WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Waterpipe-associated particulate matter emissions	2008	Department of Health & Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. wmaziak@memphis.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 10 Issue 3 Start Page 519 Other Pages 523 Notes GR: R01 TW05962/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA024876-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Smoke); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 18324571 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200801901989 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18324571 Abstract Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasingly common worldwide, and evidence about its harmful effects to smokers is emerging. However, no studies have investigated the potential exposure of nonsmokers to waterpipe smoke. We measured particulate matter (PM) emissions (PM2.5, PM10) before and during laboratory sessions in which 20 individuals used a waterpipe to smoke tobacco and 20 individuals smoked a cigarette (10 for each particle-size/smoking-method), as well as 10 waterpipe and 10 cigarette smoldering sessions (i.e., without a smoker). A TSI-SidePak aerosol monitor obtained PM2.5, PM10 background, smoking, and maximum levels. Mean PM2.5 rose 447% for waterpipe (from 48 microg/m3 background to 264 microg/m3 smoking), and by 501% for cigarettes (from 44 microg/m3 to 267 microg/m3), whereas mean PM10 rose by 563% for waterpipe (from 55 microg/m3 to 365 microg/m3), and by 447% for cigarettes (from 52 microg/m3 to 287 microg/m3) (p<.05 for all). The increase in PM during cigarette smoking was due primarily to PM2.5, given that the proportion of PM2.5 from total PM10 increase was 95% compared with 70% for waterpipe (p<.05). Maximum PM2.5 was 908 microg/m3 for waterpipe and 575 microg/m3 for cigarettes, whereas maximum PM10 was 1052 microg/m3 for waterpipe and 653 microg/m3 for cigarettes. Mean PM2.5 and PM10 smoldering levels did not differ from background for waterpipe but were significantly higher for cigarettes (PM2.5: 33-190 microg/m3; PM10: 42-220 microg/m3). Policymakers considering clean air regulations should include waterpipe tobacco smoking, and the public should be warned about this source of smoke exposure. Descriptors Adult, Air Pollutants/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Female, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, Male, Middle Aged, Particle Size, Smoke/analysis, Smoking, Spectrophotometry, Atomic/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Maziak,W., Rastam,S., Ibrahim,I., Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Prevalence of waterpipe smoking among rural pregnant women in Southern Iran	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Med Princ Pract Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 17 Issue 6 Start Page 435 Other Pages 9 Notes ID: 18836270 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of waterpipe smoking among rural pregnant women in Southern Iran and to identify the impact of maternal waterpipe smoking on baby's birth weight. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A population-based survey was conducted in rural areas of Southern Iran in 2004 using existing health records and interviewing all mothers during the 10 days after delivery. Maternal exclusion criteria included cigarette smoking during pregnancy, a history or occurrence of epilepsy, diabetes and hypertension (gestational and/or essential) during pregnancy, factors that have been proved to have detrimental effects on birth weight. RESULTS: Of the 2,808 mothers interviewed, 224 (8%) were waterpipe smokers of which 90 (3.2%) and 134 (4.8%) were occasional (smoking less than once per day) and daily (at least once per day) smokers, respectively. Six hundred and seventy-four (24%) were passively exposed to waterpipe smoke during pregnancy and 322 (11.5%) were exposed to second-hand cigarette smoke. Mothers who started smoking during the first trimester had lower birth weight babies (3,215 +/- 612 g) compared to those who started smoking during the second or third trimesters (3,447 +/- 550 g, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoking during pregnancy is prevalent in Southern Iran and appears to be a risk factor for low birth weight babies. Descriptors Infant, Low Birth Weight, Pregnancy Outcome, Rural Population, Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects, Birth Weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Iran/epidemiology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimesters/drug effects, Prenatal Care/statistics & numerical data, Prevalence, Risk Factors Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000151563 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Mirahmadizadeh,Alireza, Nakhaee,Nouzar Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Charcoal emissions as a source of CO and carcinogenic PAH in mainstream narghile waterpipe smoke	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 46 Issue 9 Start Page 2991 Other Pages 5 Notes ID: 18573302 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Burning charcoal is normally placed atop the tobacco to smoke the narghile waterpipe. We investigated the importance of charcoal as a toxicant source in the mainstream smoke, with particular attention to two well-known charcoal emissions: carbon monoxide (CO) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). CO and PAH yields were compared when a waterpipe was machine smoked using charcoal and using an electrical heating element. The electrical heating element was designed to produce spatial and temporal temperature distributions similar to those measured using charcoal. With a popular type of ma'assel tobacco mixture, and using a smoking regimen consisting of 105 puffs of 530ml volume spaced 17s apart, it was found that approximately 90% of the CO and 75-92% of the 4- and 5-membered ring PAH compounds originated in the charcoal. Greater than 95% of the benzo(a)pyrene in the smoke was attributable to the charcoal. It was also found that the relative proportions of individual PAH species, the "PAH fingerprint", of the mainstream smoke were highly correlated to those extracted from the unburned charcoal (R(2)>0.94). In contrast, there was no correlation between the PAH fingerprint of the electrically heated and charcoal-heated conditions (R(2)<0.02). In addition to inhaling toxicants transferred from the tobacco, such as nicotine, "tar", and nitrosamines, waterpipe smokers thus also inhale large quantities of combustion-generated toxicants. This explains why, despite the generally low temperatures attained in the narghile tobacco, large quantities of CO and PAH have been found in the smoke. Descriptors Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Carcinogens/analysis, Carcinogens/toxicity, Charcoal/analysis, Polycyclic Compounds/analysis, Polycyclic Compounds/toxicity, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/metabolism, Hot Temperature, Temperature, Tobacco/chemistry Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.031 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Monzer,Bassel, Sepetdjian,Elizabeth, Saliba,Najat, Shihadeh,Alan Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Cigarette and waterpipe smoking among adolescents in Estonia: HBSC survey results, 1994-2006	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 8 Issue Start Page 392 Other Pages 392 Notes ID: 19032756 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking is a major single cause of preventable morbidity and premature mortality. Tobacco use among adolescents is a significant public health problem as smoking behaviour is undeniably established in adolescence. While cigarette smoking among adolescents has been a significant public health problem for years, waterpipe smoking is considered to be a new global public health threat. The objectives of this study were to describe trends of cigarette smoking and the prevalence of waterpipe smoking and to study the association between cigarette and waterpipe smoking among adolescents in Estonia. METHODS: This study was based on a four-yearly HBSC survey of health behaviour among school-aged children conducted in 1994-2006 in Estonia. It was a school-based survey of a nationally representative sample using standardized methodology. The target group of the survey were 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old schoolchildren (N = 13826), 6656 boys and 7170 girls. Cigarette and waterpipe smoking was determined on a 4-stage scale: every day, at least once a week, less than once a week, not smoking. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine gender- and age-specific smoking trends and to study the association between cigarette and waterpipe smoking. RESULTS: Prevalence of smoking was higher among boys than girls in all age groups during the whole study period. The prevalence of cigarette smoking increased in 1994-2002 and then slightly decreased in both genders. The increase in smoking was larger among girls. Among girls, daily smoking increased during the whole study period. Among 15-year-old schoolchildren one-third of the boys and one quarter of the girls were cigarette smokers, 21% of the boys and 12% of the girls were daily smokers in 2006. One fourth of the boys and one sixth of the girls were waterpipe smokers. A logistic regression analysis revealed a strong association between cigarette and waterpipe smoking among schoolchildren. CONCLUSION: The results of this study can significantly enhance the capacity to develop and implement tobacco prevention and control programmes among the youth in Estonia. Descriptors Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Estonia/epidemiology, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613150/?tool=pubmed; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-392 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors PÃ¤rna,Kersti, Usin,Janika, Ringmets,Inge Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among U.S. university students	2008	Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. bprimack@pitt.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Annals of Behavioral Medicine : A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Ann.Behav.Med. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 36 Issue 1 Start Page 81 Other Pages 86 Notes LR: 20150129; GR: K07 CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA114315-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07-CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-DA11082/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1532-4796; 0883-6612 Accession Number PMID: 18719977 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s12160-008-9047-6 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18719977 Abstract BACKGROUND: Although waterpipe tobacco smoking seems to be increasing on U.S. university campuses, these data have come from convenience samples. PURPOSE: We aimed to determine the prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among a random sample of students. METHODS: We surveyed a random sample of graduate and undergraduate students at a large, urban university. We used multivariate modeling to determine independent associations between belief-related predictors and waterpipe tobacco smoking. RESULTS: Of the 647 respondents, waterpipe smoking was reported in 40.5%, over the past year in 30.6%, and over the past 30 days in 9.5%. Over half of the sample (52.1%) perceived that tobacco smoking from a waterpipe was less addictive than cigarette smoking. In fully adjusted multivariate models, 1-year waterpipe smoking was associated with low perceived harm (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.68, 3.83), low perceived addictiveness (OR = 4.64, 95% CI = 3.03, 7.10), perception of high social acceptability (OR = 20.00, 95% CI = 6.03, 66.30), and high perception of popularity (OR = 4.72, 95% CI = 2.85, 7.82). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, lifetime waterpipe use was as common as lifetime cigarette use. Perception of harm, perception of addictiveness, social acceptability, and popularity were all strongly related to waterpipe smoking. Descriptors Administration, Inhalation, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Filtration/instrumentation, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Models, Statistical, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Smoking/psychology, Social Perception, Students, Tobacco, Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology, Universities, Water, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Primack,B. A., Sidani,J., Agarwal,A. A., Shadel,W. G., Donny,E. C., Eissenberg,T. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080822 PMCID PMC3004534 Editors
Waterpipe smoking: construction and validation of the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11)	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine Tob Res Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Volume 10 Issue 1 Start Page 149 Other Pages 58 Notes ID: 18188755 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Waterpipe smoking is becoming fashionable in Lebanon, but no studies have studied nicotine dependence related to waterpipe smoking. A score was constructed from 21 items and subsequently submitted to two factor analyses, which led to the extraction of four factors. Reliability and test-retest reproducibility were measured. Convergent construct validity and discriminant validity also were assessed for different smokers' samples. The Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11 (LWDS-11) was composed of four subscales, the first representing nicotine dependence, the second negative reinforcement, the third psychological craving, and the fourth positive reinforcement. Internal consistency and test-retest reproducibility were adequate, and the subscales correlated adequately with measurements of nicotine metabolites, exhaled carbon monoxide levels, and the frequency of waterpipe smoking. The LWDS-11 discriminated between mild, moderate, and heavy waterpipe smokers, based on a threshold score of 10. Results were biologically and psychologically sound. This is the first scale to characterize waterpipe dependence. With further improvement and confirmation, it could become a useful clinical and epidemiological tool. Descriptors Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis, Smoking, Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/diagnosis, Behavior, Addictive/psychology, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Lebanon, Male, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tobacco Use Disorder/classification Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701767753 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Salameh,Pascale, Waked,Mirna, Aoun,Zeina Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Elevated toxicant yields with narghile waterpipes smoked using a plastic hose	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 46 Issue 5 Start Page 1461 Other Pages 6 Notes ID: 18207299 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The effect of hose permeability on toxicant yields for the narghile waterpipe is investigated, with special reference to the recent adoption of plastic as a hose construction material. Measurements of air infiltration rates for 23 leather and plastic hoses representing 11 types commonly available in Beirut, Lebanon were made, revealing that while leather hoses allowed significant outside air infiltration during a puff constituting up to 31% of the puff volume, plastic hoses were found to be air-tight, indicating that the smoke reaching the waterpipe user can be considerably more concentrated when delivered via a plastic hose. Total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO) yields were compared when a waterpipe was machine smoked using a highly permeable leather and an air-tight plastic hose. It was found that the plastic hose resulted in similar yields of nicotine, but more than double the CO yielded with the highly permeable leather hose. Thus, even if narghile smokers titrate for nicotine intake, the use of a plastic hose will likely greatly increase the exposure to CO, a major causative agent in cardiovascular disease. Descriptors Plastics/chemistry, Plastics/toxicity, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco/chemistry, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Filtration, Nicotine/analysis, Particulate Matter/analysis Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.007 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Saleh,Rawad, Shihadeh,Alan Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Measurement of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in narghile waterpipe tobacco smoke	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 46 Issue 5 Start Page 1582 Other Pages 90 Notes ID: 18308445 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract An analytical method for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the mainstream of narghile smoke is presented. The smoke was generated using a digital waterpipe smoking machine connected to the mouthpiece of a narghile that was loaded with 10 g of a popular flavored tobacco and kept alight with quick-light charcoal briquettes that are commonly used for this purpose. A standard smoking regimen consisting of 171 puffs of 530 ml volume and 2.6s duration spaced 17s apart was used, and the smoke condensates were collected on glass fiber filters. PAHs were extracted with toluene assisted by sonication. For purification, the extract was passed through a silica cartridge and eluted with hexane. The eluent was preconcentrated, reconstituted in acetonitrile, and analyzed using a GC-MS-SICP method. The method showed good selectivity, repeatability, accuracy and sensitivity. The limit of detection ranged from 15 to 96 ng for benzoa]pyrene and indeno1,2,3-cd]pyrene, respectively. It was found that a single narghile smoking session delivers approximately 50 times the quantities of carcinogenic 4- and 5-membered ring PAHs as a single 1R4F cigarette smoked using the FTC protocol. The pattern of PAH concentrations suggested that formation pathways differ from those of the cigarette, possibly reflecting the differing combustion conditions of the two smoking devices. Descriptors Plastics/chemistry, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Smoke/analysis, Tobacco/chemistry, Calibration, Carcinogens/analysis, Chromatography, Gas, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Indicators and Reagents, Reference Standards, Reproducibility of Results Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.028 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Sepetdjian,Elizabeth, Shihadeh,Alan, Saliba,Najat A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The acute effects of Waterpipe smoking on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Prev Med Hyg Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 49 Issue 3 Start Page 101 Other Pages 7 Notes ID: 19278135 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the acute effects of smoking in Waterpipe (WP) smokers in Ajman, United Arab Emirates (UAE). CONTEXT: 202 male volunteers aged > 17 years were included. Blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate values of each participant, before and after a 30 minute smoking session, were measured and compared. Standardized questionnaires were also answered. RESULTS: Mean increases in systolic blood pressure (16 +/- 1 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (2 +/- 0.7 mmHg), heart rate (6.30 +/- 0.60 bpm) and respiratory rate (2 +/- 2 breathes/min) were observed (p < 0.001). 92% of smokers believed Waterpipe smoking (WPS) to be harmful to health and 77% of smokers took up WPS for reasons of leisure. Results from the questionnaire revealed a significant relationship between smokers' beliefs of WPS and attempts to quit smoking ie. smokers who believed waterpipe to be harmful were more likely to try to quit. Education had influence on smokers ideas on WPS. 69% of smokers who claimed hookah is harmful had university qualification and further 23% has highschool qualification. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking Waterpipe has significant effects on both the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Waterpipe smokers despite sound knowledge, show little concern towards health. Education plays an important role and creates awareness about the hazards of smoking practices, including Waterpipe. Descriptors Cardiovascular System, Respiratory System, Smoking/adverse effects, Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diastole, Health Behavior, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Risk-Taking, Questionnaires, Systole, Time Factors, United Arab Emirates, Young Adult Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-19278135 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Shaikh,R. B., Vijayaraghavan,N., Sulaiman,A. S., Kazi,S., Shafi,M. S. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Waterpipe tobacco smoking: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in two U.S. samples	2008	Center for Health and Wellbeing, Princeton University and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 10 Issue 2 Start Page 393 Other Pages 398 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01 CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA103827-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA011082/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01TW005962/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: R Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 18236304 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200701825023 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18236304 Abstract Despite evidence of increasing waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence among U.S. young adults, little is known about the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and smoking patterns of waterpipe users in this population. To address this lack of knowledge, two convenience samples of U.S. waterpipe users were surveyed--one from a Richmond, Virginia, waterpipe cafe (n=101), the other from an Internet forum called HookahForum.com (n=100). Sixty percent reported first-time waterpipe use at or before age 18. Daily waterpipe use was reported by 19%, weekly use by 41%, and monthly use by 29%. Waterpipe use was more common during the weekend (75%) than during weekdays (43%). Forty-four percent reported spending >or=60 min smoking tobacco during a waterpipe session. The majority of waterpipe users owned a waterpipe (57%) and purchased it on the Internet (71%). Many waterpipe users smoked the sweetened and flavored tobacco (i.e., maassel), and fruit flavors were the most popular (54%). Past month use of cigarettes, tobacco products other than cigarettes or waterpipe, and alcohol was 54%, 33%, and 80% respectively, and 36% reported past-month marijuana use. Most waterpipe users were confident about their ability to quit (96%), but only a minority (32%) intended to quit. Most waterpipe users believed waterpipe tobacco smoking was less harmful and addictive than cigarettes. These results are from small convenience samples; more detailed study of a larger group of randomly sampled U.S. waterpipe tobacco smokers will be valuable in understanding this behavior and developing effective strategies to prevent it. Descriptors Administration, Inhalation, Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Chi-Square Distribution, Female, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Nebulizers and Vaporizers, Risk-Taking, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Social Perception, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/psychology, United States Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Smith-Simone,S., Maziak,W., Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3215239 Editors

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