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waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong


Title Pub Year Author SearchLink
Acute toxicant exposure and cardiac autonomic dysfunction from smoking a single narghile waterpipe with tobacco and with a "healthy" tobacco-free alternative 2012 Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Toxicology letters
Periodical, Abbrev.
Toxicol.Lett.
Pub Date Free Form
23-Nov
Volume
215
Issue
1
Start Page
70
Other Pages
75
Notes
LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; GR: F31DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH H
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1879-3169; 0378-4274
Accession Number
PMID: 23059956
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.026 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23059956
Abstract
Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe (narghile, hookah, shisha) has become a global epidemic. Unlike cigarette smoking, little is known about the health effects of waterpipe use. One acute effect of cigarette smoke inhalation is dysfunction in autonomic regulation of the cardiac cycle, as indicated by reduction in heart rate variability (HRV). Reduced HRV is implicated in adverse cardiovascular health outcomes, and is associated with inhalation exposure-induced oxidative stress. Using a 32 participant cross-over study design, we investigated toxicant exposure and effects of waterpipe smoking on heart rate variability when, under controlled conditions, participants smoked a tobacco-based and a tobacco-free waterpipe product promoted as an alternative for "health-conscious" users. Outcome measures included HRV, exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO), plasma nicotine, and puff topography, which were measured at times prior to, during, and after smoking. We found that waterpipe use acutely decreased HRV (p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Cobb,C.O., Sahmarani,K., Eissenberg,T., Shihadeh,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20121008
PMCID
PMC3641895
Editors
Waterpipe tobacco smoking on a U.S. College campus: prevalence and correlates 2008 Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0205, USA. teissenb@vcu.edu Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Adolesc.Health
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
42
Issue
5
Start Page
526
Other Pages
529
Notes
LR: 20140921; GR: R01 CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA103827-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA011082/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA011082-10/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 TW005962/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1879-1972; 1054-139X
Accession Number
PMID: 18407049
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.10.004 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
18407049
Abstract
PURPOSE: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is reported to be growing in popularity, particularly among college students. This study examined the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence and perceptions in a university-based population. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional Internet-based survey of first-year university students, which examined waterpipe tobacco smoking and other tobacco use, risk perceptions, influences, and perceived social acceptability. RESULTS: Waterpipe tobacco smoking within the past 30 days was reported by 20% (151/744). Relative to never users, users were more likely to perceive waterpipe tobacco smoking as less harmful than cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS: Because waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing in prevalence and because it can involve toxicant inhalation at even greater levels than with cigarette smoking, it represents a growing public health issue.
Descriptors
Adolescent, Adult, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Prevalence, Smoking, Social Environment, Students, United States, Universities
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Eissenberg,T., Ward,K. D., Smith-Simone,S., Maziak,W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20071221
PMCID
PMC2362063
Editors
An observational study of group waterpipe use in a natural environment 2014 Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
16
Issue
1
Start Page
93
Other Pages
99
Notes
LR: 20150423; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC3864492; 2013/08/13 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 23943842
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntt120 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23943842
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: To date research on tobacco smoking with a waterpipe (hookah, narghile, and shisha) has focused primarily on the individual user in a laboratory setting. Yet, waterpipe tobacco smoking is often a social practice that occurs in cafes, homes, and other natural settings. This observational study examined the behavior of waterpipe tobacco smokers and the social and contextual features of waterpipe use among groups in their natural environment. METHODS: Trained observers visited urban waterpipe cafes on multiple occasions during an 8-month period. Observations of 241 individual users in naturally formed groups were made on smoking topography (puff frequency, duration, and interpuff interval [IPI]) and engagement in other activities (e.g., food and drink consumption, other tobacco use, and media viewing). RESULTS: Most users were male in group sizes of 3-4 persons, on average, and each table had 1 waterpipe, on average. The predominant social features during observational periods were conversation and nonalcoholic drinking. Greater puff number was associated with smaller group sizes and more waterpipes per group, while longer IPIs were associated with larger group sizes and fewer waterpipes per group. Additionally, greater puff frequency was observed during media viewing and in the absence of other tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results suggest that waterpipe smoking behavior is affected by group size and by certain social activities. Discussion focuses on how these findings enhance our understanding of factors that may influence exposure to waterpipe tobacco smoke toxicants in naturalistic environments.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Blank,M.D., Brown,K.W., Goodman,R.J., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130813
PMCID
PMC3864492
Editors
Acute effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking: a double-blind, placebo-control study 2011 Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0205, USA. Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Drug and alcohol dependence
Periodical, Abbrev.
Drug Alcohol Depend.
Pub Date Free Form
1-Jul
Volume
116
Issue
3-Jan
Start Page
102
Other Pages
109
Notes
LR: 20151119; CI: Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.; GR: F31 DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: F31 DA028102-02/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: F31DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01
Place of Publication
Ireland
ISSN/ISBN
1879-0046; 0376-8716
Accession Number
PMID: 21277706
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.026 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21277706
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking usually involves heating flavored tobacco with charcoal and inhaling the resulting smoke after it has passed through water. Waterpipe tobacco smoking increases heart rate and produces subjective effects similar to those reported by cigarette smokers. These responses are thought to be nicotine-mediated, though no placebo-control studies exist. Accordingly, this double-blind, placebo-control study compared the acute physiological and subjective effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking to those produced when participants used a waterpipe to smoke a flavor-matched, tobacco-free preparation. METHODS: Occasional waterpipe tobacco smokers (n = 37; 2-5 monthly smoking episodes for >/= 6 months) completed two double-blind, counterbalanced sessions that differed by product: preferred brand/flavor of waterpipe tobacco or flavor-matched, tobacco-free preparation. For each 45-min, ad lib smoking episode blood and expired air CO were sampled, cardiovascular and respiratory response were measured, and subjective response was assessed. RESULTS: Waterpipe tobacco smoking significantly increased mean (+/- SEM) plasma nicotine concentration (3.6 +/- 0.7 ng/ml) and heart rate (8.6 +/- 1.4 bpm) while placebo did not (0.1 +/- 0.0 ng/ml; 1.3 +/- 0.9b pm). For carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and expired air CO, significant increases were observed for tobacco (3.8 +/- 0.4%; 27.9 +/- 2.6 ppm) and for placebo (3.9 +/- 0.4%; 27.7 +/- 3.3 ppm) with no differences across condition. Independent of condition, symptoms of nicotine/tobacco abstinence (e.g., "urges to smoke", "anxious") were reduced and direct effects (e.g., "dizzy", "satisfy") increased. DISCUSSION: These results from the first placebo-control study of waterpipe tobacco smoking demonstrate that waterpipe-induced heart rate increases are almost certainly mediated by nicotine though the subjective effects observed in these occasional smokers were not.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Blank,M.D., Cobb,C.O., Kilgalen,B., Austin,J., Weaver,M.F., Shihadeh,A., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110201
PMCID
PMC3098931
Editors
Waterpipe tobacco smoking: an emerging health crisis in the United States 2010 Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American Journal of Health Behavior
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Health Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
May-Jun
Volume
34
Issue
3
Start Page
275
Other Pages
285
Notes
LR: 20151119; GR: R01 CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA103827-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States;
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1945-7359; 1087-3244
Accession Number
PMID: 20001185
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review; IM
DOI
10.5555/ajhb.2010.34.3.275 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20001185
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and potential health risks of waterpipe tobacco smoking. METHODS: A literature review was performed to compile information relating to waterpipe tobacco smoking. RESULTS: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing in prevalence worldwide; in the United States, 10-20% of some young adult populations are current waterpipe users. Depending on the toxicant measured, a single waterpipe session produces the equivalent of at least 1 and as many as 50 cigarettes. Misconceptions about waterpipe smoke content may lead users to underestimate health risks. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of waterpipe tobacco smoking in tobacco control activities may help reduce its spread.
Descriptors
Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/statistics & numerical data, Lebanon/epidemiology, Nicotine/analysis, Prevalence, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology/trends, Substance-Related Disorders/etiology, Syria/epidemiology, Tars/analysis, United States/epidemiology
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Cobb,C., Ward,K. D., Maziak,W., Shihadeh,A. L., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC3215592
Editors
Indoor air quality in Virginia waterpipe cafes 2013 Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA. Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Sep
Volume
22
Issue
5
Start Page
338
Other Pages
343
Notes
LR: 20150225; GR: F31DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R25 CA090314/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 22447194
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050350 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22447194
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: A revised indoor air quality law has been implemented in Virginia to protect the public from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure. This legislation contains exemptions that include allowances for smoking in a room that is structurally separated and separately ventilated. The objective of the current study was to examine the impact of this law on air quality in waterpipe cafes, as well as to compare the air quality in these cafes to restaurants that allow cigarette smoking and those where no smoking is permitted. METHODS: Indoor air quality in 28 venues (17 waterpipe cafes, five cigarette smoking-permitted restaurants and six smoke-free restaurants (five with valid data)) in Virginia was assessed during 4 March to 27 May 2011. Real-time measurements of particulate matter (PM) with 2.5 mum aerodynamic diameter or smaller (PM2.5) were obtained and occupant behaviour/venue characteristics were assessed. RESULTS: The highest mean PM2.5 concentration was observed for waterpipe cafe smoking rooms (374 mug/m(3), n=17) followed by waterpipe cafe non-smoking rooms (123 mug/m(3), n=11), cigarette smoking-permitted restaurant smoking rooms (119 mug/m(3), n=5), cigarette smoking-permitted restaurant non-smoking rooms (26 mug/m(3), n=5) and smoke-free restaurants (9 mug/m(3), n=5). Smoking density was positively correlated with PM2.5 across smoking rooms and the smoke-free restaurants. In addition, PM2.5 was positively correlated between smoking and non-smoking rooms of venues. CONCLUSIONS: The PM2.5 concentrations observed among the waterpipe cafes sampled here indicated air quality in the waterpipe cafe smoking rooms was worse than restaurant rooms in which cigarette smoking was permitted, and state-required non-smoking rooms in waterpipe cafes may expose patrons and employees to PM2.5 concentrations above national and international air quality standards. Reducing the health risks of secondhand smoke may require smoke-free establishments in which tobacco smoking sources such as water pipes are, like cigarettes, prohibited.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Cobb,C.O., Vansickel,A.R., Blank,M.D., Jentink,K., Travers,M.J., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20120324
PMCID
PMC3889072
Editors
Waterpipe smoking among college students in the United States: a review of the literature 2012 Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. grekine@wayne.edu Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of American college health : J of ACH
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Am.Coll.Health
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
60
Issue
3
Start Page
244
Other Pages
249
Notes
JID: 8214119; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1940-3208; 0744-8481
Accession Number
PMID: 22420702
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Review; IM
DOI
10.1080/07448481.2011.589419 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22420702
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on college student waterpipe use with a focus on undergraduates in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Undergraduate students. METHODS: Studies were accessed using the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Premier. Searches included combinations of the following keywords: "waterpipe," "hookah," "shisha," "nargila," "argileh," "hubble bubble," "college," "university," and "student." RESULTS: Results demonstrate that approximately 1 in 5 American college students report past-year waterpipe use. Results also suggest that there are a number of established correlates of waterpipe smoking, including male gender, Arab ethnicity, cigarette smoking, and the belief that waterpipe smoking is less harmful than cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its harmful health effects, waterpipe smoking is quite common among college students. Future research with better methodologies and theoretical frameworks are needed to advance the field.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Grekin,E.R., Ayna,D.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Determinants of waterpipe use amongst adolescents in Northern Sweden: a survey of use pattern, risk perception, and environmental factors 2015 Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. rathi.ramji@pubcare.uu.se.; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. judy.arnetz@hc.msu.edu.; Department of Family Medicine, Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
BMC research notes
Periodical, Abbrev.
BMC Res.Notes
Pub Date Free Form
15-Sep
Volume
8
Issue
Start Page
441
Other Pages
015-1413-4
Notes
LR: 20150918; JID: 101462768; OID: NLM: PMC4570251; 2014/10/07 [received]; 2015/09/07 [accepted]; 2015/09/15 [aheadofprint]; epublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1756-0500; 1756-0500
Accession Number
PMID: 26374502
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1186/s13104-015-1413-4 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26374502
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Determinants of waterpipe use in adolescents are believed to differ from those for other tobacco products, but there is a lack of studies of possible social, cultural, or psychological aspects of waterpipe use in this population. This study applied a socioecological model to explore waterpipe use, and its relationship to other tobacco use in Swedish adolescents. METHODS: A total of 106 adolescents who attended an urban high-school in northern Sweden responded to an anonymous questionnaire. Prevalence rates for waterpipe use were examined in relation to socio-demographics, peer pressure, sensation seeking behavior, harm perception, environmental factors, and depression. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent reported ever having smoked waterpipe (ever use), with 30% having done so during the last 30 days (current use). Among waterpipe ever users, 60% had ever smoked cigarettes in comparison to 32% of non-waterpipe smokers (95% confidence interval 1.4-7.9). The odds of having ever smoked waterpipe were three times higher among male high school seniors as well as students with lower grades. Waterpipe ever users had three times higher odds of having higher levels of sensation-seeking (95% confidence interval 1.2-9.5) and scored high on the depression scales (95% confidence interval 1.6-6.8) than non-users. The odds of waterpipe ever use were four times higher for those who perceived waterpipe products to have pleasant smell compared to cigarettes (95% confidence interval 1.7-9.8). Waterpipe ever users were twice as likely to have seen waterpipe use on television compared to non-users (95% confidence interval 1.1-5.7). The odds of having friends who smoked regularly was eight times higher for waterpipe ever users than non-users (95% confidence interval 2.1-31.2). CONCLUSION: The current study reports a high use of waterpipe in a select group of students in northern Sweden. The study adds the importance of looking at socioecological determinants of use, including peer pressure and exposure to media marketing, as well as mental health among users.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Ramji,R., Arnetz,J., Nilsson,M., Jamil,H., Norstrom,F., Maziak,W., Wiklund,Y., Arnetz,B.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150915
PMCID
PMC4570251
Editors
Knowledge and attitudes of waterpipe tobacco smoking among GPs in England 2014 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College School of Public Health, Imperial College London. E-mail: mohammed.jawad06@imperial.ac.uk. Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners
Periodical, Abbrev.
Br.J.Gen.Pract.
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
64
Issue
622
Start Page
222
Other Pages
223
Notes
LR: 20150708; JID: 9005323; OID: NLM: PMC4001149; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1478-5242; 0960-1643
Accession Number
PMID: 24771819
Language
eng
SubFile
Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.3399/bjgp14X679642 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24771819
Abstract
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jawad,M., Hamilton,F.L., Millett,C., Albeyatti,A., Ananthavarathan,P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4001149
Editors
Tobacco-specific nitrosamine exposures in smokers and nonsmokers exposed to cigarette or waterpipe tobacco smoke 2013 Department of Public Health, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. gnasr@theunion.org Read more...
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
15
Issue
1
Start Page
130
Other Pages
138
Notes
LR: 20150225; JID: 9815751; 0 (4-((methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)but-1-yl)beta-omega-glucosiduronic acid); 0 (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol); 0 (Carcinogens); 0 (Glucuronates); 0 (Nitrosamines); 0 (Pyridines); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollut
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 22573723
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/nts099 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22573723
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The causal relationship between tobacco smoking and a variety of cancers is attributable to the carcinogens that smokers inhale, including tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). We aimed to assess the exposure to TSNAs in waterpipe smokers (WPS), cigarette smokers (CS), and nonsmoking females exposed to tobacco smoke. METHODS: We measured 2 metabolites, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAl-Gluc) in the urine of males who were either current CS or WPS, and their wives exposed to either cigarette or waterpipe smoke in a sample of 46 subjects from rural Egypt. RESULTS: Of the 24 current male smokers, 54.2% were exclusive CS and 45.8% were exclusive WPS. Among wives, 59.1% reported exposure to cigarette smoke and 40.9% to waterpipe smoke. The geometric mean of urinary NNAL was 0.19 +/- 0.60 pmol/ml urine (range 0.005-2.58) in the total sample. Significantly higher levels of NNAL were observed among male smokers of either cigarettes or waterpipe (0.89 +/- 0.53 pmol/ml, range 0.78-2.58 in CS and 0.21-1.71 in WPS) compared with nonsmoking wives (0.04 +/- 0.18 pmol/ml, range 0.01-0.60 in CS wives, 0.05-0.23 in WPS wives, p = .000). Among males, CS had significantly higher levels of NNAL compared with WPS (1.22 vs. 0.62; p = .007). However, no significant difference was detected in NNAL levels between wives exposed to cigarette smoke or waterpipe smoke. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smokers levels of NNAL were higher than WPS levels in males. Exposure to tobacco smoke was evident in wives of both CS and WPS. Among WPS, NNAL tended to increase with increasing numbers of hagars smoked/day.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Radwan,G., Hecht,S.S., Carmella,S.G., Loffredo,C.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20120509
PMCID
PMC3524061
Editors
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