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Initiation, Progression, and Sustained Waterpipe Use: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study of U.S. Young Adults 2017 Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. sidanije@upmc.edu.; Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University (TRUNCATED
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Print(0)
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Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev.
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
26
Issue
5
Start Page
748
Other Pages
755
Notes
LR: 20181113; CI: (c)2017; GR: R01 CA140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9200608; NIHMS842715; 2016/08/29 00:00 [received]; 2016/11/28 00:00 [revised]; 2016/12/13 00:00 [accepted]; 2017/01/14 06:00 [pubmed]; 2018/03/06 06:00 [medline]; 2017/01/14 06
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1538-7755; 1055-9965
Accession Number
PMID: 28082346
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0687-T [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
28082346
Abstract
Background: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is increasing in popularity despite evidence of harm and potential for dependence. Intervention development has been hampered by a lack of longitudinal, nationally representative data on usage patterns and factors independently associated with WTS initiation. Therefore, we aimed to characterize key transitions between WTS states in a nationally representative group of young adults, with particular attention to factors independently associated with initiation.Methods: Participants were randomly selected from a national probability-based panel representing 97% of the United States. A total of 1,785 adults ages 18 to 30 at baseline completed two Web-based surveys 18 months apart in 2013 and 2014. Assessments included knowledge of waterpipe tobacco smoke composition, positive and negative attitudes toward WTS, normative beliefs, intention to use waterpipe, and WTS behavior. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between predictive factors and subsequent WTS initiation.Results: In fully adjusted models, overall knowledge about toxicants associated with WTS was not associated with subsequent WTS initiation. Similarly, negative attitudes and normative beliefs were not associated with WTS uptake. However, baseline positive attitudes were strongly and significantly associated with WTS initiation [adjusted OR (AOR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-2.3]. Similarly, baseline intention to use WTS was strongly associated with subsequent initiation (AOR = 7.0; 95% CI, 3.5-13.7).Conclusions: Prevention efforts may be most successful if they target individuals with clear intentions to use WTS and challenge positive attitudes surrounding WTS.Impact: Surveillance of WTS trajectories will help inform health care and policy surrounding this emerging risk behavior among U.S. young adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(5); 748-55. (c)2017 AACR.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
American Association for Cancer Research
Data Source
Authors
Sidani,J.E., Shensa,A., Naidu,M.R., Yabes,J.G., Primack,B.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20170112
PMCID
PMC5413431
Editors
Promotion of waterpipe tobacco use, its variants and accessories in young adult newspapers: a content analysis of message portrayal 2015 Division of Health Promotion and Behavior, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA and Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2611, USA kster
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Health education research
Periodical, Abbrev.
Health Educ.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Feb
Volume
30
Issue
1
Start Page
152
Other Pages
161
Notes
LR: 20160715; CI: (c) The Author 2014; GR: 1R03CA159909-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: P20 MD006737/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States; GR: R03 CA159909/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 CA180934/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R24 HD041041/HD/N
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1465-3648; 0268-1153
Accession Number
PMID: 24957675
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; T
DOI
10.1093/her/cyu035 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24957675
Abstract
The objective of our study was to identify waterpipe tobacco smoking advertisements and those that promoted a range of products and accessories used to smoke waterpipe tobacco. The content of these advertisements was analyzed to understand the messages portrayed about waterpipe tobacco smoking in young adult (aged 18-30) newspapers. The study methods include monitoring of six newspapers targeting young adults from four major cities in the Southeastern United States over a 6-month period. A total of 87 advertisements were found; 73.5% (64) were distinct and content analyzed. The study results showed that of the advertisements analyzed, 25% advertised waterpipe tobacco smoking, 54.7% featured waterpipe tobacco smoking and other tobacco use, 14.1% featured non-tobacco waterpipe variants (i.e. vaporizers), and 6.3% featured waterpipe apparatus accessories (e.g. charcoal, hoses). The sociability (34%) and sensuality (29.7%) of waterpipe smoking were promoted themes. Alternative to cigarette use messages (3.1%), and harm-reduction messages (17.1%) emphasized that smoking waterpipe tobacco using the featured accessory or waterpipe variant was a healthier experience than cigarette smoking. The study concluded that the messages that promoted waterpipe tobacco smoking to young adults are parallel to those used to promote cigarette use. Tobacco control professionals should continue to monitor young adult newspapers as a source of waterpipe-related advertising.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
. Published by Oxford University Press
Data Source
Authors
Sterling,K.L., Fryer,C.S., Majeed,B., Duong,M.M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140623
PMCID
PMC4296886
Editors
Central and peripheral cardiovascular changes immediately after waterpipe smoking 2014 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences .
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Inhalation toxicology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Inhal.Toxicol.
Pub Date Free Form
Aug
Volume
26
Issue
10
Start Page
579
Other Pages
587
Notes
JID: 8910739; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1091-7691; 0895-8378
Accession Number
PMID: 25144473
Language
eng
SubFile
Clinical Trial; Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.3109/08958378.2014.936572 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25144473
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco cigarette smoking is a global health problem that kills millions each year. Recently, tobacco smoking using a waterpipe (WP) has become popular worldwide. However, unlike cigarettes, the cardiovascular (CV) risks associated with WP smoking are uncertain. In this study, the immediate effects of WP smoking on central and peripheral CV indices were evaluated in 53 young healthy smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Strain-gauge plethysmography was used to measure forearm blood flow (Bf), vascular resistance (Vr), and venous capacitance (Vc) and outflow (Vf) at rest (R) and after occlusion (Oc), whereas heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured using standard automated auscultatory methods immediately before and after a 30-min WP smoking session. RESULTS: Smoking resulted in HR, diastolic BP, mean arterial BP, rate pressure product and OcVr increases (p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Alomari,M.A., Khabour,O.F., Alzoubi,K.H., Shqair,D.M., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Acute vascular effects of waterpipe smoking: Importance of physical activity and fitness status 2015 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. Electronic address: Alomari@just.edu.jo.; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technolo
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Atherosclerosis
Periodical, Abbrev.
Atherosclerosis
Pub Date Free Form
Jun
Volume
240
Issue
2
Start Page
472
Other Pages
476
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 0242543; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/12/11 [received]; 2015/02/21 [revised]; 2015/02/23 [accepted]; 2015/02/28 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Ireland
ISSN/ISBN
1879-1484; 0021-9150
Accession Number
PMID: 25909821
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.047 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25909821
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: While new forms of tobacco, including waterpipe (WP) smoking, continue to gain popularity, limited literature has examined the vascular health consequences. The purpose of the current study was to examine: (i) the acute WP-induced changes in vascular function; (ii) whether acute changes in vascular function are modified by lifestyle behaviors (habitual physical activity, physical fitness). METHODS: Fifty three (22.7 y, 36% F, 23.4 kg/m(2)) otherwise healthy WP smokers were recruited. Strain-gauge plethysmography was used to measure forearm blood flow, vascular resistance, venous capacitance, and venous outflow at rest and following occlusion. Habitual physical activity was determined using the Arabic version of short-form international physical activity questionnaire, while physical fitness was assessed using the 6 min walk test and handgrip strength. Partial correlations were used to examine the relationships between post-smoking vascular function and lifestyle behaviors, controlling for pre-smoking vascular measures. RESULTS: (i) WP had a small effect on forearm post-occlusion blood flow (d = -0.19), a moderate effect on venous outflow (d = 0.30), and a moderate effect on post-occlusion vascular resistance (d = 0.32). (ii) Total habitual physical activity strongly correlated with resting blood flow (r = 0.50) and moderately with vascular resistance (r = -0.40). Handgrip strength moderately correlated with venous capacitance (r = 0.30) and post-occlusion blood flow (r = 0.30), while 6 min walked distance moderately correlated with resting venous capacitance (r = 0.30). CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoking is associated with immediate changes in vascular function, which are exacerbated in individuals with low habitual physical activity and physical fitness levels in young otherwise healthy individuals.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Alomari,M.A., Khabour,O.F., Alzoubi,K.H., Shqair,D.M., Stoner,L.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150228
PMCID
Editors
Waterpipe effects on pulmonary function and cardiovascular indices: a comparison to cigarette smoking in real life situation 2014 Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon .
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Inhalation toxicology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Inhal.Toxicol.
Pub Date Free Form
Aug
Volume
26
Issue
10
Start Page
620
Other Pages
627
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 8910739; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1091-7691; 0895-8378
Accession Number
PMID: 25144476
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.3109/08958378.2014.945106 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25144476
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Smoking is known to have physiological effects on biological systems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate acute and chronic effects on pulmonary functions and cardiovascular indices of waterpipe (WP) smoking in real life circumstances. METHODS: Three groups were included in the study: non-smokers (N = 42), WP smokers (N = 42) and cigarette smokers (N = 48). A questionnaire was completed for each participant, in addition to pulmonary function [forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1), 6 s (FEV6), percentage of FEV1/FEV6], and cardiovascular [diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR)] measures, taken before and after smoking. RESULTS: Mean values of FEV1, FEV6, FEV1/FEV6, DBP and SBP in WP and cigarette smokers were very close. However, WP smoking significantly increased HR compared to cigarette smokers (p = 0.007); duration of smoking, age at first WP and quantity of smoking affected pulmonary function and cardiovascular values. In the subgroup of WP smokers, DBP was acutely increased by a larger WP size (p = 0.011), while the FEV6 was acutely increased by a smaller WP size (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: WP smoking affected the cardiovascular system more than cigarette smoking, while it had similar effects on pulmonary function.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Layoun,N., Saleh,N., Barbour,B., Awada,S., Rachidi,S., Al-Hajje,A., Bawab,W., Waked,M., Salameh,P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Affecting perceptions of harm and addiction among college waterpipe tobacco smokers 2011 Duke University School of Nursing, 307 Trent Dr., Durham, NC 27710, USA. Isaac.Lipkus@Duke.edu
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Jul
Volume
13
Issue
7
Start Page
599
Other Pages
610
Notes
LR: 20160527; GR: P30 DA023026/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P30 DA023026/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA114389/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; OID: NLM: PMC3129239; 2011/04/06 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 21471304
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntr049 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21471304
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The spread of waterpipe tobacco use among youth may be due in part to perceptions that waterpipe tobacco use is safer than other tobacco products, such as cigarettes. In two pilot studies, we sought to modify college waterpipe smokers' perceived risks and worry about waterpipe tobacco smoking. METHODS: We conducted two web-based studies that varied whether college waterpipe users received information on (a) spread of and use of flavored tobacco in waterpipe and (b) harms of waterpipe smoking. Study 1 (N = 91) tested the "incremental" effects on perceptions of risk and worry of adding information about harms of waterpipe smoking to information on the spread of waterpipe and use of flavorings in the tobacco. Study 2 (N = 112) tested the effects on perceptions of risk and worry of reviewing information about harms of waterpipe smoking compared to a no information control group. In Study 1 only, we assessed as part of a 6-month follow-up (n = 70) the percentage of participants who reported no longer using waterpipe. RESULTS: Pooling data from both studies, participants who received information about the harms of waterpipe smoking reported greater perceived risk and worry about harm and addiction and expressed a stronger desire to quit. In Study 1, 62% of participants in the experimental group versus 33% in the control group reported having stopped waterpipe use. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first studies to show that perceptions of addiction and harm from waterpipe use can be modified using minimally intensive interventions; such interventions show promise at decreasing waterpipe use.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Lipkus,I.M., Eissenberg,T., Schwartz-Bloom,R.D., Prokhorov,A.V., Levy,J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110406
PMCID
PMC3129239
Editors
Assessing and Predicting Susceptibility to Waterpipe Tobacco Use Among College Students 2015 Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC; isaac.lipkus@duke.edu.; Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC;; Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC;; De
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Sep
Volume
17
Issue
9
Start Page
1120
Other Pages
1125
Notes
LR: 20150826; CI: (c) The Author 2014; GR: R01 CA141643/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA141643/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; OID: NLM: PMC4542741 [Available on 09/01/16]; PMCR: 2016/09/01 00:00; 2014/06/30 [received]; 2014/12/15 [acce
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 25542922
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntu336 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25542922
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: College youth susceptible to waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) represent an important target to intervene upon in order to prevent their uptake of this product. This study examined the performance of a 4-item susceptibility measure to WTS to predict future waterpipe use and correlates of susceptibility. METHODS: A cohort of college students from 11 university campuses in North Carolina and Virginia completed an online survey in 2012 and again in 2013 that assessed WTS susceptibility and subsequent waterpipe use. Tobacco use, marijuana use, binge drinking, and sensation seeking were also assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 964 students who reported having never used waterpipe tobacco in 2012 completed the online surveys both years. Overall, about 27% of college youth were susceptible to WTS each year. Participants susceptible in 2012 were 2.5 times more likely to report having used waterpipe tobacco the subsequent year than non-susceptible participants after controlling for significant correlates of waterpipe use. Correlates of susceptibility were: being male, past 30 day cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products, binge drinking and marijuana use, as well as higher sensation seeking. CONCLUSIONS: A 4-item WTS susceptibility measure predicts future WTS. This measure can be used to identify and intervene upon susceptible college youth to curb further exploration of WTS. Indeed, a nontrivial proportion of college students found susceptible go on to use waterpipe tobacco within a year.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Data Source
Authors
Lipkus,I.M., Reboussin,B.A., Wolfson,M., Sutfin,E.L.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20141226
PMCID
PMC4542741
Editors
Association between felt ambivalence and the desire to quit waterpipe use among college students 2016 Duke University School of Nursing, USA isaac.lipkus@duke.edu.; Duke University School of Nursing, USA.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of health psychology
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Health.Psychol.
Pub Date Free Form
27-Mar
Volume
Issue
Start Page
Other Pages
Notes
LR: 20160331; CI: (c) The Author(s) 2016; JID: 9703616; OTO: NOTNLM; aheadofprint
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1461-7277; 1359-1053
Accession Number
PMID: 27020085
Language
ENG
SubFile
JOURNAL ARTICLE
DOI
1359105316636948 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
27020085
Abstract
College waterpipe tobacco smokers who feel more ambivalence, that is, conflicted about its use, may have a stronger desire to quit. Using baseline survey data of 315 college waterpipe smokers, we examined this relationship. While frequency of feeling ambivalence was low, greater ambivalence was related with desire to quit (r = .46,p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Lipkus,I.M., Noonan,D.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20160327
PMCID
Editors
Relationships among factual and perceived knowledge of harms of waterpipe tobacco, perceived risk, and desire to quit among college users 2014 Duke University School of Nursing, USA Isaac.lipkus@duke.edu.; Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.; Duke University Medical Center, USA.; University of Texas, USA.; Duke University School of Nursing, USA.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of health psychology
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Health.Psychol.
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
19
Issue
12
Start Page
1525
Other Pages
1535
Notes
LR: 20150601; CI: (c) The Author(s) 2013; GR: P30 DA023026/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P30 DA023026/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA114389/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA114389/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9703616; NIHMS6639
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1461-7277; 1359-1053
Accession Number
PMID: 23928987
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1177/1359105313494926 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23928987
Abstract
Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing in the United States among college students. Through a web-based survey, we explored associations among factual and perceived knowledge, perceived risks and worry about harm and addiction, and desire to quit among 316 college waterpipe tobacco smoking users. Overall, factual knowledge of the harm of waterpipe tobacco smoking was poor, factual and perceived knowledge was weakly correlated, both forms of knowledge were related inconsistently to perceived risks and worry, and neither form of knowledge was associated with the desire to quit. Findings provide preliminary insights as to why knowledge gaps may not predict cessation among waterpipe users.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Lipkus,I.M., Eissenberg,T., Schwartz-Bloom,R.D., Prokhorov,A.V., Levy,J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130808
PMCID
PMC4358735
Editors
Waterpipe (narghile) smoking among medical and non-medical university students in Turkey 2010 Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Upsala journal of medical sciences
Periodical, Abbrev.
Ups.J.Med.Sci.
Pub Date Free Form
Aug
Volume
115
Issue
3
Start Page
210
Other Pages
216
Notes
LR: 20141203; JID: 0332203; OID: NLM: PMC2939523; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
2000-1967; 0300-9734
Accession Number
PMID: 20636256
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.3109/03009734.2010.487164 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20636256
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This investigation was performed in order to determine the prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking in students of Erciyes University and the effects of some socio-demographic factors. METHODS: A total of 645 students who study the first three grades of the medical faculty and the engineering faculty of Erciyes University were enrolled in the study. A questionnaire including 48 questions was applied. Chi-square test and logistic regression method were performed for the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The total prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was found to be 32.7%. The prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was 28.6% in the medical and 37.5% in the non-medical students. It was determined that 41.6% of the males and 20.2% of the females currently smoke waterpipe. Gender, cigarette smoking, and the presence of waterpipe smokers among family members and friends have significant effects on the prevalence of waterpipe smoking. Residence and economical status of the family and with whom the students live have no significant effect on the prevalence rate. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of the students currently smoke waterpipe. Smoking of both cigarette and waterpipe was frequently found. The measures against all tobacco products should be combined.
Descriptors
Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Students, Medical, Turkey/epidemiology, Universities
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Poyrazoglu,S., Sarli,S., Gencer,Z., Gunay,O.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC2939523
Editors