WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Measurement of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in narghile waterpipe tobacco smoke	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 46 Issue 5 Start Page 1582 Other Pages 90 Notes ID: 18308445 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract An analytical method for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the mainstream of narghile smoke is presented. The smoke was generated using a digital waterpipe smoking machine connected to the mouthpiece of a narghile that was loaded with 10 g of a popular flavored tobacco and kept alight with quick-light charcoal briquettes that are commonly used for this purpose. A standard smoking regimen consisting of 171 puffs of 530 ml volume and 2.6s duration spaced 17s apart was used, and the smoke condensates were collected on glass fiber filters. PAHs were extracted with toluene assisted by sonication. For purification, the extract was passed through a silica cartridge and eluted with hexane. The eluent was preconcentrated, reconstituted in acetonitrile, and analyzed using a GC-MS-SICP method. The method showed good selectivity, repeatability, accuracy and sensitivity. The limit of detection ranged from 15 to 96 ng for benzoa]pyrene and indeno1,2,3-cd]pyrene, respectively. It was found that a single narghile smoking session delivers approximately 50 times the quantities of carcinogenic 4- and 5-membered ring PAHs as a single 1R4F cigarette smoked using the FTC protocol. The pattern of PAH concentrations suggested that formation pathways differ from those of the cigarette, possibly reflecting the differing combustion conditions of the two smoking devices. Descriptors Plastics/chemistry, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Smoke/analysis, Tobacco/chemistry, Calibration, Carcinogens/analysis, Chromatography, Gas, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Indicators and Reagents, Reference Standards, Reproducibility of Results Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.028 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Sepetdjian,Elizabeth, Shihadeh,Alan, Saliba,Najat A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The acute effects of Waterpipe smoking on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Prev Med Hyg Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 49 Issue 3 Start Page 101 Other Pages 7 Notes ID: 19278135 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the acute effects of smoking in Waterpipe (WP) smokers in Ajman, United Arab Emirates (UAE). CONTEXT: 202 male volunteers aged > 17 years were included. Blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate values of each participant, before and after a 30 minute smoking session, were measured and compared. Standardized questionnaires were also answered. RESULTS: Mean increases in systolic blood pressure (16 +/- 1 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (2 +/- 0.7 mmHg), heart rate (6.30 +/- 0.60 bpm) and respiratory rate (2 +/- 2 breathes/min) were observed (p < 0.001). 92% of smokers believed Waterpipe smoking (WPS) to be harmful to health and 77% of smokers took up WPS for reasons of leisure. Results from the questionnaire revealed a significant relationship between smokers' beliefs of WPS and attempts to quit smoking ie. smokers who believed waterpipe to be harmful were more likely to try to quit. Education had influence on smokers ideas on WPS. 69% of smokers who claimed hookah is harmful had university qualification and further 23% has highschool qualification. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking Waterpipe has significant effects on both the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Waterpipe smokers despite sound knowledge, show little concern towards health. Education plays an important role and creates awareness about the hazards of smoking practices, including Waterpipe. Descriptors Cardiovascular System, Respiratory System, Smoking/adverse effects, Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diastole, Health Behavior, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Risk-Taking, Questionnaires, Systole, Time Factors, United Arab Emirates, Young Adult Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-19278135 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Shaikh,R. B., Vijayaraghavan,N., Sulaiman,A. S., Kazi,S., Shafi,M. S. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of nicotine lozenges on affective smoking withdrawal symptoms: secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial	2008	Pinney Associates, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. shiffman@pinneyassociates.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical therapeutics Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Ther. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 30 Issue 8 Start Page 1461 Other Pages 1475 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7706726; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2008/06/19 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0149-2918; 0149-2918 Accession Number PMID: 18803988 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.07.019 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18803988 Abstract BACKGROUND: The suggested mechanism for the effects of nicotine replacement medications such as nicotine lozenges on smoking abstinence is reduction in the withdrawal symptoms of emotional distress and craving (the subjective desire to smoke). OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the effect of nicotine lozenges on affective withdrawal symptoms (collectively termed emotional distress) and craving over 6 weeks of treatment and the role of emotional distress and craving in mediating the effect of the lozenges on smoking abstinence. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of nicotine lozenges. High-dependence smokers (those who smoked their first cigarette of the day within 30 minutes of waking) were assigned to receive the 4-mg lozenge; low-dependence smokers (those who smoked their first cigarette of the day >30 minutes after waking) were assigned to receive the 2-mg lozenge. Participants were randomized to receive active or placebo lozenges within these dose and dependence strata. Smokers were to rate their withdrawal symptoms daily during the baseline week (while still smoking) and for 6 weeks after starting treatment. Study analyses included the effect of the active lozenge on affective symptoms (ie, anxiety; anger, irritability, or frustration; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; and depressed mood) during weeks 1 through 6 in high- and low-dependence smokers; the prospective associations between these symptoms and craving and subsequent abstinence; and the mediating influence of these symptoms on the lozenge's effect on abstinence. The analyses included smokers who provided symptom data for the baseline period and for at least week after the initiation of treatment. RESULTS: Of 1,818 smokers enrolled in the original study, this analysis included data from 1,144. The population was predominantly white, had a mean age ranging ranging from 40.65 to 46.01 years, and included slightly more women than men. The 2-mg lozenge did not have consistently significant effects on the withdrawal symptoms of emotional distress among low-dependence smokers; however, in high-dependence smokers, the 4-mg dose was associated with significant reductions versus placebo in overall emotional distress symptoms through week 4 (P < 0.001-P = 0.025), all individual symptoms through week 3 (P < 0.001-P = 0.035), and irritability and anxiety through week 4 (P = 0.002-P = 0.049). In the low-dependence group, the 2-mg lozenge was associated with significant reductions versus placebo in craving through week 3 (P = 0.012-P = 0.033), whereas in the high-dependence group, the 4-mg lozenge was associated with significant reductions in craving in each of the first 6 weeks (P < 0.001-P = 0.028). Among high-dependence smokers, both week-1 and week-2 emotional distress scores were associated with a return to smoking by week 6 (P < 0.001); among low dependence smokers, the association applied only to week-2 symptoms (P = 0.017). Week-1 and week-2 craving was associated with a return to smoking at week 6 in both groups (P < 0.001-P = 0.001). Emotional distress modestly and inconsistently mediated the effects of the lozenges, accounting for 3% to 13% of the treatment effects, whereas craving more strongly (though incompletely) mediated the treatment effects, particularly among high-dependence smokers, in whom it accounted for 29% to 39% of the treatment effects. CONCLUSIONS: In high-dependence smokers, the 4-mg nicotine lozenge significantly reduced all affective withdrawal symptoms through the first 4 weeks of treatment. Lozenge-related decreases in craving partially mediated the effect of treatment on abstinence, particularly in high-dependence smokers. Descriptors Adult, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine/administration & dosage/therapeutic use, Nicotinic Agonists/administration & dosage/therapeutic use, Smoking Cessation/methods, Stress, Psychological/prevention & control, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/prevention & control, Time Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shiffman,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Relationship between adherence to daily nicotine patch use and treatment efficacy: secondary analysis of a 10-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial simulating over-the-counter use in adult smokers	2008	PinneyAssociates, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. shiffman@pinneyassociates.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical therapeutics Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Ther. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 30 Issue 10 Start Page 1852 Other Pages 1858 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 7706726; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Nonprescription Drugs); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2008/08/21 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0149-2918; 0149-2918 Accession Number PMID: 19014840 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.09.016 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19014840 Abstract BACKGROUND: It has been reported that the efficacy of acute forms of nicotine replacement therapy, such as nicotine gum and lozenges, improves when sufficient quantities of medication are used. OBJECTIVE: This analysis examined whether adherence with daily nicotine patch wear was associated with improved rates of smoking abstinence. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of data from a double-blind study in which subjects were randomized to receive either an active nicotine patch or a placebo patch under simulated over-the-counter conditions. Subjects were asked to complete a daily diary on their patch use and smoking. Logistic regression, controlling for smoking in the first 3 weeks of treatment, was used to evaluate the likelihood of abstinence at 6 weeks as a function of treatment assignment (active vs placebo) and adherence (ie, patch wear for >or=20 of the first 21 days of treatment). The relationship between reported adverse events and adherence was also examined. RESULTS: This analysis involved data from 371 subjects, 204 using the active patch and 167 using the placebo patch. The study population was mainly white (87.3%), had a mean age of 42.8 years, a mean weight of 77.3 kg, had been smoking for a mean of 24.4 years, and smoked a mean of 25.2 cigarettes per day. Two hundred fifty-three subjects were classified as adherent. Rates of adherence did not differ significantly between the active and placebo groups (139 [68.1%] and 114 [68.3%], respectively). The likelihood of experiencing an adverse event did not differ significantly between adherent and nonadherent subjects in either group. Among active patch users, 61.5% of nonadherent subjects experienced an adverse event, compared with 59.7% of adherent subjects; among placebo patch users, the corresponding proportions were 41.5% and 43.9%. Among active patch users, the odds of abstinence at 6 weeks were more than 3 times greater for adherent versus nonadherent subjects (53.2% vs 21.5%, respectively; adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.25; 95% CI, 1.30-8.09; P = 0.011); no benefit of adherence over nonadherence was seen among users of the placebo patch (16.7% vs 15.1%; adjusted OR = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.16-2.31). The interaction between treatment group and adherence was statistically significant (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Under conditions simulating over-the-counter use, adherence to daily nicotine patch wear within the first 3 weeks of treatment was associated with an improved likelihood of achieving smoking abstinence at 6 weeks. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Medication Adherence, Nicotine/administration & dosage/therapeutic use, Nicotinic Agonists/administration & dosage/therapeutic use, Nonprescription Drugs, Smoking Cessation/methods, Socioeconomic Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shiffman,S., Sweeney,C. T., Ferguson,S. G., Sembower,M. A., Gitchell,J. G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Socio-economic variations in tobacco consumption, intention to quit and self-efficacy to quit among male smokers in Thailand and Malaysia: results from the International Tobacco Control-South-East Asia (ITC-SEA) survey	2008	Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. msiahpush@unmc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 103 Issue 3 Start Page 502 Other Pages 508 Notes LR: 20150421; GR: C312/A3726/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; GR: P50 CA111236/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 CA111236/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA 100362/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA100362/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JI Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0965-2140; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 18269370 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02113.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18269370 Abstract Aim To examine the association of socio-economic position (education, income and employment status) with cigarette consumption, intention to quit and self-efficacy to quit among male smokers in Thailand and Malaysia. Design and setting The data were based on a survey of adult smokers conducted in early 2005 in Thailand and Malaysia as part of the International Tobacco Control-South-East Asia (ITC-SEA) project. Participants A total of 1846 men in Thailand and 1906 men in Malaysia. Measurement Participants were asked questions on daily cigarette consumption, intention to quit and self-efficacy to quit in face-to-face interviews. Findings Analyses were based on multivariate regression models that adjusted for all three socio-economic indicators. In Thailand, higher level of education was associated strongly with not having self-efficacy, associated weakly with having an intention to quit and was not associated with cigarette consumption. Higher income was associated strongly with having self-efficacy, associated weakly with high cigarette consumption and was not associated with having an intention to quit. Being employed was associated strongly with having an intention to quit and was not associated with cigarette consumption or self-efficacy. In Malaysia, higher level of education was not associated with any of the outcomes. Higher income was associated strongly with having self-efficacy, and was not associated with the other outcomes. Being employed was associated moderately with higher cigarette consumption and was not associated with the other outcomes. Conclusion Socio-economic and cultural conditions, as well as tobacco control policies and tobacco industry activities, shape the determinants of smoking behaviour and beliefs. Existing knowledge from high-income countries about disparities in smoking should not be generalized readily to other countries. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Health Surveys, Humans, Intention, Malaysia/epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Self Efficacy, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Smoking Cessation/psychology, Socioeconomic Factors, Thailand/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Siahpush,M., Borland,R., Yong,H. H., Kin,F., Sirirassamee,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of exercise therapy on lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes	2008	Department of Medicine, University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica. lorenzogordon@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC complementary and alternative medicine Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Complement.Altern.Med. Pub Date Free Form 13-May Volume 8 Issue Start Page 21 Other Pages 8/21/6882 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101088661; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Cholesterol, HDL); 0 (Cholesterol, LDL); 0 (Cholesterol, VLDL); 0 (Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated); 0 (Lipids); 0 (Triglycerides); 4Y8F71G49Q (Malondialdehyde); EC 1.11.1.9 (Glutathione Peroxidase); EC 1.15.1.1 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1472-6882; 1472-6882 Accession Number PMID: 18477407 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1472-6882-8-21 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18477407 Abstract BACKGROUND: Yoga has been shown to be a simple and economical therapeutic modality that may be considered as a beneficial adjuvant for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the impact of Hatha yoga and conventional physical training (PT) exercise regimens on biochemical, oxidative stress indicators and oxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This prospective randomized study consisted of 77 type 2 diabetic patients in the Hatha yoga exercise group that were matched with a similar number of type 2 diabetic patients in the conventional PT exercise and control groups. Biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined at baseline and at two consecutive three monthly intervals. The oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde - MDA, protein oxidation - POX, phospholipase A2 - PLA2 activity) and oxidative status [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities] were measured. RESULTS: The concentrations of FBG in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups after six months decreased by 29.48% and 27.43% respectively (P < 0.0001) and there was a significant reduction in serum TC in both groups (P < 0.0001). The concentrations of VLDL in the managed groups after six months differed significantly from baseline values (P = 0.036). Lipid peroxidation as indicated by MDA significantly decreased by 19.9% and 18.1% in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively (P < 0.0001); whilst the activity of SOD significantly increased by 24.08% and 20.18% respectively (P = 0.031). There was no significant difference in the baseline and 6 months activities of PLA2 and catalase after six months although the latter increased by 13.68% and 13.19% in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively (P = 0.144). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrate the efficacy of Hatha yoga exercise on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes and suggest that Hatha yoga exercise and conventional PT exercise may have therapeutic preventative and protective effects on diabetes mellitus by decreasing oxidative stress and improving antioxidant status. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12608000217303. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Biomarkers/blood, Cholesterol, HDL/blood, Cholesterol, LDL/blood, Cholesterol, VLDL/blood, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/therapy, Exercise Therapy/methods, Female, Glutathione Peroxidase/blood, Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/analysis, Humans, Lipid Peroxidation, Lipids/blood, Male, Malondialdehyde/blood, Middle Aged, Oxidative Stress, Prospective Studies, Superoxide Dismutase/blood, Treatment Outcome, Triglycerides/blood, Yoga Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gordon,L. A., Morrison,E. Y., McGrowder,D. A., Young,R., Fraser,Y. T., Zamora,E. M., Alexander-Lindo,R. L., Irving,R. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080513 PMCID PMC2390515 Editors
Italy and Austria before and after study: second-hand smoke exposure in hospitality premises before and after 2 years from the introduction of the Italian smoking ban	2008	Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Unit, Center for Study and Prevention of Cancer (CSPO), Florence, Italy. g.gorini@cspo.it	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indoor air Periodical, Abbrev. Indoor Air Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 18 Issue 4 Start Page 328 Other Pages 334 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9423515; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2008/04/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 1600-0668; 0905-6947 Accession Number PMID: 18429994 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00534.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18429994 Abstract The aim of this paper was to compare nicotine concentration in 28 hospitality premises (HPs) in Florence and Belluno, Italy, where a smoking ban was introduced in 2005, and in 19 HPs in Vienna, Austria, where no anti-smoking law entered into force up to now. Airborne nicotine concentrations were measured in the same HPs in winter 2002 or 2004 (pre-ban measurements) and winter 2007 (post-ban measurements). In Florence and Belluno, medians decreased significantly (P < 0.001) from 8.86 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.41-45.07)] before the ban to 0.01 microg/m3 (IQR: 0.01-0.41) afterwards. In Austria (no smoking ban) the medians collected in winters 2004 and 2007 were, respectively, 11.00 (IQR: 2.53-30.38) and 15.76 microg/m3 (IQR: 2.22-31.93), with no significant differences. Measurements collected in winter 2007 in 28 HPs located in Naples, Turin, Milan (0.01 microg/m3; IQR: 0.01-0.16) confirmed post-ban results in Florence and Belluno. The medians of nicotine concentrations in Italy and Austria before the Italian ban translates, using the risk model of Repace and Lowery, into a lifetime excess lung cancer mortality risk for hospitality workers of 11.81 and 14.67 per 10,000, respectively. Lifetime excess lung cancer mortality risks for bar and disco-pub workers were 10-20 times higher than that calculated for restaurant workers, both in Italy and Austria. In winter 2007, it dropped to 0.01 per 10,000 in Italy, whereas in Austria it remained at the same levels. The drop of second-hand smoke exposure indicates a substantial improvement in air quality in Italian HPs even after 2 years from the ban. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The nation-wide smoking ban introduced in Italy on January 10, 2005, resulted in a drop in second-hand smoke exposure in hospitality premises, whereas in Austria, where there is no similar nation-wide smoking ban, the exposure to second-hand smoke in hospitality premises remains high. Given that second-hand smoke is considered a group 1 carcinogen according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control strongly recommends the implementation of nation-wide smoke-free policies in order to improve the indoor air quality of hospitality premises and workplaces. Results from our study strongly supports this recommendation. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Austria, Humans, Italy, Nicotine/analysis, Restaurants, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gorini,G., Moshammer,H., Sbrogio,L., Gasparrini,A., Nebot,M., Neuberger,M., Tamang,E., Lopez,M. J., Galeone,D., Serrahima,E., Italy & Austria Before and After Study Working Group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080421 PMCID Editors
Legionella species colonization of water distribution systems, pools and air conditioning systems in cruise ships and ferries	2008	Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece. goutzianag@med.uth.gr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 24-Nov Volume 8 Issue Start Page 390 Other Pages 2458-8-390 Notes LR: 20140902; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC2605755; 2008/06/10 [received]; 2008/11/24 [accepted]; 2008/11/24 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 19025638 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-8-390 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19025638 Abstract BACKGROUND: Legionnaires' disease continues to be a public health concern in passenger ships. This study was scheduled in order to investigate Legionella spp. colonization of water distribution systems (WDS), recreational pools, and air-conditioning systems on board ferries and cruise ships in an attempt to identify risk factors for Legionella spp. colonization associated with ship water systems and water characteristics. METHODS: Water systems of 21 ferries and 10 cruise ships including WDS, air conditioning systems and pools were investigated for the presence of Legionella spp. RESULTS: The 133 samples collected from the 10 cruise ships WDS, air conditioning systems and pools were negative for Legionella spp. Of the 21 ferries WDS examined, 14 (66.7%) were legionellae-positive. A total of 276 samples were collected from WDS and air conditioning systems. Legionella spp. was isolated from 37.8% of the hot water samples and 17.5% of the cold water samples. Of the total 96 positive isolates, 87 (90.6%) were L. pneumophila. Legionella spp. colonization was positively associated with ship age. The temperature of the hot water samples was negatively associated with colonization of L. pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 and that of L. pneumophila sg 2 to 14. Increases in pH >/=7.8 and total plate count > or =400 CFU/L, correlated positively with the counts of L. pneumophila sg 2 to 14 and Legionella spp. respectively. Free chlorine of > or =0.2 mg/L inhibited colonization of Legionella spp. CONCLUSION: WDS of ferries can be heavily colonized by Legionella spp. and may present a risk of Legionnaires' disease for passengers and crew members. Guidelines and advising of Legionnaires' disease prevention regarding ferries are needed, in particular for operators and crew members. Descriptors Air Conditioning, Colony Count, Microbial, Environmental Monitoring, Legionella/classification/isolation & purification, Leisure Activities, Ships, Swimming Pools, Water Microbiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Goutziana,G., Mouchtouri,V. A., Karanika,M., Kavagias,A., Stathakis,N. E., Gourgoulianis,K., Kremastinou,J., Hadjichristodoulou,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20081124 PMCID PMC2605755 Editors
Reliability of internet- versus telephone-administered questionnaires in a diverse sample of smokers	2008	Georgetown University Medical Center / Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3300 Whitehaven St, NW, Milton Harris Bldg, Suite 4100, Washington, DC 20007, USA. alg45@georgetown.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of medical Internet research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Med.Internet Res. Pub Date Free Form 26-Mar Volume 10 Issue 1 Start Page e8 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00282009; GR: R01 CA104836/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA104836-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 100959882; OID: NLM: PMC2483847; 2007/10/28 [received]; 2008/02/20 [accepted]; 2008/02/07 [revised]; epubli Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1438-8871; 1438-8871 Accession Number PMID: 18364345 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; IM DOI 10.2196/jmir.987 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18364345 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking is more prevalent among lower-income individuals and certain racial/ethnic minorities. Addressing tobacco cessation among diverse populations is an urgent public health priority. As Internet use continues to rise among all segments of the US population, Web-based interventions have enormous potential to reach priority populations. Conducting Web-based smoking cessation research in priority populations requires psychometrically sound measurement instruments. To date, only one published study has examined the psychometric properties of Internet-administered measures commonly used in Web-based cessation trials. However, the sample was homogeneous with regard to race/ethnicity and income. We sought to replicate and extend these findings in a more diverse sample of smokers. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of measures commonly used in smoking cessation clinical trials among racial/ethnic minorities and smokers with lower income. METHODS: Participants were enrolled in a randomized trial of the efficacy of an Internet smoking cessation program between June 2005 and September 2006. Following a baseline telephone assessment and randomization into the parent trial, participants were recruited to the reliability substudy. In phase I of recruitment, all participants in the parent trial were recruited to the substudy; in phase II, all consecutive racial/ethnic minority participants in the parent trial were recruited. Race and ethnicity were assessed via self-report using two standard items from the US Office of Management and Budget. An email was sent 2 days after the telephone assessment with a link to the Internet survey. Measures examined were quit methods, perceived stress, depression, social support, smoking temptations, alcohol use, perceived health status, and income. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of Internet- versus telephone-administered measures were examined within four strata defined by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, racial/ethnic minority) and annual household income (US $40,000 or less, more than $40,000). RESULTS: Of the 442 individuals invited, 319 participated (72% response rate): 52.4% were non-Hispanic White, 22.9% Black, 11.6% Hispanic, 7.8% Asian, 4.4% American Indian / Alaska Native, and 1% Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander. About half (49.4%) reported an annual household income of US $40,000 or less, and 25.7% had a high school degree or less. Test-retest reliability was satisfactory to excellent across all strata for the majority of measures examined: 9 of 12 continuous variables had intraclass correlation coefficients > or = 0.70, and 10 of 18 binary variables and both ordinal variables had kappa coefficients > or = 0.70. Test-retest reliability of several quit methods varied across strata. CONCLUSIONS: Race/ethnicity and income do not affect the psychometric properties of most Internet-administered measures examined. This knowledge adds to the confidence of conducting Web-based smoking cessation research and strengthens the scientific rigor of collecting information via the Internet on racial/ethnic minority and low-income subgroups. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov NCT00282009 (parent trial). Descriptors Adult, Confidence Intervals, Female, Health Behavior/ethnology, Humans, Internet/utilization, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Education as Topic/methods, Patient Participation/statistics & numerical data, Poverty, Psychometrics, Referral and Consultation/statistics & numerical data, Reproducibility of Results, Smoking/ethnology, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/methods, Surveys and Questionnaires, Telephone/utilization, Tobacco Use Disorder/ethnology/rehabilitation, Treatment Outcome, United States/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Graham,A. L., Papandonatos,G. D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080326 PMCID PMC2483847 Editors
Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) for smokeless tobacco users: clinical evaluation methodology	2008	Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0205, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 10 Issue 9 Start Page 1441 Other Pages 1448 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA103827-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Carcinogens); 0 (Nitrosamines); 64091-91-4 (4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamin Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 19023835 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200802323258 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19023835 Abstract Several potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) for smokeless tobacco (SLT) users are marketed in the United States, though their effects are largely unknown. These products include some that are low in tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNs), like Stonewall, a pressed tobacco tablet, and General snus, a moist snuff product produced in Sweden. Methodology assessing the toxicant exposure and effects of cigarette-like PREPs for smokers has been developed, and might be modified for use in evaluating PREPs for SLT users. This report describes two studies examining the toxicant exposure and effects of two PREPs for SLT users. Study 1 (n = 13) consisted of four 4.5-hr laboratory sessions where SLT products (own brand, Stonewall, General snus, and tobacco-free placebo) were used for four 30-min episodes and nicotine exposure and tobacco/nicotine abstinence symptoms were measured. Study 2 (n = 19) consisted of four 5-day ad libitum use periods when participants used own brand, Stonewall, General snus, or no SLT and urinary levels of metabolites of nicotine (cotinine) and the TSN 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNAL) and abstinence symptoms were measured. Compared with own brand, Stonewall was associated with lower levels of cotinine and NNAL, while General snus was associated with similar levels of cotinine and lower levels of NNAL. Abstinence symptoms generally did not differ across tobacco conditions. These results show that clinical laboratory methods can be used to evaluate the toxicant exposure and abstinence symptom suppression associated with PREPs for SLT users. Descriptors Adult, Biomarkers/blood/urine, Carbon Monoxide/metabolism, Carcinogens/analysis, Cotinine/blood/urine, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Harm Reduction, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine/analysis, Nitrosamines/blood/urine, Tobacco Use Cessation/methods, Tobacco, Smokeless/metabolism Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gray,J. N., Breland,A. B., Weaver,M., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3212707 Editors

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