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Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
A descriptive study of waterpipe smoking among college students	2013	Health Promotion/Risk Reduction Interventions with Vulnerable Populations, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5482, USA. dnoonan@umich.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners Periodical, Abbrev. J.Am.Assoc.Nurse.Pract. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 25 Issue 1 Start Page 11 Other Pages 15 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: (c)2012 The Author(s) Journal compilation (c)2012; GR: 5T32NR007073-18/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32 NR007073/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32 NR007073-19/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 101600770; NIHMS364060; OID: NL Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 2327-6924; 2327-6886 Accession Number PMID: 23279274 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N DOI 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2012.00781.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23279274 Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine waterpipe smoking and beliefs about waterpipe smoking in a sample of college students from a public university in Virginia. DATA SOURCES: A web-based survey was sent to 1000 undergraduate students recruiting them to participate in the study. Measures from the investigator-developed Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Waterpipe Questionnaire were used to capture belief-based components of the TRA related to waterpipe use. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the prevalence of waterpipe smoking and beliefs associated with waterpipe smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Of the sample (n = 223), 71% of males and 52% of females reporting ever smoking tobacco using a waterpipe and 22% of males and 5% of females reporting current waterpipe smoking. Of the sample, 28% of males and 10% of females were current cigarette smokers and 25% of males and 10% of females were current marijuana users. Common beliefs associated with waterpipe smoking are also presented. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Nurse practitioners working with college students need to be aware of the multiple forms of tobacco that students may engage in. They also should be aware of the common beliefs about waterpipe smoking. This information is useful when targeting and counseling patients about alternative tobacco products like waterpipe smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher American Association of Nurse Practitioners Data Source Authors Noonan,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120924 PMCID PMC3539218 Editors
Systematic review on international practices in controlling waterpipe tobacco smoking	2015	Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia E-mail : helentee.gh@moh.gov.my.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP Periodical, Abbrev. Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 16 Issue 9 Start Page 3659 Other Pages 3665 Notes JID: 101130625; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Thailand ISSN/ISBN 1513-7368; 1513-7368 Accession Number PMID: 25987018 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25987018 Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking has becoming popular especially among young people worldwide. Smokers are attracted by its sweeter, smoother smoke, social ambience and the misconception of reduced harm. The objective of this study was to systematically review the effects of waterpipe tobacco policies and practices in reducing its prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted electronically using the PubMed, OVID, Science Direct, Proquest and Embase databases. All possible studies from 1980 to 2013 were initially screened based on titles and abstracts. The selected articles were subjected to data extraction and quality rating. RESULTS: Three studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for this review. Almost all of the waterpipe tobacco products and its accessories did not comply with the regulations on health warning labelling practices as stipulated under Article 11 of WHO FCTC. In addition, the grisly new warning labels for cigarettes introduced by Food and Drug Administration did not affect hookah tobacco smoking generally. Indoor air quality in smoking lounges was found to be poor and some hookah lounges were operated without smoke shop certification. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed the availability of minimal information on the practices in controlling waterpipe smoking in reducing its prevalence. The lack of comprehensive legislations or practices in controlling waterpipe smoking warrants further research and policy initiatives to curb this burgeoning global epidemic, especially among the vulnerable younger population. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tee,G.H., Hairi,N.N., Nordin,F., Choo,W.Y., Chan,Y.Y., Kaur,G., Veerasingam,P.D., Bulgiba,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ethnicity and waterpipe smoking among US students	2012	Institute of Community Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. smabughosh@uh.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 16 Issue 11 Start Page 1551 Other Pages 1557 Notes JID: 9706389; 2012/09/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1815-7920; 1027-3719 Accession Number PMID: 23006908 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.5588/ijtld.12.0152 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23006908 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of ethnicity on waterpipe smoking among college students. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study utilized data from University of Houston students through an online survey (n = 2334) from March to April 2011. The survey included questions on demographic characteristics (sex, age, race/ethnicity), tobacco use experience, risk perception, social acceptability and popularity. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of waterpipe use with three outcomes: ever-use vs. no use, past-year use vs. no use and past-month use vs. no use. RESULTS: Half of the sample had previously smoked tobacco using a waterpipe, approximately a third in the past year and 12.5% in the past month. Significant predictors included Middle Eastern ethnicity, Middle Eastern friend, past cigarette or cigar use. Perception of harm was associated with less use in the ever-use model, while perceived addictiveness, social acceptability and popularity of waterpipes were predictors in all models. CONCLUSION: Our findings underscore the importance of developing culturally appropriate interventions to control waterpipe smoking among Middle Eastern Americans and those of Indian/Pakistani descent to curb further spread in US society, and highlight the importance of developing interventions that target the perceived addictiveness, social acceptability and popularity of waterpipe smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Abughosh,S., Wu,I.H., Peters,R.J., Hawari,F., Essien,E.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120918 PMCID Editors
Waterpipe smoking among students in one US university: predictors of an intention to quit	2012	Institute of Community Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. smabughosh@uh.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of American college health : J of ACH Periodical, Abbrev. J.Am.Coll.Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 60 Issue 7 Start Page 528 Other Pages 535 Notes JID: 8214119; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1940-3208; 0744-8481 Accession Number PMID: 23002801 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/07448481.2012.718018 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23002801 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the intention to quit waterpipe smoking among college students. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 276 University of Houston students identified through an online survey administered in February 2011. Participants indicated they had smoked a waterpipe in the month prior to the survey. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Questions included demographics, tobacco use, perceived risk of waterpipe smoking, and social acceptability. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of an intention to quit. RESULTS: Most of the sample participants (n = 227; 83%) reported that they had no intention to quit. Students believing that waterpipe smoking was harmful were more likely to have an intention to quit (odd ratio [OR] = 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI; 1.05, 5.36]). Those who smoked for more than 60 minutes were less likely to have a desire to quit (OR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.12, 0.73]). CONCLUSIONS: The low level of a desire to quit demonstrated underscores the urgent need to develop interventions that educate users about expected harms of continued use. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Abughosh,S., Wu,I.H., Rajan,S., Peters,R.J., Essien,E.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among population aged 15 years or older, Vietnam, 2010	2013	Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, No 1 Ton That Tung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam. lethithanhxuan@hmu.edu.vn	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventing chronic disease Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Chronic Dis. Pub Date Free Form 18-Apr Volume 10 Issue Start Page E57 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160317; JID: 101205018; OID: NLM: PMC3638612; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-1151; 1545-1151 Accession Number PMID: 23597395 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.5888/pcd10.120100 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23597395 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing globally and is associated with adverse outcomes requiring tobacco control interventions. We estimated the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco use among adult populations in Vietnam in 2010 and examined its association with sociodemographic factors. METHODS: We used data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted in Vietnam in 2010. GATS surveyed a national representative sample of adults aged 15 years or older from 11,142 households by using a 2-phase sampling design analogous to a 3-stage stratified cluster sampling. Descriptive statistical analyses and multivariate logistic regression modeling were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 6.4% of Vietnamese aged 15 years or older (representing about 4.1 million adult waterpipe smokers) reported current waterpipe tobacco smoking. The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking was significantly higher among men than women (13% vs 0.1%). Area of residence (rural or urban), age group, asset-based wealth quintile, and geographic region of residence were significantly associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking among men. The significant correlates of current waterpipe tobacco smoking among men were lower education levels, being middle-aged (45-54 years), lower asset-based wealth levels, living in rural areas, not living in the South East and the Mekong River Delta geographic regions, and the belief that smoking does not causes diseases. CONCLUSION: Rural dwellers who are poor should be targeted in tobacco control programs. Further studies are needed that examine perceptions of the adverse health effects and the cultural factors of waterpipe tobacco smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Xuan le,T.T., Van Minh,H., Giang,K.B., Nga,P.T., Hai,P.T., Minh,N.T., Hsia,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130418 PMCID PMC3638612 Editors
Prevalence of waterpipe (Shisha, Narghille, Hookah) use among adults in Great Britain and factors associated with waterpipe use: data from cross-sectional Online Surveys in 2012 and 2013	2014	Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; granta2@cardiff.ac.uk.; ASH Scotland, Edinburgh, UK;; ASH, Action on Smoking and Health, London, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 16 Issue 7 Start Page 931 Other Pages 938 Notes CI: (c) The Author 2014; JID: 9815751; 2014/02/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 24550183 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntu015 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24550183 Abstract INTRODUCTION: We assessed the prevalence and frequency of waterpipe smoking among adults (aged 18+ years) in Great Britain (GB) and determined demographic factors associated with use. METHODS: We used cross-sectional representative population surveys conducted online in 2012 and 2013. A total of 12,436 adults in 2012 and 12,171 in 2013 were recruited from a commercial online survey panel. RESULTS: The prevalence of ever use of waterpipe across both survey years combined was 11.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.0-12.1). Frequent use (at least once or twice a month) was 1.0% (95% CI = 0.8-1.2) and was similar in both 2012 and 2013. There was some suggestion of increased ever but not frequent use among 18-24-year-olds between survey years. After adjustment for covariates, females had lower odds of ever waterpipe use than males (odds ratio [OR] = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.63-0.79), those in the lowest social grade had lower odds of use compared to those in the highest social grade (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.35-0.54), older people were at much lower odds of ever use than younger people, ever having smoked cigarettes increased odds of ever waterpipe use, and being Asian (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.39-2.45) or of mixed ethnicity (OR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.64-3.40) increased likelihood of ever use compared to White ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent waterpipe smoking was relatively rare in these representative samples of the GB adult population, and prevalence was similar between 2012 and 2013. Continued monitoring and targeted interventions are appropriate. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Data Source Authors Grant,A., Morrison,R., Dockrell,M.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140218 PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke in waterpipe tobacco venues in Istanbul, Moscow, and Cairo	2015	Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: kmoon9@jhu.edu.; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Healt	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental research Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Res. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 142 Issue Start Page 568 Other Pages 574 Notes LR: 20151018; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: 5T32HL007024/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32 HL007024/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0147621; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); NIHMS720140; OID: NLM: NIHMS720140 [Available on 10/01/16]; OID: NLM: PMC460 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0953; 0013-9351 Accession Number PMID: 26298558 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2015.08.012 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26298558 Abstract OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking has risen in recent decades. Controlled studies suggest that waterpipe secondhand smoke (SHS) contains similar or greater quantities of toxicants than cigarette SHS, which causes significant morbidity and mortality. Few studies have examined SHS from waterpipe tobacco in real-world settings. The purpose of this study was to quantify SHS exposure levels and describe the characteristics of waterpipe tobacco venues. METHODS: In 2012-2014, we conducted cross-sectional surveys of 46 waterpipe tobacco venues (9 in Istanbul, 17 in Moscow, and 20 in Cairo). We administered venue questionnaires, conducted venue observations, and sampled indoor air particulate matter (PM2.5) (N=35), carbon monoxide (CO) (N=23), particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs) (N=31), 4-methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (N=43), and air nicotine (N=46). RESULTS: Venue characteristics and SHS concentrations were highly variable within and between cities. Overall, we observed a mean (standard deviation (SD)) of 5 (5) waterpipe smokers and 5 (3) cigarette smokers per venue. The overall median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) of venue mean air concentrations was 136 (82, 213) microg/m(3) for PM2.5, 3.9 (1.7, 22) ppm for CO, 68 (33, 121) ng/m(3) for p-PAHs, 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) ng/m(3) for NNK, and 5.3 (0.7, 14) microg/m(3) for nicotine. PM2.5, CO, and p-PAHs concentrations were generally higher in venues with more waterpipe smokers and cigarette smokers, although associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: High concentrations of SHS constituents known to cause health effects indicate that indoor air quality in waterpipe tobacco venues may adversely affect the health of employees and customers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Moon,K.A., Magid,H., Torrey,C., Rule,A.M., Ferguson,J., Susan,J., Sun,Z., Abubaker,S., Levshin,V., Carkoglu,A., Radwan,G.N., El-Rabbat,M., Cohen,J., Strickland,P., Navas-Acien,A., Breysse,P.N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4609287 Editors
Waterpipe tobacco use among Iranian university students: correlates and perceived reasons for use	2011	Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 15 Issue 6 Start Page 844 Other Pages 847 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9706389; 059QF0KO0R (Water); ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1815-7920; 1027-3719 Accession Number PMID: 21575309 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; IM DOI 10.5588/ijtld.10.0744 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21575309 Abstract SETTING: Waterpipe smoking is becoming a global health crisis among youth. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of waterpipe use among Iranian university students and to explore perceived reasons for use. METHODS: A random sample of 1024 university students at two major universities in South Iran was enrolled in the study. A three-part questionnaire (baseline data, tobacco smoking status and perceived reasons for waterpipe use) was used. Students filled out the self-administered questionnaire in their classrooms. RESULTS: The prevalence of waterpipe smoking in the respondents' lifetime and in the last 30 days was 42.5% and 18.7%, respectively. The mean age at initiation of waterpipe smoking was 16.3 +/- 3.2 years. Ever smoking was positively associated with age and male sex, whereas no association was found regarding marital status. The highest odds of lifetime waterpipe smoking were observed in students with close friends who smoked the waterpipe (5.94, 95%CI 4.26-8.30). The most important perceived reason for waterpipe smoking as stated by students was enjoyment (55.8%). CONCLUSION: Given the alarming prevalence of waterpipe smoking, preventive measures should be adopted among university students taking into account the influence of peers, siblings and parents in the lessening social tolerance of waterpipe smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sabahy,A.R., Divsalar,K., Bahreinifar,S., Marzban,M., Nakhaee,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The determinants of intention to smoke waterpipe among adolescents in Lebanon: a national household survey	2016	Ludwig Maximilian Universitat, Munchen, Germany.; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.; Department of Epidemiology and Populat	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of public health (Oxford, England) Periodical, Abbrev. J.Public.Health.(Oxf) Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 38 Issue 1 Start Page 84 Other Pages 91 Notes CI: (c) The Author 2015; JID: 101188638; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/02/09 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1741-3850; 1741-3842 Accession Number PMID: 25665877 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/pubmed/fdv004 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25665877 Abstract BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of waterpipe smoking (WPS) among adolescents has become eminent, and it is especially prevalent in Lebanon. Unlike cigarette smoking, WPS is parentally and socially acceptable. This study aims at examining the association between intention to smoke waterpipe in the next 6 months, and knowledge, attitudes and parental and social influences. METHODS: This is a secondary data analysis from a national survey in 2007 on 1028 households. This study addresses 258 non-smoking adolescents and their parents. Consent was sought and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the American University of Beirut. Face-to-face interviews were conducted. Descriptive analysis, crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were generated. RESULTS: At the bivariate level, late adolescence, mothers without university education, prior adolescents' WPS experiences, best friends' and parents' WPS habits and adolescents' and parents' lower attitude scores were associated with smoking intention. In the adjusted model, adolescents' beliefs about positive effects, best friends' similar habits and prior smoking remained significant (respective ORs [95% confidence interval ]: 1.81 [1.33-2.45], 2.51 [1.24-5.10], 4.91 [2.35-10.36]). Parents' perceived attitude against smoking was protective (OR: 0.57 [0.39-0.83]). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents' intention to smoke is highly influenced by parents' permissive attitudes and peer pressure. Interventions targeting these two groups and limiting access to smoking by adolescents should be instigated. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health Data Source Authors Schroder,C., Chaaya,M., Saab,D., Mahfoud,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150209 PMCID Editors
A study on particles and some microbial markers in waterpipe tobacco smoke	2014	Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Solvegatan 23, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.; Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.; Division of Ergonomics and	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Science of the total environment Periodical, Abbrev. Sci.Total Environ. Pub Date Free Form 15-Nov Volume 499 Issue Start Page 107 Other Pages 113 Notes LR: 20160701; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0330500; 0 (Lipopolysaccharides); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 7U1EE4V452 (Ca Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1879-1026; 0048-9697 Accession Number PMID: 25181042 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.055 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25181042 Abstract Waterpipe smoking is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Research has shown that cigarette smoke, in addition to hundreds of carcinogenic and otherwise toxic compounds, may also contain compounds of microbiological origin. In the present study we analyzed waterpipe smoke for some microbial compounds. Both of the two markers studied, viz 3-hydroxy fatty acids of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ergosterol of fungal biomass, were found in waterpipe tobacco, in amounts similar as previously found in cigarette tobacco, and in smoke. Waterpipe mainstream smoke contained on average 1800 pmol LPS and 84.4 ng ergosterol produced per session. An average concentration of 2.8 pmol/m(3) of LPS was found in second hand smoke during a 1-2-h waterpipe smoking session while ergosterol was not detected; corresponding concentrations from smoking five cigarettes were 22.2 pmol/m(3) of LPS and 87.5 ng/m(3) of ergosterol. This is the first time that waterpipe smoking has been shown to create a bioaerosol. In the present study we also found that waterpipe smoking generated several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and high fraction of small ( Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Markowicz,P., Londahl,J., Wierzbicka,A., Suleiman,R., Shihadeh,A., Larsson,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140830 PMCID PMC4297659 Editors

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