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Does intolerance of smoking at school or in restaurants or corner stores decrease cigarette use initiation in adolescents?	2012	Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. rpabayo@hsph.harvard.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 14 Issue 10 Start Page 1154 Other Pages 1160 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada; JID: 9815751; 2012/02/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 22355076 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI ntr326 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22355076 Abstract INTRODUCTION: In addition to individual-level characteristics, the social and physical environment may influence the initiation of cigarette smoking in adolescents. The objective of this paper is to describe the association between smoking intolerance in schools, and in restaurants and corner stores located near schools, and initiation of cigarette smoking among adolescents. METHODS: Data on cigarette smoking were collected in self-report questionnaires every 3 months from 1999 to 2005 in a sample of 1,293 Grade 7 students in 10 secondary schools in Montreal, Canada. Baseline never-smokers (n = 868) were retained for analysis. School administrators completed questionnaires on tobacco control policies and activities within schools. Data on access to tobacco products and smoking restrictions in restaurants and corner stores located in school neighborhoods were collected through direct observation. Schools, restaurants, and corner stores were classified as smoking tolerant or intolerant. Time to initiation of cigarette smoking was modeled as a function of smoking intolerance in schools, restaurants, and corner stores in survival analyses (Cox proportional hazards modeling). RESULTS: Students in smoking-intolerant schools were less likely to initiate smoking than students in smoking-tolerant schools (hazard ratio [HR; 95% CI] = 0.83 [0.68, 1.01]). Students attending schools located in neighborhoods with smoking-intolerant restaurants were less likely to initiate smoking (HR [95% CI] = 0.85 [0.68, 1.07]). There was no association between corner store smoking intolerance and initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking intolerance in schools and restaurants may protect against initiation of cigarette smoking and could be useful targets for more intense tobacco control efforts. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pabayo,R., O'Loughlin,J., Barnett,T.A., Cohen,J.E., Gauvin,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120221 PMCID Editors
Does KMnO4 preoxidation reduce the genotoxicity of disinfection by-products?	2016	Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.; Key Laboratory of Drinking Wa	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chemosphere Periodical, Abbrev. Chemosphere Pub Date Free Form 10-Aug Volume 163 Issue Start Page 73 Other Pages 80 Notes LR: 20160813; CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 0320657; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016/06/07 [received]; 2016/08/01 [revised]; 2016/08/02 [accepted]; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1879-1298; 0045-6535 Accession Number PMID: 27521641 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI S0045-6535(16)31035-9 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27521641 Abstract Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) preoxidation is capable of affecting the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, few studies have focused on the toxicity of DBPs after KMnO4 preoxidation, which is an important index to evaluate alternative treatment processes. Herein genotoxicity (SOS/umu test) was used to clarify the impact of KMnO4 preoxidation on the chlorination byproducts produced from two representative precursors, tyrosine (Tyr) and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid (BP-4), and their mixture. Results revealed that although KMnO4 could not oxidize BP-4, after chlorination KMnO4 could oxidize the chlorination byproducts of BP-4 and thus decrease the genotoxicity production. For Tyr, KMnO4 preoxidation could increase or decrease the genotoxicity of DBPs, depending on the KMnO4 dose. The optimal initial molar ratio of KMnO4 to Tyr was confirmed to be 1:1. It has been proved that both the oxidation of Tyr by KMnO4 and manganese dioxide (MnO2, the reduction product of KMnO4) and the oxidation of chlorination byproducts by MnO2 can decrease the genotoxicity production of chlorinated Tyr. Remarkably, during chlorination, the competition of manganese(II) oxidation with organic oxidation can result in less chlorine reacting with organics, to induce an increase in genotoxicity. This is the main cause for the increase in genotoxicity of chlorinated Tyr after KMnO4 preoxidation. Additionally, the genotoxicity of the chlorinated mixture was shifted from being higher than the sum of individual genotoxicities of the chlorinated precursors to being lower than their sum with increasing KMnO4 dosage, due to the combined effects between the preoxidation-chlorination products from the two compounds. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Chang,Y., Bai,Y., Qu,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160810 PMCID Editors
Does stage-based smoking cessation advice in pregnancy result in long-term quitters? 18-month postpartum follow-up of a randomized controlled trial	2005	Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 100 Issue 1 Start Page 107 Other Pages 116 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 9304118; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0965-2140; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 15598198 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI ADD936 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15598198 Abstract AIMS: To evaluate the effect on quitting smoking at 18 months postpartum of smoking cessation interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) delivered in pregnancy compared to current standard care. It has been claimed that TTM-based interventions will continue to create quitters after the end of the intervention period. DESIGN: Cluster randomized trial. SETTING: Antenatal clinics in general practices in the West Midlands, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 918 pregnant smokers originally enrolled in the trial, of which 393 women were followed-up at 18 months postpartum. INTERVENTIONS: One hundred general practices were randomized into the three trial arms. Midwives in these practices delivered three interventions: A (standard care), B (TTM-based self-help manuals) and C (TTM-based self-help manuals plus sessions with an interactive computer program giving individualized smoking cessation advice). MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported continuous and point prevalence abstinence since pregnancy. FINDINGS: When combined together, there was a slight and not significant benefit for both TTM arms compared to the control, with an odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.20 (0.29-4.88) for continuous abstinence. For point prevalence abstinence, the OR (95%CI) was 1.15 (0.66-2.03). Seven of the 54 (13%) women who had quit at the end of pregnancy were still quit 18 months later, and there was no evidence that the TTM-based interventions were superior in preventing relapse. CONCLUSIONS: The TTM-based interventions may have shown some evidence of a short-term benefit for quitting in pregnancy but no benefit relative to standard care when followed-up in the longer-term. Descriptors Adult, Behavior Therapy/methods, Cluster Analysis, Confidence Intervals, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Promotion, Humans, Odds Ratio, Patient Compliance, Patient Education as Topic/methods, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications/prevention & control, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods/psychology, Treatment Outcome Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lawrence,T., Aveyard,P., Cheng,K. K., Griffin,C., Johnson,C., Croghan,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Does switching to a tobacco-free waterpipe product reduce toxicant intake? A crossover study comparing CO, NO, PAH, volatile aldehydes, "tar" and nicotine yields	2012	Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. as20@aub.edu.lb	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 50 Issue 5 Start Page 1494 Other Pages 1498 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; GR: F31 DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: F31DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6351; 0278-6915 Accession Number PMID: 22406330 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.041 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22406330 Abstract Waterpipe (hookah, narghile, shisha) use has become a global phenomenon, with numerous product variations. One variation is a class of products marketed as "tobacco-free" alternatives for the "health conscious user". In this study toxicant yields from waterpipes smoked using conventional tobacco-based and tobacco-free preparations were compared. A human-mimic waterpipe smoking machine was used to replicate the puffing sequences of 31 human participants who completed two double-blind ad libitum smoking sessions in a controlled clinical setting: once with a tobacco-based product of their choosing and once with a flavor-matched tobacco-free product. Outcome measures included yields of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, volatile aldehydes, nicotine, tar, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Smoke from both waterpipe preparations contained substantial quantities of toxicants. Nicotine yield was the only outcome that differed significantly between preparations. These findings contradict advertising messages that "herbal" waterpipe products are a healthy alternative to tobacco products. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Shihadeh,A., Salman,R., Jaroudi,E., Saliba,N., Sepetdjian,E., Blank,M.D., Cobb,C.O., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120301 PMCID PMC3407543 Editors
Does the availability of single cigarettes promote or inhibit cigarette consumption? Perceptions, prevalence and correlates of single cigarette use among adult Mexican smokers	2009	Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. thrasher@mailbox.sc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 18 Issue 6 Start Page 431 Other Pages 437 Notes LR: 20141207; GR: P50 CA111236/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: RA25-CA57699/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC2778078; 2009/08/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 19671535 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2008.029132 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19671535 Abstract BACKGROUND: Single cigarette use and its implications have rarely been studied among adults. OBJECTIVE: To assess perceptions, prevalence and correlates of single cigarette purchase behaviour and its relation to harm reduction. DESIGN: Focus group transcripts and cross-sectional data were analysed. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Focus groups among convenience samples of adult smokers in two Mexican cities and a population-based sample of 1079 adult smokers from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project in four Mexican cities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Purchase of single cigarettes last time cigarettes were bought, frequency of purchasing single cigarettes in the previous month and intention to quit in the next 6 months. RESULTS: Focus group data indicated that smokers bought single cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy. Survey data indicated that 38% of participants purchased single cigarettes in the last month and 10% purchased them the last time they bought cigarettes, with more frequent consumption among young adults and those with lower income. Purchasing single cigarettes was independently associated with the frequency of using single cigarettes to reduce consumption and, less consistently, with the frequency of being cued to smoke after seeing single cigarettes for sale. Using single cigarettes to reduce consumption was positively associated with quit intention, whereas being cued to smoke by single cigarettes was negatively associated with quit intention. CONCLUSIONS: Study results suggest that some adult Mexican smokers purchase single cigarettes as a method to limit, cut down on and even quit smoking. Nevertheless, promotion of the availability of single cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy could provide additional smoking cues that undermine quit attempts and promote youth smoking. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Commerce, Cues, Female, Focus Groups, Humans, Intention, Male, Mexico, Middle Aged, Smoking/economics/prevention & control/psychology, Smoking Cessation/methods/psychology, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Thrasher,J. F., Villalobos,V., Dorantes-Alonso,A., Arillo-Santillan,E., Cummings,K. M., O'Connor,R., Fong,G. T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090810 PMCID PMC2778078 Editors
Dokha: an emerging public health issue as a form of tobacco smoking in the middle East	2013	Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE E-mail : researchdivision2@gmail.com.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP Periodical, Abbrev. Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 14 Issue 12 Start Page 7065 Other Pages 7067 Notes JID: 101130625; ppublish Place of Publication Thailand ISSN/ISBN 1513-7368; 1513-7368 Accession Number PMID: 24460251 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24460251 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of preventable death across the world today and the smoking rates among men in the Arab world are amongst the highest in the world. Smoking of dokha, a traditional Arab tobacco is common in some of the Middle East countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Iran. This review focuses on the prevalence, pattern and health effects of dokha use in the Middle East. For this purpose an electronic search was performed in the following databases and websites: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Proquest and Google scholar up to December 2012. The search strategy was based on Internet search for the synonyms of dohka or midwakh. From the results of the review it emerged that younger people are the most common users of dokha. Hence effective outreach health education programs, targeting adolescents, especially school students before they take up the habit of smoking, may thus curb the emergence of the problem. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors John,L.J., Muttappallymyalil,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Domestic water contamination in rapidly growing megacities of Asia: Case of Karachi, Pakistan	1997	Rahman, A., Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 0511, Singapore	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental monitoring and assessment Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Monit.Assess. Pub Date Free Form 1997/ Volume 44 Issue 3-Jan Start Page 339 Other Pages 360 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0167-6369 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The development of essential services including water and sanitation in many megacities of the economically developing countries of Asia cannot keep pace with their rapidly growing population and accompanying urban and industrial development. The inadequate water supply and poor sanitation services lead to contamination of their water supply. It also leads to the input of sewage water into the groundwater. The problem is seriously acute in Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan with a population of over 12 million and growing at 6 percent. This paper examines the problem of water contamination in Karachi. The paper presents the data on water quality from various sources, mainly municipal water supply, vendors and well water; the three major sources of water for domestic use in Karachi. Except municipal water from some areas and during certain periods, water from most other sources contain coliform bacteria, and in many cases faecal coliform, in amounts several magnitudes higher than any standards permit. Many samples have also been found to contain heavy metals including Chromium, Lead, Nickel and Arsenic in amounts excessive of permitted standards. The probable sources of contaminants for the various types of water (piped, vendors, wells) indicate that groundwater may be the main contributor. The very source of this groundwater is predominantly from sewage. The health hazards from consuming such contaminated water are obvious. The paper also evaluates the solutions that are being practiced, proposed or may be feasible, as well as those that are evolving. Descriptors arsenic, chromium, ground water, heavy metal, nickel, well water, city, coliform bacterium, conference paper, nonhuman, Pakistan, population growth, sanitation, sewage, water contamination, water quality, water standard, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Rahman,A., Lee,H. K., Khan,M. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Dominance of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from patients with community-onset and hospital-onset infection in China	2014	State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory D	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 1-Jul Volume 9 Issue 7 Start Page e100707 Other Pages Notes JID: 101285081; 0 (Escherichia coli Proteins); EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-Lactamases); OID: NLM: PMC4077569; 2014 [ecollection]; 2014/01/17 [received]; 2014/05/28 [accepted]; 2014/07/01 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 24983621 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0100707 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24983621 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate CTX-M genotypes among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) isolated from patients with community-onset and hospital-onset infections in China, their clonality and the distribution of CTX-M variants in different specimens of community-onset and hospital-onset infections. METHODS: ESBL-EC isolates were collected from general hospitals from 2011 to 2012 in China. Broth microdilution method antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 16 antibiotics was performed. Clinical data from community-onset and hospital-onset infections due to ESBL-EC were analyzed. ESBL-encoding genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for a random selection of predominant CTX-M type strains identified. RESULTS: A total of 1,168 ESBL-EC isolates were obtained from various clinical specimens, 41.7% of which were responsible for causing community-onset infections. The presence of urinary calculi was higher in community-onset infections, whereas malignancy, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, dementia, chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus and surgical treatment were found to have higher proportions in hospital-onset infections. There was no significant difference in trauma between community-onset and hospital-onset infections. 96.2% of the isolates were detected to harbor blaCTX-M genes. blaCTX-M-1 group and blaCTX-M-9 group were detected at 40.7% and 48.7% respectively, and both positive group accounted for 10.6%. blaCTX-M-55 (24.8%) and blaCTX-M-15 (18.2%) were the major genotypes in blaCTX-M-1 group while blaCTX-M-14 (46.8%) was predominant in blaCTX-M-9 group. A comparison of blaCTX-M distribution in different specimens between ESBL-EC causing community-onset and hospital-onset infection showed no significant difference. A total of 229 isolates were tested for MLST. ST131 (14%) was the predominant type. ST648, ST405 and ST1193 were also detected. CONCLUSIONS: Community-onset ESBL-EC has emerged as a common pathogen in China. CTX-M-14 is the most commonly encountered, CTX-M-55 and CTX-M-15 have spread rapidly. ST131 is the predominant clonal group, and the great diversity of CTX-M-producing isolates of E. coli has emerged in China. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Xia,S., Fan,X., Huang,Z., Xia,L., Xiao,M., Chen,R., Xu,Y., Zhuo,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140701 PMCID PMC4077569 Editors
Dominant plasmids carrying extended spectrum beta-lactamases blaCTX-M genes in genetically diverse Escherichia coli from slaughterhouse and urban wastewaters	2016	Toxalim, Universite de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.; UMR1282 Infectiologie et Sante Publique, INRA, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.; UMR1282 Infectiologie et Sante Publique, Universite Francois Rabelais de Tours, F-37000, Tours, Fra	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental microbiology reports Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Microbiol.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 12-Jul Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20160712; CI: (c) 2016; JID: 101499207; OTO: NOTNLM; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1758-2229; 1758-2229 Accession Number PMID: 27402421 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI 10.1111/1758-2229.12440 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27402421 Abstract Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) receiving effluents from food-producing animals and humans may contribute to the spread of ESBL-carrying plasmids. This study was designed to investigate extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant E. coli strains, CTX-M distributions and the genetic lineage of blaCTX-M -carrying plasmids from urban and slaughterhouse wastewaters. The level of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli in slaughterhouse wastewater entering the WWTP was negligible compared to that of urban wastewater. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was predominant in slaughterhouse wastewater whereas diverse blaCTX-M genes were encountered in urban wastewater and WWTP outlet. Characterization of the main CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates by antibiotic resistance phenotyping, genotyping and typing of plasmids carrying blaCTX-M genes revealed that blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15 genes were harbored by the predominant blaCTX-M-1 IncI1/ST3 and blaCTX-M-15 F31:A4:B1 plasmids, which were recovered from unrelated E. coli genotypes in both slaughterhouse and urban wastewaters. This study highlighted the spread of predominant blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15 plasmid lineages in diverse E. coli genotypes from humans and food-producing animals, their mixing in WWTP and final release into the aquatic environment. This could have a serious negative impact on public health and requires further evaluation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd Data Source Authors Dupouy,V., Doublet,B., Arpaillange,N., Praud,K., Bibbal,D., Brugere,H., Oswald,E., Cloeckaert,A., Toutain,P.L., Bousquet-Melou,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160712 PMCID Editors
Doppler bubble grades after diving and relevance of body fat	2012	Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. n.a.schellart@amc.uva.nl	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 83 Issue 10 Start Page 951 Other Pages 957 Notes LR: 20140131; JID: 7501714; CIN: Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014 Jan;85(1):84-5. PMID: 24479268; CIN: Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014 Jan;85(1):84. PMID: 24479267; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 23066616 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23066616 Abstract BACKGROUND: From the literature on venous gas embolism (VGE) and decompression sickness (DCS), it remains unclear whether body fat is a predisposing factor for VGE and DCS. Therefore, this study analyses body fat (range 16-44%) in relation to precordial VGE measured by Doppler bubble grades. Also examined is the effect of age (range 34-68 yr), body mass index (BMI; range 17-34 kg x m(-2)), and a model estimate of VO2(max) (maximal oxygen uptake; range 24-54 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)). METHODS: Bubble grades were determined in 43 recreational divers after an open sea air dive of 40 min to 20 m. Doppler bubble grade scores were transformed to the logarithm of the number of bubbles/cm2, logB, and the logarithm of the Kissman Integrated Severity Score (KISS) to allow numerical analysis. Statistical analyses were performed with Pearson's regular and partial correlations, and uni- and multivariate linear regressions. RESULTS: For divers in their midlife (and older), the analyses indicate that neither body fat nor BMI stimulate bubble formation, since correlations were nonsignificant. In contrast, age and especially VO2(max) appeared to determine VGE. For these types of dives it was found that logB = -1.1 + 0.02 age - 0.04Vo2(max). CONCLUSION: Based on these data we conclude that body fat and BMI seem less relevant for diving. We recommend that medical examinations pay more attention to VO2(max) and age, and that international dive institutions come to a consensus regarding VO2(max) criteria. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Schellart,N.A., Vellinga,T.P., van Dijk,F.J., Sterk,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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