Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title Sort ascending | Pub Year | Author | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ultrafine particle emissions from waterpipes | 2007 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tob Control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
16
Issue
6
Start Page
390
Other Pages
3
Notes
ID: 18048615
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Ultrafine particle emissions from waterpipes and their impact on human health have not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to characterise the inhalation pattern of waterpipe smokers, and (a) construct apparatus to simulate waterpipe smoking in the laboratory, and (b) characterise mainstream emissions from waterpipes under different smoking conditions. METHODS: Real life waterpipe smoking patterns were first measured with a spirometer. The average smoking pattern was then mechanically simulated in apparatus. Total particle number concentrations were determined with a condensation particle counter (CPC) for particles between 0.02 microm and 1 microm (P-Trak UPC, Model 8525, TSI) and the particle size fraction was determined with a differential mobility analyser (DMA) for particles from 0.01 microm to 0.5 microm. This instrument was coupled with a laser particle spectrometer for particles between 0.35 microm and 10 microm (Wide Range Particle Spectrometer, Model 1000XP, MSC Corp). Carbon monoxide levels were determined with an electrochemical sensor (Q-Trak monitor, Model 8554, TSI). RESULTS: The tidal volume of an average waterpipe breath of 5 seconds was found to be 1 (SD 0.47) litre. The intervals between breaths on average were 25.5 (SD 10.2) seconds. Particle number concentrations of ultrafine particles in mainstream smoke during waterpipe smoking ranged up to 70 x 10(9) particles per litre. The median diameter of the particles in a full smoking set with charcoal, tobacco and water was 0.04 microm. Smoke from the heated tobacco contributed to particles in the size range between 0.01 microm and 0.2 microm. The glowing piece of charcoal only contributed to particles smaller than 0.05 microm. CONCLUSIONS: Waterpipe smoking emits large amounts of ultrafine particles. With regard to particle emissions, smoking waterpipes may carry similar health risks to smoking cigarettes.
Descriptors
Inhalation Exposure/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Particle Size, Switzerland, Tidal Volume, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis, Water
Links
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2807191/?tool=pubmed
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Monn,Ch, Kindler,Ph, Meile,A., Brändli,O.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Toxicological impact of waterpipe smoking and flavorings in the oral cavity and respiratory system | 2017 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Inhalation toxicology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Inhal.Toxicol.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
29
Issue
9
Start Page
389
Other Pages
396
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Taylor & Francis
Data Source
google
Authors
Javed, Fawad, ALHarthi, Shatha Subhi, BinShabaib, Munerah Saleh, Gajendra, Sangeeta, Romanos, Georgios E, Rahman, Irfan
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Toxicant inhalation among singleton waterpipe tobacco users in natural settings | 2019 | Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, UK.; Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Ri(TRUNCATED | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Mar
Volume
28
Issue
2
Start Page
181
Other Pages
188
Notes
LR: 20190614; CI: (c) Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2019; GR: P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; NIHMS971077; OTO: NOTNLM;
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 29807946
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
DOI
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054230 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
29807946
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies that assess waterpipe tobacco smoking behaviour and toxicant exposure generally use controlled laboratory environments with small samples that may not fully capture real-world variability in human behaviour and waterpipe products. This study aimed to conduct real-time sampling of waterpipe tobacco use in natural environments using an in situ device. METHODS: We used the REALTIME sampling instrument: a validated, portable, self-powered device designed to sample automatically a fixed percentage of the aerosol flowing through the waterpipe mouthpiece during every puff. We recruited participants at cafe and home settings in Jordan and measured puffing behaviour in addition to inhalation exposure of total particulate matter (TPM), carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile aldehydes. We correlated total inhaled volume with five selected toxicants and calculated the regression line of this relationship. RESULTS: Averaged across 79 singleton sessions (52% male, mean age 27.0, 95% home sessions), sessions lasted 46.9 min and participants drew 290 puffs and inhaled 214 L per session. Mean quantities of inhaled toxicants per session were 1910 mg TPM, 259 mg CO, 5.0 mg nicotine, 117 ng benzo[a]pyrene and 198 ng formaldehyde. We found positive correlations between total inhaled volume and TPM (r=0.472; p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jawad,M., Eissenberg,T., Salman,R., Soule,E., Alzoubi,K.H., Khabour,O.F., Karaoghlanian,N., Baalbaki,R., El Hage,R., Saliba,N.A., Shihadeh,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20180528
PMCID
PMC6563915
Editors
|
|||
| Toxicant inhalation among singleton waterpipe tobacco users in natural settings | 2019 | Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, UK.; Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Ri(TRUNCATED | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Mar
Volume
28
Issue
2
Start Page
181
Other Pages
188
Notes
LR: 20190614; CI: (c) Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2019; GR: P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; NIHMS971077; OTO: NOTNLM;
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 29807946
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
DOI
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054230 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
29807946
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies that assess waterpipe tobacco smoking behaviour and toxicant exposure generally use controlled laboratory environments with small samples that may not fully capture real-world variability in human behaviour and waterpipe products. This study aimed to conduct real-time sampling of waterpipe tobacco use in natural environments using an in situ device. METHODS: We used the REALTIME sampling instrument: a validated, portable, self-powered device designed to sample automatically a fixed percentage of the aerosol flowing through the waterpipe mouthpiece during every puff. We recruited participants at cafe and home settings in Jordan and measured puffing behaviour in addition to inhalation exposure of total particulate matter (TPM), carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile aldehydes. We correlated total inhaled volume with five selected toxicants and calculated the regression line of this relationship. RESULTS: Averaged across 79 singleton sessions (52% male, mean age 27.0, 95% home sessions), sessions lasted 46.9 min and participants drew 290 puffs and inhaled 214 L per session. Mean quantities of inhaled toxicants per session were 1910 mg TPM, 259 mg CO, 5.0 mg nicotine, 117 ng benzo[a]pyrene and 198 ng formaldehyde. We found positive correlations between total inhaled volume and TPM (r=0.472; p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jawad,M., Eissenberg,T., Salman,R., Soule,E., Alzoubi,K.H., Khabour,O.F., Karaoghlanian,N., Baalbaki,R., El Hage,R., Saliba,N.A., Shihadeh,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20180528
PMCID
PMC6563915
Editors
|
|||
| Toxicant inhalation among singleton waterpipe tobacco users in natural settings | 2019 | Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, UK.; Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Ri(TRUNCATED | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Mar
Volume
28
Issue
2
Start Page
181
Other Pages
188
Notes
LR: 20190425; CI: (c) Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2019; GR: P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; OTO: NOTNLM; 2017/12/29 0
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 29807946
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
DOI
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054230 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
29807946
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies that assess waterpipe tobacco smoking behaviour and toxicant exposure generally use controlled laboratory environments with small samples that may not fully capture real-world variability in human behaviour and waterpipe products. This study aimed to conduct real-time sampling of waterpipe tobacco use in natural environments using an in situ device. METHODS: We used the REALTIME sampling instrument: a validated, portable, self-powered device designed to sample automatically a fixed percentage of the aerosol flowing through the waterpipe mouthpiece during every puff. We recruited participants at cafe and home settings in Jordan and measured puffing behaviour in addition to inhalation exposure of total particulate matter (TPM), carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile aldehydes. We correlated total inhaled volume with five selected toxicants and calculated the regression line of this relationship. RESULTS: Averaged across 79 singleton sessions (52% male, mean age 27.0, 95% home sessions), sessions lasted 46.9 min and participants drew 290 puffs and inhaled 214 L per session. Mean quantities of inhaled toxicants per session were 1910 mg TPM, 259 mg CO, 5.0 mg nicotine, 117 ng benzo[a]pyrene and 198 ng formaldehyde. We found positive correlations between total inhaled volume and TPM (r=0.472; p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jawad,M., Eissenberg,T., Salman,R., Soule,E., Alzoubi,K.H., Khabour,O.F., Karaoghlanian,N., Baalbaki,R., El Hage,R., Saliba,N.A., Shihadeh,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20180528
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Toxicant content, physical properties and biological activity of waterpipe tobacco smoke and its tobacco-free alternatives | 2015 | Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.; Department of Safety of Pesticides, German | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Mar
Volume
24 Suppl 1
Issue
Start Page
i22
Other Pages
i30
Notes
LR: 20150319; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; GR: P50DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R0
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 25666550
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review; IM
DOI
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051907 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25666550
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Waterpipe smoking using sweetened, flavoured tobacco products has become a widespread global phenomenon. In this paper, we review chemical, physical and biological properties of waterpipe smoke. DATA SOURCES: Peer-reviewed publications indexed in major databases between 1991 and 2014. Search keywords included a combination of: waterpipe, narghile, hookah, shisha along with names of chemical compounds and classes of compounds, in addition to terms commonly used in cellular biology and aerosol sizing. STUDY SELECTION: The search was limited to articles published in English which reported novel data on waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) toxicant content, biological activity or particle size and which met various criteria for analytical rigour including: method specificity and selectivity, precision, accuracy and recovery, linearity, range, and stability. DATA EXTRACTION: Multiple researchers reviewed the reports and collectively agreed on which data were pertinent for inclusion. DATA SYNTHESIS: Waterpipe smoke contains significant concentrations of toxicants thought to cause dependence, heart disease, lung disease and cancer in cigarette smokers, and includes 27 known or suspected carcinogens. Waterpipe smoke is a respirable aerosol that induces cellular responses associated with pulmonary and arterial diseases. Except nicotine, smoke generated using tobacco-free preparations marketed for 'health conscious' users contains the same or greater doses of toxicants, with the same cellular effects as conventional products. Toxicant yield data from the analytical laboratory are consistent with studies of exposure biomarkers in waterpipe users. CONCLUSIONS: A sufficient evidence base exists to support public health interventions that highlight the fact that WTS presents a serious inhalation hazard.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Shihadeh,A., Schubert,J., Klaiany,J., El Sabban,M., Luch,A., Saliba,N.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150209
PMCID
PMC4345918
Editors
|
|||
| Toward a Regulatory Framework for the Waterpipe | 2016 | Ramzi G. Salloum is with the Department of Health Outcomes and Policy and the Institute for Child Health Policy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville. Taghrid Asfar is with the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Mi | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American Journal of Public Health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Public Health
Pub Date Free Form
23-Aug
Volume
Issue
Start Page
e1
Other Pages
e5
Notes
LR: 20160823; JID: 1254074; aheadofprint; SO: Am J Public Health. 2016 Aug 23:e1-e5.
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1541-0048; 0090-0036
Accession Number
PMID: 27552262
Language
ENG
SubFile
JOURNAL ARTICLE
DOI
10.2105/AJPH.2016.303322 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
27552262
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking has been dramatically increasing among youth worldwide and in the United States. Despite its general association with misperceptions of reduced harm, evidence suggests this is a harmful and dependence-inducing tobacco use method that represents a threat to public health. Waterpipe products continue to be generally unregulated, which likely has contributed to their spread. The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 granted the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to regulate waterpipe products, and the FDA finalized a rule extending its authority over waterpipe products in May 2016. This critical step in addressing the alarming increase in waterpipe smoking in the United States has created urgency for research to provide the evidence needed for effective regulatory initiatives for waterpipe products. We aim to stimulate such research by providing a framework that addresses the scope of waterpipe products and their unique context and use patterns. The proposed framework identifies regulatory targets for waterpipe product components (i.e., tobacco, charcoal, and device), the waterpipe cafe setting, and its marketing environment dominated by Internet promotion. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print August 23, 2016: e1-e5. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303322).
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Salloum,R.G., Asfar,T., Maziak,W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20160823
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Tobacco-specific nitrosamine exposures in smokers and nonsmokers exposed to cigarette or waterpipe tobacco smoke | 2013 | Department of Public Health, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. gnasr@theunion.org | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
15
Issue
1
Start Page
130
Other Pages
138
Notes
LR: 20150225; JID: 9815751; 0 (4-((methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)but-1-yl)beta-omega-glucosiduronic acid); 0 (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol); 0 (Carcinogens); 0 (Glucuronates); 0 (Nitrosamines); 0 (Pyridines); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollut
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 22573723
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/nts099 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22573723
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The causal relationship between tobacco smoking and a variety of cancers is attributable to the carcinogens that smokers inhale, including tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). We aimed to assess the exposure to TSNAs in waterpipe smokers (WPS), cigarette smokers (CS), and nonsmoking females exposed to tobacco smoke. METHODS: We measured 2 metabolites, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAl-Gluc) in the urine of males who were either current CS or WPS, and their wives exposed to either cigarette or waterpipe smoke in a sample of 46 subjects from rural Egypt. RESULTS: Of the 24 current male smokers, 54.2% were exclusive CS and 45.8% were exclusive WPS. Among wives, 59.1% reported exposure to cigarette smoke and 40.9% to waterpipe smoke. The geometric mean of urinary NNAL was 0.19 +/- 0.60 pmol/ml urine (range 0.005-2.58) in the total sample. Significantly higher levels of NNAL were observed among male smokers of either cigarettes or waterpipe (0.89 +/- 0.53 pmol/ml, range 0.78-2.58 in CS and 0.21-1.71 in WPS) compared with nonsmoking wives (0.04 +/- 0.18 pmol/ml, range 0.01-0.60 in CS wives, 0.05-0.23 in WPS wives, p = .000). Among males, CS had significantly higher levels of NNAL compared with WPS (1.22 vs. 0.62; p = .007). However, no significant difference was detected in NNAL levels between wives exposed to cigarette smoke or waterpipe smoke. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smokers levels of NNAL were higher than WPS levels in males. Exposure to tobacco smoke was evident in wives of both CS and WPS. Among WPS, NNAL tended to increase with increasing numbers of hagars smoked/day.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Radwan,G., Hecht,S.S., Carmella,S.G., Loffredo,C.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20120509
PMCID
PMC3524061
Editors
|
|||
| Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic | 2004 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tob Control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
13
Issue
4
Start Page
327
Other Pages
33
Notes
ID: 15564614
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
CONTEXT: The global tobacco epidemic may kill 10 million people annually in the next 20-30 years, with 70% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Current research, treatment, and policy efforts focus on cigarettes, while many people in developing regions (Asia, Indian subcontinent, Eastern Mediterranean) smoke tobacco using waterpipes. Waterpipes are increasing in popularity, and more must be learned about them so that we can understand their effects on public health, curtail their spread, and help their users quit. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a comprehensive review regarding global waterpipe use, in order to identify current knowledge, guide scientific research, and promote public policy. DATA SOURCES: A Medline search using as keywords "waterpipe", "narghile", "arghile", "shisha", "hookah", "goza", "hubble bubble" and variant spellings (for example, "hooka"; "hukka") was conducted. Resources compiled recently by members of GLOBALink were used. STUDY SELECTION: Every identified published study related to waterpipe use was included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Research regarding waterpipe epidemiology and health effects is limited; no published studies address treatment efforts. Waterpipe use is increasing globally, particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, where perceptions regarding health effects and traditional values may facilitate use among women and children. Waterpipe smoke contains harmful constituents and there is preliminary evidence linking waterpipe smoking to a variety of life threatening conditions, including pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, and pregnancy related complications. CONCLUSIONS: More scientific documentation and careful analysis is required before the spread of waterpipe use and its health effects can be understood, and empirically guided treatment and public policy strategies can be implemented.
Descriptors
Developing Countries/statistics & numerical data, Smoking/epidemiology, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Carbon Monoxide/toxicity, Child, Female, Health Policy, Health Status, Humans, Male, Nicotine/analysis, Nicotine/toxicity, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Smoking/adverse effects, Smoking/trends, Tobacco/chemistry, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects
Links
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747964/?tool=pubmed
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Maziak,W., Ward,K. D., Afifi Soweid,R.A., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| To what extent should waterpipe tobacco smoking become a public health priority? | 2013 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addiction
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addiction
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
108
Issue
11
Start Page
1873
Other Pages
84
Notes
ID: 23863044
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) popularity is increasing world-wide, and health effects are emerging in the light of evidence that WTS is perceived by users as less harmful than cigarette smoking. However, there remains a paucity of available evidence from which to draw firm conclusions about its public health significance. AIMS: This narrative review aims to summarize WTS literature to date to inform tobacco control specialists and health-care professionals about this phenomenon and help them to assess whether or not WTS should become a public health priority. METHODS: Standard electronic databases as well as conference proceedings and personal libraries were searched in English, French and Arabic with inclusive terminology for the variety of names given to WTS. FINDINGS: Waterpipe smoke contains significant levels of toxins, some of which are known to be carcinogenic to humans. Recent epidemiological trends have established an increasing prevalence of WTS in the Middle East and the United States, particularly among adolescents. It is used commonly across multiple ethnicities and both genders with less of a social gradient than cigarette smoking. Attitudes and beliefs have been researched widely and several reasons for believing it is less harmful than cigarette smoking include water filtration and social acceptability. A wide range of diseases have been associated with WTS, but research in this area is relatively underdeveloped and a better evidence base is needed. Worryingly, the waterpipe industry, including waterpipe cafes, operates in an almost completely unregulated market and employs deceptive marketing techniques to attract new users. CONCLUSIONS: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) appears to be on the increase, especially among younger users, and therefore represents a potential public health concern. While legislators should consider enforcing and extending existing tobacco laws to a growing WTS industry, further research is required to fill gaps in the literature and provide evidence-based interventions for tobacco control specialists and health-care professionals.
Descriptors
Links
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.12265
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jawad,Mohammed, McEwen,Andy, McNeill,Ann, Shahab,Lion
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||