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Assessing the Effect of Waterpipe Smoking on Cancer Outcome - a Systematic Review of Current Evidence 2017 College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah 84095, United States. Email:kamranhabibawan@gmail.com
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Print(0)
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Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP
Periodical, Abbrev.
Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev.
Pub Date Free Form
1-Feb
Volume
18
Issue
2
Start Page
495
Other Pages
502
Notes
LR: 20181113; CI: Creative Commons Attribution License; JID: 101130625; OTO: NOTNLM; 2017/03/28 06:00 [pubmed]; 2017/03/28 06:00 [medline]; 2017/03/28 06:00 [entrez]; epublish
Place of Publication
Thailand
ISSN/ISBN
2476-762X; 1513-7368
Accession Number
PMID: 28345836
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article
DOI
10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.2.495 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
28345836
Abstract
Background: Waterpipe smoking (WPS) is widely believed to be a safe and hazard-free tobacco habit. However, a number of studies have indicated that exposure to several toxicants and carcinogens through WPS is strongly related to serious health hazards. The current paper presents a narrative review on the effects of WPS on cancer outcome. Methods: The addressed focused question was "Is there an association between waterpipe smoking and cancer outcome?" PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science and the Cochrane databases were searched until June 2015 using the key words "Waterpipe", "Hookah", "Narghileh", "Shisha", "Hubbly Bubbly" "cancer" in various combinations. Letters to the Editor, review articles, case-reports and unpublished articles were excluded. Results: A total of 16 studies were included: six on lung cancer, three on oesophageal cancer, two on gastric cancer, two on bladder cancer, and one each on nasopharyngeal, pancreatic and prostate cancers. Our search did not yield any study that evaluated the risk of oral cancer in WPS users. The available evidence showed a significant association of WPS with lung cancer (UOR 6.0, 95% CI 1.78-20.26); however, no association was observed with bladder, nasopharyngeal, pancreatic and prostate cancers. Gastric (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-7.1) and oesophageal cancers (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.41-2.44) were observed to have weak associations with WPS. Conclusion: Regardless of the limitations, there is sufficient evidence to suggest associations of WPS with cancer, particularly in the lung. Future well-designed studies are required to identify and quantify with confidence all the health effects of this form of smoking.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Awan,K.H., Siddiqi,K., Patil,Sh, Hussain,Q.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20170201
PMCID
PMC5454749
Editors
Cigarette and waterpipe smoking among adult patients with severe and persistent mental illness in Bahrain: a comparison with the National Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Survey 2016 College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, P.O. Box 26671, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain. randah@agu.edu.bh.; College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, P.O. Box 26671, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain. aansari@healt
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
BMC research notes
Periodical, Abbrev.
BMC Res.Notes
Pub Date Free Form
9-Feb
Volume
9
Issue
Start Page
77
Other Pages
016-1894-9
Notes
LR: 20160212; JID: 101462768; OID: NLM: PMC4748568; 2015/10/22 [received]; 2016/01/29 [accepted]; 2016/02/09 [aheadofprint]; epublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1756-0500; 1756-0500
Accession Number
PMID: 26861042
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1186/s13104-016-1894-9 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26861042
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Smoking has been associated with several types of mental illness namely schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorders with a prevalence of smoking twice that of the general population. The study objective was to ascertain whether waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS), cigarette smoking and all types of tobacco smoking are more common among Bahraini patients with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) than the general population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 222 adult SPMI both in- and out- patients who attended the Psychiatric Hospital in Bahrain. A 29-item questionnaire, which included sociodemographic variables, pattern and history of psychiatric illness and a comprehensive smoking history, was used. Comparative smoking data were obtained from the Bahraini National Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Survey. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking of tobacco among SPMI patients was 30.2 % compared to 19.9 % in the general population. The corresponding values for cigarette smoking were 25.2, 13.8 %, respectively and for WTS, 11.3, 8.4 %, respectively. SPMI patients were 1.7 (95 % CI 1.3, 2.4 %) times more likely to be smokers, 2.1 (95 % CI 1.5, 2.9 %) times, cigarette smokers and 1.4 (95 % CI 0.9, 1.9 %) times WTS than the general population. SPMI patients smoked at a younger age and consumed more cigarettes than the general population. The mean age started smoking was lower among men than women, similar for cigarettes, and higher for WTS. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of smoking among patients with SPMI in Bahrain is twice that of the general population. The findings of the study have implications on the provision of healthcare to mentally ill patients in the country.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Hamadeh,R.R., Ansari,A.A., Jahrami,H., Offi,A.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20160209
PMCID
PMC4748568
Editors
Comparison of barriers to cessation among Arab American smokers of cigarettes and waterpipe 2014 College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32604, USA. lhaddad@ufl.edu.; Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA. elshahawyo@vcu.edu.; School of Nursing, Vir
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International journal of environmental research and public health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Environ.Res.Public.Health.
Pub Date Free Form
15-Sep
Volume
11
Issue
9
Start Page
9522
Other Pages
9531
Notes
JID: 101238455; OID: NLM: PMC4199033; 2014/07/15 [received]; 2014/08/26 [revised]; 2014/09/03 [accepted]; epublish
Place of Publication
Switzerland
ISSN/ISBN
1660-4601; 1660-4601
Accession Number
PMID: 25226410
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.3390/ijerph110909522 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25226410
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined the differences in barriers to cessation and reasons for quitting smoking among dual smokers of cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco, exclusive cigarette smokers and exclusive waterpipe smokers. Participants were Arab American adults residing in Richmond, Virginia, who were recruited from Middle Eastern grocery stores, restaurants/lounges and faith and charity organizations. The study yielded several key findings: (1) Exclusive cigarette and waterpipe smokers had similar mean barriers to quitting and were more concerned about their health than dual smokers. (F(2, 150) = 5.594, p = 0.0045). This implies that barriers to smoking and health concerns could be a function of the individual who smokes rather than the modality of smoking itself. (2) Exclusive cigarette or waterpipe smokers and dual smokers may have different reasons for quitting, since they have different reasons for smoking. The proportion of smokers who endorsed smoking as a messy habit as the reason among exclusive cigarette smokers was 0.37, whereas the proportion among exclusive waterpipe smokers was 0.04 and among dual smokers 0.39. The difference in proportions is significant, chi2 (df = 2, N = 154) = 13.17, p = 0.0014. In summary, this study supports the need to further investigate dual cigarette and waterpipe smokers, as the study results indicate greater barriers to smoking cessation in this group. Recognition and understanding of these barriers among dual tobacco users would be important for any future tobacco intervention among waterpipe smokers.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Haddad,L., El-Shahawy,O., Ghadban,R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140915
PMCID
PMC4199033
Editors
Waterpipe Smoking and Regulation in the United States: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature 2015 College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. lhaddad@ufl.edu.; Social and Behavioral Health Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. elshahwyo@vcu.edu.; School of Nursing, Virgi
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International journal of environmental research and public health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Environ.Res.Public.Health.
Pub Date Free Form
29-May
Volume
12
Issue
6
Start Page
6115
Other Pages
6135
Notes
LR: 20150701; JID: 101238455; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OID: NLM: PMC4483691; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/04/02 [received]; 2015/05/20 [revised]; 2015/05/25 [accepted]; epublish
Place of Publication
Switzerland
ISSN/ISBN
1660-4601; 1660-4601
Accession Number
PMID: 26110330
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Review; IM
DOI
10.3390/ijerph120606115 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26110330
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Researchers in tobacco control are concerned about the increasing prevalence of waterpipe smoking in the United States, which may pose similar risks as cigarette smoking. This review explores the prevalence of waterpipe smoking in the United States as well as the shortcomings of current U.S. policy for waterpipe control and regulation. METHODS: Researchers conducted a literature review for waterpipe articles dated between 2004 and 2015 using five online databases: MEDLINE, CINHAHL, ScienceDirect, PMC, and Cochrane Library. RESULTS: To date, few studies have explored the marketing and regulation of waterpipe smoking in the U.S., which has increased in the last ten years, especially among women, adolescents, and young adults. Data indicate that the majority of waterpipe smokers are unaware of the potential risks of use. In addition, current tobacco control policies do not address waterpipe smoking, enabling tobacco companies to readily market and sell waterpipe products to young adults, who are at risk for becoming lifelong smokers. CONCLUSION: Policy makers in the area of public health need to update existing tobacco regulations to include waterpipe smoking. Similarly, public health researchers should develop public health campaigns and interventions to address the increasing rates of waterpipe smoking in the United States.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Haddad,L., El-Shahawy,O., Ghadban,R., Barnett,T.E., Johnson,E.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150529
PMCID
PMC4483691
Editors
Cigarette and waterpipe smoking associated knowledge and behaviour among medical students in Lebanon 2013 College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. jradiho@ngha.med.sa
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit
Periodical, Abbrev.
East.Mediterr.Health J.
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
19
Issue
10
Start Page
861
Other Pages
868
Notes
JID: 9608387; ppublish
Place of Publication
Egypt
ISSN/ISBN
1020-3397; 1020-3397
Accession Number
PMID: 24313150
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24313150
Abstract
As future physicians capable of controlling tobacco dependence in the population, medical students are considered a main target for tobacco control interventions. This cross-sectional study reported on the prevalence of tobacco use (cigarettes and waterpipes) and associated knowledge and behaviour among 6th-year medical students in 2009-2010 from 6 medical schools in Lebanon. The self-administered questionnaire based on the Global Health Professional Survey (GHPSS) core questions also enquired about training in tobacco cessation approaches. All enrolled students were asked to participate; the response rate was 191/354 (54.3%). The prevalence of tobacco use was 26.3% for cigarettes and 29.5% for waterpipes. Smoking waterpipes was the only significant predictor for cigarette smoking and there was no difference by sex and socioeconomic status. A minority reported ever receiving any formal training in treatment approaches for tobacco dependence. Medical schools should include tobacco dependence treatment training programmes in their curriculum and discourage tobacco use.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jradi,H., Wewers,M.E., Pirie,P.R., Binkley,P.F., Ferketich,K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Predictors of waterpipe smoking among secondary school adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia 2012 Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, El Malek El Saleh, Cairo, Egypt. amin55@myway.com
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Behav.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Sep
Volume
19
Issue
3
Start Page
324
Other Pages
335
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 9421097; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1532-7558; 1070-5503
Accession Number
PMID: 21643931
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1007/s12529-011-9169-2 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21643931
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There has been a global upsurge of waterpipe (WP) smoking over the past several years. This can be attributed at least partly to various factors like lack of knowledge regarding its health effects, social acceptability, and intensive preventive programs focusing selectively on cigarettes smoking. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and psychosocial determinants of WP smoking among secondary school adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia, and also to assess their attitudes toward WPs smoking and knowledge regarding the related health effects. METHODS: Cross-sectional study included 1,652 students of both genders selected by multistage proportionate sampling method. Data collection was carried out using a self-administered anonymous Arabic version of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, modified with items dedicated to WP smoking. Items to assess participants' knowledge about the health-related hazards and attitude towards WP were added. Patient Health Questionnaire was used to screen for the presence of anxiety and depressive disorders. RESULTS: Of the included adolescents, 358 (21.7%) were current smokers; cigarettes (46.1%), both cigarettes and WP (16.5%), and only WP (37.4%). Current WP users accounted for 193; 96.4% were males and 62.7% were >/=18 years of age. Outing, boredom, meeting friends, and family gatherings were the most frequently stated motives. WP users demonstrated a higher incidence of depressive and generalized anxiety disorders. Common assumptions regarding WP smoking included: WP smoking is less harmful than cigarettes and with no addictive property as stated by 47.8% and 65.9% of adolescents, respectively, harmful substances are purified through water filtration as believed by 59.2%, and it is more socially acceptable than cigarettes as agreed by 54.1%. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that male gender and increasing age of adolescents, WP smoking among close family and friends, and socializing motives were significant predictors for the current WP smoking state. CONCLUSION: Social acceptability, poor knowledge of WP health-related hazards, and socio-demographics are favoring the current increasing trend of WP use among adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Amin,T.T., Amr,M.A., Zaza,B.O., Kaliyadan,F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Knowledge About the Waterpipe (Hookah), a Qualitative Assessment Among Community Workers in a Major Urban Center in Canada 2016 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, 2-150 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G2G3, Canada. hammal@ualberta.ca.; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; Department of Anesthesiology
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of community health
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Community Health
Pub Date Free Form
Aug
Volume
41
Issue
4
Start Page
689
Other Pages
696
Notes
JID: 7600747; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1573-3610; 0094-5145
Accession Number
PMID: 26704909
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1007/s10900-015-0143-9 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26704909
Abstract
Waterpipe (WP) use has surged in popularity since the introduction of flavoured shisha. It is now an increasingly popular form of smoking among youth in North America. Health professionals/educators knowledge about the WP may well be inadequate. This study, using qualitative methods, sought to explore the knowledge and attitude of leaders in the community toward the WP. Family physicians, pharmacists, tobacco counsellors, social workers and educators were invited to participate in a one-one interview using open-ended questions. A total of 27 interviews were conducted. Individuals from Eastern Mediterranean backgrounds raised doubt about the overemphasised cultural significance of the WP and perceived this as a marketing strategy by industry. Most felt that WP smokers believed the WP to be less harmful than cigarettes and that the use of flavoured tobacco was motivating people to smoke. Participants believed that education should be directed at the general public and healthcare professionals, suggesting school programs and the use of social media to inform young smokers. Most thought that the current practices regarding packaging and second hand smoke exposure are confusing. They identified the lack of knowledge, poor enforcement procedures, "so called cultural aspects" and the economic impact of banning the WP on small businesses as barriers to change. Despite the awareness of an increase in WP use, our participants recognized that little has been done to curb this problem. Our findings emphasize the need for further education and better legislation to regulate WP use and availability.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Hammal,F., Wild,T.C., Finegan,B.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Prevalence, social acceptance, and awareness of waterpipe smoking among dental university students: a cross sectional survey conducted in Jordan 2014 Department of Applied Dental Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan. saobeidat@just.edu.jo.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
BMC research notes
Periodical, Abbrev.
BMC Res.Notes
Pub Date Free Form
24-Nov
Volume
7
Issue
Start Page
832
Other Pages
0500-7-832
Notes
LR: 20151028; JID: 101462768; OID: NLM: PMC4253988; 2014/07/01 [received]; 2014/11/18 [accepted]; 2014/11/24 [aheadofprint]; epublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1756-0500; 1756-0500
Accession Number
PMID: 25421621
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1186/1756-0500-7-832 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25421621
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing in popularity especially among young adults. This spread could be related to limited knowledge of the negative health effects of waterpipe smoking. In this study, prevalence, social acceptance, and awareness of waterpipe smoking were examined among dental university students. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey study, where a self-administered questionnaire was completed by a sample of dental university students in Jordan. RESULTS: Students (n=547) reported current tobacco use of 54.3% for males versus 11.1% for females (P
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Obeidat,S.R., Khabour,O.F., Alzoubi,K.H., Mahasneh,A.M., Bibars,A.R., Khader,Y.S., Alsa'di,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141124
PMCID
PMC4253988
Editors
Assessment of genotoxicity of waterpipe smoking using 8-OHdG biomarker 2015 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan azabmohd@yahoo.com.; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Genetics and molecular research : GMR
Periodical, Abbrev.
Genet.Mol.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
14-Aug
Volume
14
Issue
3
Start Page
9555
Other Pages
9561
Notes
JID: 101169387; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Mutagens); 88847-89-6 (8-oxo-7-hydrodeoxyguanosine); G9481N71RO (Deoxyguanosine); epublish
Place of Publication
Brazil
ISSN/ISBN
1676-5680; 1676-5680
Accession Number
PMID: 26345888
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.4238/2015.August.14.18 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26345888
Abstract
Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing in popularity, particularly among young adults. This popularity is related to the lack knowledge regarding the health effects of waterpipe smoking. In this study, we examined the genotoxicity of waterpipe smoking using an 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated in the saliva, urine, and serum of 66 waterpipe adult smokers and 46 healthy nonsmokers. The level of addiction to waterpipe smoking was evaluated using the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11. Levels of 8-OHdG in the samples were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Levels of 8-OHdG in the saliva (52,430 +/- 2923 vs 48,430 +/- 4189 pg/mL), urine (2815 +/- 312 vs 2608 +/- 180 pg/mL), and serum (19,720 +/- 202 vs 19,670 +/- 254 pg/mL) were similar between waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers (P > 0.05). In addition, no correlations were found between dependence score and levels of 8-OHdG in all sample types. In conclusion, 8-OHdG is not a good biomarker for genotoxic effect of waterpipe smoking.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Azab,M., Khabour,O.F., Alzoubi,K.H., Mahmoud,S.A., Anabtawi,M., Quttina,M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150814
PMCID
Editors
Structural characterization of rat ventricular tissue exposed to the smoke of two types of waterpipe 2015 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan.; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Iranian journal of basic medical sciences
Periodical, Abbrev.
Iran.J.Basic Med.Sci.
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
18
Issue
10
Start Page
942
Other Pages
949
Notes
LR: 20160107; JID: 101517966; OID: NLM: PMC4686577; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish
Place of Publication
Iran
ISSN/ISBN
2008-3866; 2008-3866
Accession Number
PMID: 26730327
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26730327
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: this study focused on the effect of waterpipe smoke exposure toxicity on the structure of albino rat's ventricular tissue and their recovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Albino rats were divided into three groups: control, flavored, and unflavored. The control group was exposed to normal air while the flavored and unflavored groups were exposed to waterpipe smoke for a period of 90 days. Each group was followed by a period of 90 days of fresh air exposure. Following each period, the ventricular tissue was removed for biochemical and histopathological studies. RESULTS: The ventricular tissues of waterpipe exposed rats showed some degree of separation between cardiac muscle fibers, infiltration of lymphocytes, and congestion of blood vessel. Also, thin cross sections of ventricular cells revealed pleomorphic mitochondria with partially disrupted cristae, partial disruption of the myofibrils, and deposited toxic materials. The unflavored waterpipe has more deleterious effects on heart ventricular tissues than the flavored one. Waterpipe smoke didn't induce apoptosis in the ventricular tissue. We also found very high levels of plasma thiocyanate after exposure to smoke in the flavored and unflavored groups, while the control group showed no increase. After the recovery period, those tissues showed partial recovery. CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoke induces structural changes in the heart ventricle tissues, causing a negative impact on the capacity of the cardiac muscle for pumping blood and may lead to heart attack due to accumulation of free radicals and tissue inflammation. Cessation of smoking is important in returning most of these changes to their normal structure.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Al-Awaida,W., Najjar,H., Shraideh,Z.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4686577
Editors