WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Prevalence of smoking and other smoking related behaviors reported by the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in four Peruvian cities	2008	Centro de informacion y educacion para la prevencion del abuso de drogas (Cedro), Av. Roca y Bolona 271, Lima, Peru. azavale@terra.com.pe	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 15-Dec Volume 8 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page S2 Other Pages 2458-8-S1-S2 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100968562; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC2604866; 2008/12/15 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 19091045 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-8-S1-S2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19091045 Abstract INTRODUCTION: In 2004, Peru ratified the Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and in 2006 passed Law 28705 for tobacco consumption and exposure reduction. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) provides data on youth tobacco use for development of tobacco control programs. Findings from the GYTS conducted in four main cities in Peru in 2000 and 2003 are reported in this paper and can be used to monitor provisions of the WHO FCTC. METHODS: The GYTS is a school-based survey that uses a standardized methodology for sampling, questionnaire construction, field procedures, and data management. In total, 5,332 and 7,824 students aged 13 to 15 years participated in the 2000 and 2003 surveys conducted in Huancayo, Lima, Tarapoto and Trujillo. RESULTS: In both years, Lima had the highest lifetime (54.6% and 59.6%) and current use of tobacco (18.6% and 19.2%) of the four cities. According to gender, boys smoked more than girls and less than 20% of students initiated smoking before the age of 10. Among smokers, more than 60% bought their cigarettes in a store with no restriction for their age, and approximately 12% had ever been offered "free cigarettes". Around 90% of students were in favor of banning smoking in public places. Changes between 2000 and 2003 included an increase in the percentage of smokers who wanted to have a cigarette first thing in the morning in Tarapoto (from 0% to 1.2%) and a decrease in exposure to tobacco at home in Huancayo (from 23.7% to 17.8%) and Trujillo (from 27.8% to 19.8%) CONCLUSION: While few changes in tobacco use among youth have been observed in the GYTS in Peru, the data in this report can be used as baseline measures for future evaluation efforts. At this time, tobacco control efforts in Peru need to focus on enhancing Law 28705 to include enforcement of existing provisions and inclusion of new laws and regulations. Most of these provisions are required of all countries, such as Peru, that have ratified the WHO FCTC. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Humans, National Health Programs, Peru/epidemiology, Population Surveillance, Prevalence, Public Health Informatics, Public Policy, Risk-Taking, School Health Services/statistics & numerical data, Smoking/epidemiology/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Industry, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/prevention & control, Urban Health/statistics & numerical data, World Health Organization Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zavaleta,A., Salas,M., Peruga,A., Hallal,A. L., Warren,C. W., Jones,N. R., Asma,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20081215 PMCID PMC2604866 Editors
Community smoking behavior in Changqiao, Shanghai	2008	School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health / Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Asia.Pac.J.Public.Health. Pub Date Free Form Volume 20 Issue 2 Start Page 94 Other Pages 101 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8708538; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 1941-2479; 1010-5395 Accession Number PMID: 19124303 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1177/1010539507311182 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19124303 Abstract China has observed increasing tobacco use in the past decade. Only a few studies describing smoking behavior were reported at the community level in China. The present research aimed to obtain baseline data on tobacco use and factors that influence smoking behaviors in a local community in Shanghai, China. A total of 2100 residents in Changqiao, Shanghai, between ages 13 and 84 years were surveyed using a multistage proportional random sampling design. On the basis of that, a subsampling was conducted, and 1500 residents were randomly selected to avoid a cluster effect. There were 28.3% ever smokers (53.3% for men and 2.3% for women) and 23.5% current smokers (44.2% for men and 1.9% for women). Men ages 40 to 49 years smoked the most (more than 17 cigarettes per day on average). Age, education, and marital status were significant predictors of current smoking among men. Only 13.4% of current smokers were willing to quit. The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure was 30.4% among nonsmokers. Smoking and secondhand smoking are serious problems in Changqiao, Shanghai. Comprehensive and intensive interventions should be implemented to motivate quitting and reduce secondhand smoke exposure. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, China/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Prevalence, Residence Characteristics, Sex Distribution, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Social Behavior, Socioeconomic Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zheng,P., Fu,Y., Lu,Y., Ji,M., Hovell,M. F., Fu,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Home exposures to environmental tobacco smoke and allergic symptoms among young children in Singapore	2008	Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. bdgzms@nus.edu.sg	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International archives of allergy and immunology Periodical, Abbrev. Int.Arch.Allergy Immunol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 146 Issue 1 Start Page 57 Other Pages 65 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright 2007; JID: 9211652; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2007/04/11 [received]; 2007/09/05 [accepted]; 2007/12/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Switzerland ISSN/ISBN 1423-0097; 1018-2438 Accession Number PMID: 18087162 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 000112503 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18087162 Abstract BACKGROUND: Research relating environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposures have focused on childhood asthma. There have been fewer studies with conflicting results performed on associations of ETS exposures with allergic symptoms. We are interested to see if ETS exposures in the homes are associated with allergic symptoms among preschool children in Singapore where public smoking is banned. METHODS: A cross-sectional study adopting an expanded and modified ISAAC (International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) questionnaire for the evaluation of asthma and allergies was conducted on 6,794 children attending 120 randomly selected child care centers. Specific information on demographics and ETS exposures was obtained. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined using Poisson multivariate regression with a log-link function and robust variance estimates as recommended for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: The response proportion was 70.0%, and 4,759 children from 97 centers participated. After adjusting for covariates, it was found that home ETS exposure was associated with increased risks of current symptoms of rhinitis (PR 1.23; 95% CI 1.01-1.50) and rhinoconjunctivitis (PR 1.79; 95% CI 1.26-2.54). These associations followed dose-response trends with respect to number of cigarettes smoked or smokers in the homes. Home ETS exposures were also associated with higher PRs of wheeze, nocturnal cough and doctor-diagnosed asthma. Compared with paternal smoking, higher risks of the above outcomes were found for maternal smoking. CONCLUSION: Home ETS exposure is a risk factor associated with rhinitis and asthma among preschool children. Descriptors Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure/adverse effects, Female, Humans, Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/immunology, Infant, Male, Prevalence, Singapore/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher S. Karger AG, Basel Data Source Authors Zuraimi,M. S., Tham,K. W., Chew,F. T., Ooi,P. L., David,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20071214 PMCID Editors
Cigarette and waterpipe smoking among adolescents in Estonia: HBSC survey results, 1994-2006	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 8 Issue Start Page 392 Other Pages 392 Notes ID: 19032756 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking is a major single cause of preventable morbidity and premature mortality. Tobacco use among adolescents is a significant public health problem as smoking behaviour is undeniably established in adolescence. While cigarette smoking among adolescents has been a significant public health problem for years, waterpipe smoking is considered to be a new global public health threat. The objectives of this study were to describe trends of cigarette smoking and the prevalence of waterpipe smoking and to study the association between cigarette and waterpipe smoking among adolescents in Estonia. METHODS: This study was based on a four-yearly HBSC survey of health behaviour among school-aged children conducted in 1994-2006 in Estonia. It was a school-based survey of a nationally representative sample using standardized methodology. The target group of the survey were 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old schoolchildren (N = 13826), 6656 boys and 7170 girls. Cigarette and waterpipe smoking was determined on a 4-stage scale: every day, at least once a week, less than once a week, not smoking. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine gender- and age-specific smoking trends and to study the association between cigarette and waterpipe smoking. RESULTS: Prevalence of smoking was higher among boys than girls in all age groups during the whole study period. The prevalence of cigarette smoking increased in 1994-2002 and then slightly decreased in both genders. The increase in smoking was larger among girls. Among girls, daily smoking increased during the whole study period. Among 15-year-old schoolchildren one-third of the boys and one quarter of the girls were cigarette smokers, 21% of the boys and 12% of the girls were daily smokers in 2006. One fourth of the boys and one sixth of the girls were waterpipe smokers. A logistic regression analysis revealed a strong association between cigarette and waterpipe smoking among schoolchildren. CONCLUSION: The results of this study can significantly enhance the capacity to develop and implement tobacco prevention and control programmes among the youth in Estonia. Descriptors Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Estonia/epidemiology, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613150/?tool=pubmed; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-392 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors PÃ¤rna,Kersti, Usin,Janika, Ringmets,Inge Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Six-minute walk test in obstructive sleep apnoea	2008	Zaklad Diagnostyki i Leczenia Niewydolnosci Oddychania Instytutu Gruzlicy i Chorob Pluc w Warszawie, Poland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pneumonologia i alergologia polska Periodical, Abbrev. Pneumonol.Alergol.Pol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 76 Issue 2 Start Page 75 Other Pages 82 Notes LR: 20120620; JID: 9302892; ppublish Place of Publication Poland ISSN/ISBN 0867-7077; 0867-7077 Accession Number PMID: 18464221 Language pol SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18464221 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess results of 6MWT in non-selected group of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients. In healthy adult subjects 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) range from 400 to 700 m. Obesity, the main symptom of OSA, is one of the factors associated with reduction of 6MWD (another common factors: older age, shorter height, female sex, pulmonary, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects completed sleep questionnaire and Epworth sleepiness scale before sleep studies (full polysomnography [PSG] or PolyMesam study [PM]). Consecutive OSA subjects (AHI/RDI >10, Epworth score > 9 points) were evaluated. The 6MWT, chest X-ray, spirometry, arterial blood gases, ECG, blood morphology and biochemistry were performed during trial treatment with autoCPAP. RESULTS: We studied 151 subjects (119 males - 78.8% and 32 females - 21.2%), mean age 53.4 +/- 10.5 years. Subjects were obese - BMI = 35.7 +/- 6.2 kg/m(2) and presented severe OSA - AHI/RDI = 42.4 +/- 23.2. To assess relations between 6MWD and AHI/RDI, BMI, age and concomitant diseases we divided subjects in two groups: 1(st) with 6MWD > or = lower limit of normal (LLN) (123 pts; 81.5%) and 2(nd) with 6MWD < LLN (28 pts; 18.5%). Significant differences between groups were found for BMI, FVC (% of predicted) and Borg dyspnea scale before and after 6MWT. In multiple linear regression analysis we found significant correlation between 6MWD and BMI (beta = 0.41, p < 0.0001) and arterial hypertension (beta = -0.16, p = 0.04). Females had significantly shorter 6MWD than males (401.1 +/- 83.6 m and 451.8 +/- 107 m, respectively; p = 0.01). Difference was significant after adjustment for BMI and age (analysis of covariance) - R = 0.61, R2 = 0.38 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: BMI, female sex, arterial hypertension and lower FVC (% of predicted) were related to shorter 6-minute walking distance in OSA patients. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Body Height, Body Mass Index, Body Weight, Exercise Test/methods, Exercise Tolerance, Female, Humans, Hypertension/complications, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity/complications, Poland, Predictive Value of Tests, Regression Analysis, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/etiology/physiopathology, Spirometry, Walking Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Plywaczewski,R., Stoklosa,A., Bielen,P., Bednarek,M., Czerniawska,J., Jonczak,L., Gorecka,D., Sliwinski,P. Original/Translated Title Test 6-minutowego chodu u chorych na obturacyjny bezdech senny URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Blood platelet count and bubble formation after a dive to 30 msw for 30 min	2008	Departement des facteurs humains, Centre de Recherches du Service de Sante des Armees, La Tronche, France. jm.pontier@free.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 79 Issue 12 Start Page 1096 Other Pages 1099 Notes JID: 7501714; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 19070304 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19070304 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Previous human studies reported that platelet count (PC) is decreased following decompression. Platelet aggregation and adherence to the bubble surface has been demonstrated in severe decompression sickness (DCS). The present study was designed to clarify the relationship between post-dive changes in blood PC and the level of bubble formation in divers. METHODS: There were 40 healthy experienced divers who were assigned to 1 experimental group (N = 30) with an open-sea air dive to 30 msw for 30 min in field conditions and 1 control group (N = 10) without hyperbaric exposure. Bubble grades were monitored with a pulsed Doppler according to the Spencer scale and Kissman integrated severity score (KISS). Blood samples for red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and PC were taken 1 h before and after exposure in two groups. RESULTS: None of the divers developed any signs of DCS. In two groups, the results showed significant increase in RBC count and Hct related with hemoconcentration and no change in PC. Divers with a high KISS score (39 +/- 5.8; mean +/- SD) presented a significantly more pronounced percent fall in PC than divers with a lower KISS score. We found a significant correlation between the percent fall in PC after a dive and the bubble KISS score. DISCUSSION: The present study highlighted a relationship between the post-dive decrease in PC and the magnitude of bubble level after decompression. Our primary result is that the post-dive decrease in PC could be a predictor of decompression severity after diving. Descriptors Adult, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/blood/etiology, Diving/adverse effects, Embolism, Air/blood/etiology, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Platelet Aggregation, Platelet Count, Pressure, Prospective Studies, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pontier,J. M., Jimenez,C., Blatteau,J. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Alternative forms of tobacco use	2008	University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium. jacques.prignot@uclouvain.be	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 12 Issue 7 Start Page 718 Other Pages 727 Notes JID: 9706389; ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1027-3719; 1027-3719 Accession Number PMID: 18544194 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18544194 Abstract BACKGROUND: A review of the available scientific literature concerning forms of tobacco use other than regular cigarettes, cigars and pipes, the nature of such products, prevalence data and trends, health effects, regulatory issues and preventive measures. RESULTS: Narghile (water pipe), bidis, kreteks and other forms of oral tobacco are traditionally used in many low-income countries, and some of these are currently spreading to the Western countries. They are all linked to negative effects similar to, and often greater than, those associated with common cigarette smoking. Various potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs), including snus, targeted at smokers aware of the health risks of regular cigarettes, have recently been developed by the tobacco industry. Their pathogenic potential varies widely and is not fully known; it is in any case greater than that of pure nicotine forms (such as medicinal nicotine). Their use as cigarette substitutes should not be considered even by inveterate smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit nicotine before further independent evaluation and control. CONCLUSIONS: There is no such thing as a safe tobacco product. Like cigarettes, alternative forms of tobacco use need regulatory measures that are adapted to local situations and supplemented by preventive measures within the World Health Organization's Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Prignot,J. J., Sasco,A. J., Poulet,E., Gupta,P. C., Aditama,T. Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among U.S. university students	2008	Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. bprimack@pitt.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Annals of Behavioral Medicine : A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Ann.Behav.Med. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 36 Issue 1 Start Page 81 Other Pages 86 Notes LR: 20150129; GR: K07 CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA114315-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07-CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-DA11082/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1532-4796; 0883-6612 Accession Number PMID: 18719977 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s12160-008-9047-6 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18719977 Abstract BACKGROUND: Although waterpipe tobacco smoking seems to be increasing on U.S. university campuses, these data have come from convenience samples. PURPOSE: We aimed to determine the prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among a random sample of students. METHODS: We surveyed a random sample of graduate and undergraduate students at a large, urban university. We used multivariate modeling to determine independent associations between belief-related predictors and waterpipe tobacco smoking. RESULTS: Of the 647 respondents, waterpipe smoking was reported in 40.5%, over the past year in 30.6%, and over the past 30 days in 9.5%. Over half of the sample (52.1%) perceived that tobacco smoking from a waterpipe was less addictive than cigarette smoking. In fully adjusted multivariate models, 1-year waterpipe smoking was associated with low perceived harm (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.68, 3.83), low perceived addictiveness (OR = 4.64, 95% CI = 3.03, 7.10), perception of high social acceptability (OR = 20.00, 95% CI = 6.03, 66.30), and high perception of popularity (OR = 4.72, 95% CI = 2.85, 7.82). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, lifetime waterpipe use was as common as lifetime cigarette use. Perception of harm, perception of addictiveness, social acceptability, and popularity were all strongly related to waterpipe smoking. Descriptors Administration, Inhalation, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Filtration/instrumentation, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Models, Statistical, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Smoking/psychology, Social Perception, Students, Tobacco, Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology, Universities, Water, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Primack,B. A., Sidani,J., Agarwal,A. A., Shadel,W. G., Donny,E. C., Eissenberg,T. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080822 PMCID PMC3004534 Editors
Exploring use of nontraditional tobacco products through focus groups with young adult smokers, 2002	2008	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop K-50, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA. prichter@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventing chronic disease Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Chronic Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page A87 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160317; JID: 101205018; OID: NLM: PMC2483554; 2008/06/15 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-1151; 1545-1151 Accession Number PMID: 18558037 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI A87 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18558037 Abstract INTRODUCTION: In 2002, 16 focus groups with young adult smokers who used or had tried nontraditional tobacco products (e.g., bidis, shisha, herbal cigarettes, kreteks, cigars, herbal smokeless products) were conducted in Dallas, Texas, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, to gain an understanding of the appeal of these products. METHODS: In each city, groups were segmented by race or ethnicity and by educational status. RESULTS: Many consistent themes emerged across the groups. Nontraditional tobacco use is not common among young adult smokers. Although some products such as Black & Mild and Swisher Sweets cigars are used frequently by some groups, other products such as shisha, kreteks, and herbal cigarettes are less well known and infrequently used. Among focus group participants, use of nontraditional tobacco products tends to occur in clubs, during social gatherings, or at times when cigarettes are unavailable. More college students than those who were not in college cited cost and inconvenience of purchasing nontraditional tobacco products as reasons for not using them. All focus group participants agreed that African Americans use cigars more than any other racial or ethnic group. CONCLUSION: Overall, findings suggest that the reasons for trying nontraditional tobacco products did not differ by race or ethnicity. Family members and peers were mentioned as the source of nontraditional tobacco products when first used. Cost, convenience, taste, smell, and strength were given as reasons both for using these products and for discontinuing their use. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Female, Focus Groups, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking Cessation, Students, Tennessee/epidemiology, Texas/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Richter,P., Caraballo,R., Pederson,L. L., Gupta,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080615 PMCID PMC2483554 Editors
Cigarette smoking and alveolar bone in young adults: a study using digitized radiographs	2008	Department of Research, Graduate School Foundation, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina. gmrosa@gigared.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 79 Issue 2 Start Page 232 Other Pages 244 Notes JID: 8000345; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0022-3492; 0022-3492 Accession Number PMID: 18251656 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI 10.1902/jop.2008.060522 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18251656 Abstract BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that cigarette smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for periodontal diseases; however, there have been few radiographic prospective studies of alveolar bone in young populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on alveolar bone in young adults. METHODS: Eighty-one dental students (mean age: 20.5 years), considered not to have periodontitis according to clinical criteria, participated in this study. Forty-two subjects were smokers (mean consumption was 14.1 cigarettes/day for > or =2 years), and 39 subjects had never smoked. A parallel-arm prospective design was used. All subjects took part in a dental hygiene program (DHP) that included oral hygiene instructions, mechanical debridement, and polishing. The following clinical variables were measured before and after the DHP: plaque index (PI), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) flow rate, gingival index (GI), probing depth, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Standardized posterior vertical bitewing radiographs were taken and digitized preexperimentally and on days 180, 365, and 545. The following analyses were performed: bone height measurement (BHM), computer-assisted densitometric image analysis (CADIA), and qualitative analysis of digital subtraction radiography (DSR). Repeated-measures multiple-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed between the groups, and one-way ANOVA was performed within the groups. RESULTS: The mean PI and GI were significantly greater in the smokers (P <0.01). The mean GCF flow rate was significantly lower in the smokers (P <0.01). CAL and the number of sites with recession were significantly greater in the smokers (P <0.001). The BHM indicated a significantly lower mean alveolar bone height in the smokers (P <0.01). The smokers showed significantly lower CADIA values, which indicated a lower bone density on days 0 (P <0.05), 180, 365, and 545 (P <0.01). CADIA values decreased during the study in the smokers, with significant differences on day 545 (P <0.05). The smokers had a significantly higher mean percentage of sites that had decreased density, as assessed by DSR (P <0.001). In the smokers, the mean percentage of sites with decreased density, as assessed by DSR, had increased significantly by days 365 (P <0.05) and 545 (P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking produces an adverse effect on clinical periodontal variables and alveolar bone height and density, acting as a potential risk factor for alveolar bone loss, even at an early age with low tobacco consumption. It is very important to inform young smokers about the risk of this habit in relation to periodontal health. Descriptors Absorptiometry, Photon, Adolescent, Adult, Alveolar Bone Loss/etiology/radiography, Analysis of Variance, Bone Density, Case-Control Studies, Dental Plaque Index, Female, Humans, Male, Oral Hygiene/education, Periodontal Index, Prospective Studies, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Radiography, Bitewing, Radiography, Dental, Digital, Risk Factors, Smoking/adverse effects, Subtraction Technique Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rosa,G. M., Lucas,G. Q., Lucas,O. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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