Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year Sort ascending | Author | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| Survey instruments used in clinical and epidemiological research on waterpipe tobacco smoking: a systematic review | 2010 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
BMC Public Health
Periodical, Abbrev.
BMC Public Health
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
10
Issue
Start Page
415
Other Pages
415
Notes
ID: 20626899
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The primary objective was to systematically review the medical literature for instruments validated for use in epidemiological and clinical research on waterpipe smoking. METHODS: We searched the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ISI the Web of Science. We selected studies using a two-stage duplicate and independent screening process. We included papers reporting on the development and/or validation of survey instruments to measure waterpipe tobacco consumption or related concepts. Two reviewers used a standardized and pilot tested data abstraction form to collect data from each eligible study using a duplicate and independent screening process. We also determined the percentage of observational studies assessing the health effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking and the percentage of studies of prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking that have used validated survey instruments. RESULTS: We identified a total of five survey instruments. One instrument was designed to measure knowledge, attitudes, and waterpipe use among pregnant women and was shown to have internal consistency and content validity. Three instruments were designed to measure waterpipe tobacco consumption, two of which were reported to have face validity. The fifth instrument was designed to measure waterpipe dependence and was rigorously developed and validated. One of the studies of prevalence and none of the studies of health effects of waterpipe smoking used validated instruments. CONCLUSIONS: A number of instruments for measuring the use of and dependence on waterpipe smoking exist. Future research should study content validity and cross cultural adaptation of these instruments.
Descriptors
Data Collection/methods, Smoking/epidemiology, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Validation Studies as Topic
Links
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912817/?tool=pubmed; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-415
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Akl,Elie A., Aleem,Sohaib, Gunukula,Sameer K., Honeine,Roland, Abou Jaoude,Philippe, Irani,Jihad
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: a systematic review | 2010 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Int J Epidemiol
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Epidemiol.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
39
Issue
3
Start Page
834
Other Pages
57
Notes
ID: 20207606
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is a need for a comprehensive and critical review of the literature to inform scientific debates about the public health effects of waterpipe smoking. The objective of this study was therefore to systematically review the medical literature for the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using the Cochrane Collaboration methodology for conducting systematic reviews. We rated the quality of evidence for each outcome using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies were eligible for this review. Based on the available evidence, waterpipe tobacco smoking was significantly associated with lung cancer odds ratio (OR) = 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32-3.42], respiratory illness (OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1), low birth-weight (OR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.08-4.18) and periodontal disease (OR = 3-5). It was not significantly associated with bladder cancer (OR = 0.8; 95% CI 0.2-4.0), nasopharyngeal cancer (OR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.20-1.23), oesophageal cancer (OR = 1.85; 95% CI 0.95-3.58), oral dysplasia (OR = 8.33; 95% CI 0.78-9.47) or infertility (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.3) but the CIs did not exclude important associations. Smoking waterpipe in groups was not significantly associated with hepatitis C infection (OR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.80-1.21). The quality of evidence for the different outcomes varied from very low to low. CONCLUSION: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is possibly associated with a number of deleterious health outcomes. There is a need for high-quality studies to identify and quantify with confidence all the health effects of this form of smoking.
Descriptors
Neoplasms/epidemiology, Smoking/adverse effects, Cross-Sectional Studies, Culture, Esophageal Neoplasms/epidemiology, Female, Hepatitis C/epidemiology, Humans, Infertility, Male/epidemiology, Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology, Male, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Risk Factors, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology
Links
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq002
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Akl,Elie A., Gaddam,Swarna, Gunukula,Sameer K., Honeine,Roland, Jaoude,Philippe Abou, Irani,Jihad
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Harm perception, attitudes and predictors of waterpipe (shisha) smoking among secondary school adolescents in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia | 2010 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
Periodical, Abbrev.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
11
Issue
2
Start Page
293
Other Pages
301
Notes
ID: 20843104
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and social determinants of waterpipe (WP) smoking among secondary school students in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia and to assess their health related knowledge and attitudes toward WP. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,652 Saudi secondary school students of both genders aged between 15-19 years selected by multistage sampling method. A self-administered anonymous Arabic version of Global Youth Tobacco Survey modified with items dedicated to WP smoking and to assess perception of health related hazards and attitudes towards WP was employed for data collection. RESULTS: Prevalence of current smokers 'all forms' was 30.3% among males (C.I= 27.5- 33.2%) and 8.5% in females (C.I= 6.6-10.9%). WP was used by 53.9% of the current tobacco users, significantly higher among older age students. Of the regular WP smokers, 20.7% smoked WP on daily basis, 23.8% weekly, 64.2% stated using flavored " Muassel " tobacco. Primary motives for WP smoking were outings with friends, company, boredom and wasting time. Of the total, 49.7% of students stated that WP smoking is less harmful than cigarettes, 60.5% believed that harmful substances were purified through water filtration, with non-addictive properties in 67.8%. Knowledge about health hazards of WP smoking was low, irrespective of student's smoking status. WP smoking is more socially acceptable than cigarettes (52.1%), represents a good opportunity for gathering of friends and family (33.8%), and smoking of WP can relieve stress and tensions (37.8%). Hierarchical regression analysis showed that socializing motives, cigarette smoking, smoking among close family and friends, male gender and increasing age were positive predictors for WP smoking. CONCLUSION: Social acceptability, poor knowledge of WP health related hazards and certain socio demographics are favoring the increasing current trend of WP use among adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia.
Descriptors
Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking/psychology, Students/psychology, Students/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Saudi Arabia/epidemiology, Schools, Social Environment, Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control, Young Adult
Links
http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-20843104
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Amin,Tarek Tawfik, Amr,Mostafa Abdel Monem, Zaza,Burhan Omar, Suleman,Wassem
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Waterpipe tobacco smoking: an emerging health crisis in the United States | 2010 | Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American Journal of Health Behavior
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Health Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
May-Jun
Volume
34
Issue
3
Start Page
275
Other Pages
285
Notes
LR: 20151119; GR: R01 CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA103827-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States;
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1945-7359; 1087-3244
Accession Number
PMID: 20001185
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review; IM
DOI
10.5555/ajhb.2010.34.3.275 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20001185
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and potential health risks of waterpipe tobacco smoking. METHODS: A literature review was performed to compile information relating to waterpipe tobacco smoking. RESULTS: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing in prevalence worldwide; in the United States, 10-20% of some young adult populations are current waterpipe users. Depending on the toxicant measured, a single waterpipe session produces the equivalent of at least 1 and as many as 50 cigarettes. Misconceptions about waterpipe smoke content may lead users to underestimate health risks. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of waterpipe tobacco smoking in tobacco control activities may help reduce its spread.
Descriptors
Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/statistics & numerical data, Lebanon/epidemiology, Nicotine/analysis, Prevalence, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology/trends, Substance-Related Disorders/etiology, Syria/epidemiology, Tars/analysis, United States/epidemiology
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Cobb,C., Ward,K. D., Maziak,W., Shihadeh,A. L., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC3215592
Editors
|
|||
| Comparison of carcinogen, carbon monoxide, and ultrafine particle emissions from narghile waterpipe and cigarette smoking: Sidestream smoke measurements and assessment of second-hand smoke emission factors | 2010 | Aerosol Research Lab, Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)
Periodical, Abbrev.
Atmos.Environ.(1994)
Pub Date Free Form
1-Jan
Volume
44
Issue
1
Start Page
8
Other Pages
14
Notes
GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9888534; NIHMS155344; ppublish
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1352-2310; 1352-2310
Accession Number
PMID: 20161525
Language
ENG
SubFile
JOURNAL ARTICLE
DOI
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.004 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20161525
Abstract
The lack of scientific evidence on the constituents, properties, and health effects of second-hand waterpipe smoke has fueled controversy over whether public smoking bans should include the waterpipe. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare emissions of ultrafine particles (UFP, <100 nm), carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile aldehydes, and carbon monoxide (CO) for cigarettes and narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipes. These smoke constituents are associated with a variety of cancers, and heart and pulmonary diseases, and span the volatility range found in tobacco smoke.Sidestream cigarette and waterpipe smoke was captured and aged in a 1 m(3) Teflon-coated chamber operating at 1.5 air changes per hour (ACH). The chamber was characterized for particle mass and number surface deposition rates. UFP and CO concentrations were measured online using a fast particle spectrometer (TSI 3090 Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer), and an indoor air quality monitor. Particulate PAH and gaseous volatile aldehydes were captured on glass fiber filters and DNPH-coated SPE cartridges, respectively, and analyzed off-line using GC-MS and HPLC-MS. PAH compounds quantified were the 5- and 6-ring compounds of the EPA priority list. Measured aldehydes consisted of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, methacrolein, and propionaldehyde.We found that a single waterpipe use session emits in the sidestream smoke approximately four times the carcinogenic PAH, four times the volatile aldehydes, and 30 times the CO of a single cigarette. Accounting for exhaled mainstream smoke, and given a habitual smoker smoking rate of 2 cigarettes per hour, during a typical one-hour waterpipe use session a waterpipe smoker likely generates ambient carcinogens and toxicants equivalent to 2-10 cigarette smokers, depending on the compound in question. There is therefore good reason to include waterpipe tobacco smoking in public smoking bans.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Daher,N., Saleh,R., Jaroudi,E., Sheheitli,H., Badr,T., Sepetdjian,E., Al Rashidi,M., Saliba,N., Shihadeh,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC2801144
Editors
|
|||
| Comparison of cigarette and waterpipe smoking among pupils in the urban area of Sousse, Tunisia | 2010 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tunis Med
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tunis.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
88
Issue
7
Start Page
470
Other Pages
3
Notes
ID: 20582881
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological and observational evidence suggests that waterpipe use is growing in popularity worldwide. AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of cigarette and water pipe tobacco use among pupils aged 13-17 years in the urban area of Sousse, Tunisia and to identify the factors which predict current cigarette and/or waterpipe smoking in this population. METHODS: Across-sectional study was carried out on a representative sample of schoolchildren aged between 13 and 17 years in colleges and public secondary schools of the urban area of Sousse. We used a pre tested and self administered questionnaire to measure tobacco consumption. The significance level for all analyses was p<0.05. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 10.0 software. RESULTS: Participants were 1569 youth. Fifty two percent of them were male. The mean age of the sample was 15+/-1.5 years. Total cigarette smoking percentage for ever and current use were 33.1% and 7.6% respectively. Total water pipe smoking percentage for ever and current use were 19.3% and 5.2% respectively. Overall, the total percentages of cigarette and water pipe smoking (ever and current) were higher for male and aged pupils. Multivariate regression analyses showed that the two types of tobacco use were related. CONCLUSION: Despite the growing adoption of water-pipe smoking, there remains limited research in this area. Increased surveillance and additional research are necessary to address this growing threat to public health.
Descriptors
Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Tunisia/epidemiology, Urban Health, Water
Links
http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-20582881
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Harrabi,Imed, Maaloul,Jihen Maatoug, Gaha,Rafika, Kebaili,Raoudha, Maziak,Wassim, Ghannem,Hassen
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Waterpipe use predicts progression to regular cigarette smoking among Danish youth | 2010 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Subst Use Misuse
Periodical, Abbrev.
Subst.Use Misuse
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
45
Issue
8-Jul
Start Page
1245
Other Pages
61
Notes
ID: 20441461
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking among Danish, Swedish, and German youth is increasing dramatically, indicating the emergence of a new health threat. This study assessed the association between waterpipe smoking and progression to regular cigarette smoking among Danish continuation school students during 2004-2005. All participants (N = 762) had smoked cigarettes on a nonregular basis at baseline. Among boys, waterpipe smoking frequency was predictive of being a regular cigarette smoker at follow-up eight months later. Further research should examine waterpipe smoking as a potential predictor of cigarette smoking. The study's limitations are noted.
Descriptors
Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Denmark/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Program Evaluation, Risk Factors, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder, Water
Links
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826081003682909
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jensen,Poul Dengsoe, Cortes,Rikke, Engholm,Gerda, Kremers,Stef, Gislum,Mette
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Waterpipe smoking in Kuwait | 2010 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
East Mediterr Health J
Periodical, Abbrev.
East.Mediterr.Health J.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
16
Issue
11
Start Page
1115
Other Pages
20
Notes
ID: 21218733
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
A nonrandom sampIe of 2972 Kuwaitis answered a questionnaire about smoking behaviour and beliefs. More than one-third (35%) were nonsmokers, 45% smoked only the waterpipe, 12% only cigarettes and 8% both waterpipe and cigarettes. Compared with cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers were more likely to be female and to be unskilled manual workers than professionals or students. Waterpipe smokers started the habit at an older age on average than cigarette smokers. Most waterpipe smokers smoked only 1 bowl per day, and smoked mostly at coffee houses. Factor analysis of beliefs about waterpipe smoking resulted in 4 groups of beliefs which explained 50% of the variance. The results are discussed in terms of public health policy and possible risk reduction strategies.
Descriptors
Attitude to Health/ethnology, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Smoking/ethnology, Water, Adult, Age of Onset, Analysis of Variance, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Health Surveys, Humans, Kuwait/epidemiology, Male, Occupations/statistics & numerical data, Population Surveillance, Sex Distribution, Smoking/adverse effects, Smoking/prevention & control, Students/psychology, Students/statistics & numerical data, Questionnaires
Links
http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-21218733
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Mohammed,H. R., Zhang,Y., Newman,I. M., Shell,D. F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Health warning labelling practices on narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories | 2010 | Health Behavior and Education Department, Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. rima.nakkash@aub.edu.lb | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Jun
Volume
19
Issue
3
Start Page
235
Other Pages
239
Notes
LR: 20141203; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC2989164; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 20501497
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1136/tc.2009.031773 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20501497
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence is increasing around the globe despite current evidence that smoke emissions are toxic and contain carcinogenic compounds. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate current health warning labelling practices on waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories. METHODS: All waterpipe tobacco products, as well as waterpipe accessories, were purchased from Lebanon and a convenience sample was obtained from Dubai (United Arab Emirates), Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Bahrain, Canada, Germany and South Africa. FINDINGS: Of the total number of waterpipe tobacco products collected from Lebanon, the majority had textual health warning labels covering on average only 3.5% of total surface area of the package. Misleading descriptors were commonplace on waterpipe tobacco packages and related accessories. CONCLUSIONS: There are no WHO FCTC compliant waterpipe-specific health warning labels on waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories. Introducing health warnings on waterpipe tobacco products and accessories will probably have worldwide public health benefits.
Descriptors
Global Health, Health Promotion/methods, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects/prevention & control, Product Labeling, Smoking/adverse effects/prevention & control
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Nakkash,R., Khalil,J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC2989164
Editors
|
|||
| Waterpipe (narghile) smoking among medical and non-medical university students in Turkey | 2010 | Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Upsala journal of medical sciences
Periodical, Abbrev.
Ups.J.Med.Sci.
Pub Date Free Form
Aug
Volume
115
Issue
3
Start Page
210
Other Pages
216
Notes
LR: 20141203; JID: 0332203; OID: NLM: PMC2939523; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
2000-1967; 0300-9734
Accession Number
PMID: 20636256
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.3109/03009734.2010.487164 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20636256
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This investigation was performed in order to determine the prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking in students of Erciyes University and the effects of some socio-demographic factors. METHODS: A total of 645 students who study the first three grades of the medical faculty and the engineering faculty of Erciyes University were enrolled in the study. A questionnaire including 48 questions was applied. Chi-square test and logistic regression method were performed for the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The total prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was found to be 32.7%. The prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was 28.6% in the medical and 37.5% in the non-medical students. It was determined that 41.6% of the males and 20.2% of the females currently smoke waterpipe. Gender, cigarette smoking, and the presence of waterpipe smokers among family members and friends have significant effects on the prevalence of waterpipe smoking. Residence and economical status of the family and with whom the students live have no significant effect on the prevalence rate. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of the students currently smoke waterpipe. Smoking of both cigarette and waterpipe was frequently found. The measures against all tobacco products should be combined.
Descriptors
Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Students, Medical, Turkey/epidemiology, Universities
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Poyrazoglu,S., Sarli,S., Gencer,Z., Gunay,O.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC2939523
Editors
|
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