhanced treatment (S1), and desalted seawater by reverse osmosis membranes (RO). Due to the nature of raw water quality and associated treatment processes, G1 water had high alkalinity, while S1 and RO sources were characterized as high sulfate and high chloride waters, respectively. The blending ratio of different treated waters determined the quality of finished waters. Iron release from aged cast iron pipes increased significantly when exposed to RO and S1 waters: that is, the greater iron release was experienced with alkalinity reduced below the background of G1 water. Copper release to drinking water, however, increased with increasing alkalinity and decreasing pH. Lead release, on the other hand, increased with increasing chloride and decreasing sulfate. The effect of pH and alkalinity on lead release was not clearly observed from pilot blending study. The flat and compact corrosion scales observed for lead surface exposed to S1 water may be attributable to lead concentration less than that of RO water blends. Descriptors Calcium Carbonate/chemistry, Chlorides/chemistry, Corrosion, Filtration, Fresh Water/chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Iron/chemistry, Membranes, Metals/chemistry, Osmosis, Salts/isolation & purification, Seawater/chemistry, Sulfates/chemistry, Water Purification/methods, Water Supply/standards Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Taylor,J., Dietz,J., Randall,A., Hong,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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