Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year Sort descending | Author | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| The acute effects of water-pipe smoking on the cardiorespiratory system | 2011 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Chest
Periodical, Abbrev.
Chest
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
139
Issue
4
Start Page
775
Other Pages
81
Notes
ID: 21030492
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: There are limited data on the acute effects of water-pipe tobacco smoking, commonly known as water-pipe smoking (WPS), on cardiopulmonary parameters. This study evaluated the acute effects of a single 30-min session of WPS on carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels, pulmonary function test results, vital signs, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) levels, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) cytokine levels in volunteers in a domestic, open-air, group smoking setting. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated the above-noted outcome parameters before and after 30 min of WPS. The primary outcome parameter was the change in COHb levels. RESULTS: Forty-five volunteers (30 men, 15 women), aged 32.35 ± 15.33 years, were recruited. After one session of WPS, the COHb levels rose significantly, from 1.47% ± 0.57% (median 1.4) to 9.47% ± 5.52% (median 7.4), P < .001. Systolic and diastolic BP levels significantly increased after smoking (systolic, 119.52 ± 12.07 mm Hg vs 131.98 ± 17.8 mm Hg; diastolic, 74.84 ± 7.89 mm Hg vs 82.98 ± 12.52 mm Hg, respectively; P < .001). Heart rates increased from 80.39 ± 9.92 beats/min to 95.59 ± 17.41 beats/min, P < .001; and respiratory rates increased from 14.36 ± 1.63 breaths/min to 16.68 ± 2.24 breaths/min, P < .001. There were decreases in forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC, peak expiratory flow rate, Feno levels, percentage of eosinophils in peripheral blood, and 8-isoprostane levels in EBC. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that one session of WPS causes acute biologic changes that might result in marked health problems. It adds to the limited evidence that WPS is harmful and supports interventions to control the continuing global spread of WPS, especially among youth. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01157832; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Descriptors
Blood Pressure/physiology, Cardiovascular System/physiopathology, Forced Expiratory Flow Rates/physiology, Respiratory System/physiopathology, Smoking/adverse effects, Tars/adverse effects, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Respiratory Function Tests, Risk Factors, Tobacco, Young Adult
Links
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-1833
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Hakim,Fahed, Hellou,Elias, Goldbart,Aviv, Katz,Rina, Bentur,Yedidia, Bentur,Lea
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Water-pipe smoking and metabolic syndrome: a population-based study | 2012 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
PLoS One
Periodical, Abbrev.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
7
Issue
7
Start Page
e39734
Other Pages
e39734
Notes
ID: 22848361
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Water-pipe (WP) smoking has significantly increased in the last decade worldwide. Compelling evidence suggests that the toxicants in WP smoke are similar to that of cigarette smoke. The WP smoking in a single session could have acute harmful health effects even worse than cigarette smoking. However, there is no evidence as such on long term WP smoking and its impact on chronic health conditions particularly cardiovascular and metabolic conditions. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the relationship between WP smoking and metabolic syndrome (MetS). This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Punjab province of Pakistan using the baseline data of a population-based study--Urban Rural Chronic Diseases Study (URCDS). Information was collected by trained nurses regarding the socio-demographic profile, lifestyle factors including WP smoking, current and past illnesses. A blood sample was obtained for measurement of complete blood count, lipid profile and fasting glucose level. MetS was ascertained by using the International Diabetic Federation's criteria. We carried out multiple logistic regressions to investigate the association between WP smoking and MetS. Final sample included 2,032 individuals--of those 325 (16.0%) were current WP smokers. Age adjusted-prevalence of MetS was significantly higher among current WP smokers (33.1%) compared with non-smokers (14.8%). Water-pipe smokers were three times more likely to have MetS (OR 3.21, 95% CI 2.38-4.33) compared with non-smokers after adjustment for age, sex and social class. WP smokers were significantly more likely to have hypertriglyceridemia (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.25-2.10), hyperglycaemia (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.37-2.41), Hypertension (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.51-2.51) and abdominal obesity (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.52-2.45). However, there were no significant differences in HDL level between WP smokers and non-smokers. This study suggests that WP smoking has a significant positive (harmful) relationship with MetS and its components.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Shafique,Kashif, Mirza,Saira Saeed, Mughal,Muhammad Kashif, Arain,Zain Islam, Khan,Naveed Ahmed, Tareen,Muhammad Farooq, Ahmad,Ishtiaque
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Multiple patients with carbon monoxide toxicity from water-pipe smoking | 2012 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Prehosp Disaster Med
Periodical, Abbrev.
Prehosp.Disaster Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
27
Issue
6
Start Page
612
Other Pages
4
Notes
ID: 23174041
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
This case report describes carbon monoxide toxicity from prolonged shisha (water-pipe) smoking. The evidence base for the source and pathway of toxicity is discussed. This practice has been increasing in the UK in recent years, and emergency physicians need to be aware of the high levels of CO, with the consequent risk of clinical poisoning from water-pipe smoking.
Descriptors
Links
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X12001227
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Clarke,Simon F.J., Stephens,Caroline, Farhan,Maisse, Ward,Patricia, Keshishian,Catherine, Murray,Virginia, Zenner,Dominik
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| The detrimental danger of Water-Pipe (Hookah) transcends the hazardous consequences of general health to the driving behavior | 2012 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
J Transl Med
Periodical, Abbrev.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
10
Issue
Start Page
126
Other Pages
126
Notes
ID: 22709610
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the consumption of tobacco used in Water-Pipe by drivers increases the risk of a motor vehicle collision as a consequence of hypoxia. DESIGN: Analytical case-control study. DATA SOURCES: Seventy exclusive Water-Pipe smokers (Experimental Group--EG)--mean age ± SD: 29.47 ± 10.45 years; mean number of weekly WPS, (6.9 ± 3.7); mean duration of WPS (WPS) is (7.5 ± 2.1 years)--and thirty non-smoker (Control Group--CG; mean age ± SD: 36.33 ± 13.92 years) were recruited during 2011 from two Arab villages located in the Galilee, northern Israel. METHODS: We performed a case-control study exclusively among Water-Pipe smokers with an appropriate non smokers control group. Demographic questionnaire, Pulse Oxymeter for blood oxygenation measure and a driver simulator for measuring various participants driving behaviors were utilized. Statistical analysis for analyzing the different variables, Pearson's x2 analysis for the comparison of categorical variables, continuous variable is compared using Student's t-test and for testing the correlation between the different variables and bivariate correlation analysis were applied. RESULTS: In the (EG) following WPS, we observed increase in the pulse rate--from 80 to 95 (t = 11.84, p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Elias,Wafa, Assy,Nimer, Elias,Ibrahim, Toledo,Tomer, Yassin,Mustafa, Bowirrat,Abdalla
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Patterns of water-pipe and cigarette smoking initiation in schoolchildren: Irbid longitudinal smoking study | 2012 | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3820 DeSoto Avenue, Browning Hall 114, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. fmzayek@memphis.edu | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Apr
Volume
14
Issue
4
Start Page
448
Other Pages
454
Notes
LR: 20151119; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OID: NLM: PMC3313787; 2011/12/02 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 22140149
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntr234 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22140149
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use remains a major public health problem worldwide. Water-pipe smoking is spreading rapidly and threatening to undermine the successes achieved in tobacco control. METHODS: A school-based longitudinal study in the city of Irbid, Jordan, was performed from 2008 to 2010. All seventh-grade students in 19 randomly selected schools, out of a total of 60 schools in the city, were enrolled at baseline and surveyed annually. RESULTS: Of the 1781 students enrolled at baseline 1,701 (95.5%) were still in the study at the end of the second year of follow-up (869 boys, median age at baseline 13 years). Ever and current water-pipe smoking were higher than those of cigarette smoking at baseline (ever smoking: 25.9% vs. 17.6% and current smoking: 13.3% vs. 5.3% for water-pipe and cigarette smoking, respectively; p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Mzayek,F., Khader,Y., Eissenberg,T., Al Ali,R., Ward,K.D., Maziak,W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20111202
PMCID
PMC3313787
Editors
|
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| The prevalence and characteristics of water-pipe smoking among high school students in Saudi Arabia | 2012 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
J Infect Public Health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
5
Issue
2
Start Page
159
Other Pages
68
Notes
ID: 22541263
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and predictors of the water-pipe (WP) smoking epidemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted with 16-18 year-old high school students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: Of the 1272 participants, 414 (33.0%) reported having tried WP smoking. Of this group, 141 (34.1%) were female and 273 (65.9%) were male. Further, 129 (10.2%) students were current WP smokers who had used at least one rock in the past month; 20 were female (1.6%) and 120 were male (8.6%). Regarding age, 276 (68.1%) students who tried WP smoking at least once began when they were over 11 years of age, whereas 129 (31.9%) began WP smoking at or before 11 years of age. Adjusted odds ratios showed that trying WP smoking at least once was associated with smoking after the age of 11 (p=0.021, OR 7.7; CI: 1.4-43.6) and accepting water-pipes from a friend (p=0.024, OR 10.6; CI: 1.4-83.4). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of WP smoking exists among male and female high schools students in Riyadh, KSA. WP smoking was reported to begin in early adulthood.
Descriptors
Links
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2012.01.002
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Al Moamary, Mohamed,S., Al Ghobain, Mohamed,A., Al Shehri, Sulieman,N., Alfayez,Abdulrhman I., Gasmelseed,Ahmed Y., Al-Hajjaj, Mohamed
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Nose-only water-pipe smoking effects on airway resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress in mice | 2013 | Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Appl.Physiol.(1985)
Pub Date Free Form
1-Nov
Volume
115
Issue
9
Start Page
1316
Other Pages
1323
Notes
JID: 8502536; 0 (Antioxidants); 0 (Interleukin-6); 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha); EC 1.15.1.1 (Superoxide Dismutase); EC 2.5.1.18 (Glutathione Transferase); GAN16C9B8O (Glutathione); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/07/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1522-1601; 0161-7567
Accession Number
PMID: 23869065
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1152/japplphysiol.00194.2013 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23869065
Abstract
Water-pipe smoking (WPS) is a common practice in the Middle East and is now gaining popularity in Europe and the United States. However, there is a limited number of studies on the respiratory effects of WPS. More specifically, the underlying pulmonary pathophysiological mechanisms related to WPS exposure are not understood. Presently, we assessed the respiratory effects of nose-only exposure to mainstream WPS generated by commercially available honey flavored "moasel" tobacco. The duration of the session was 30 min/day and 5 days/wk for 1 mo. Control mice were exposed to air only. Here, we measured in BALB/c mice the airway resistance using forced-oscillation technique. Lung inflammation was assessed histopathologically and by biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and oxidative stress was evaluated biochemically by measuring lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and several antioxidant enzymes. Pulmonary inflammation assessment showed an increase in neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers. Likewise, airway resistance was significantly increased in the WPS group compared with controls. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 concentrations were significantly increased in BAL fluid. Lipid peroxidation in lung tissue was significantly increased whereas the level and activity of antioxidants including reduced glutathione, glutathione S transferase, and superoxide dismutase were all significantly decreased following WPS exposure, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress. Moreover, carboxyhemoglobin levels were significantly increased in the WPS group. We conclude that 1-mo nose-only exposure to WPS significantly increased airway resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the limited clinical studies that reported the detrimental respiratory effects of WPS.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Nemmar,A., Raza,H., Yuvaraju,P., Beegam,S., John,A., Yasin,J., Hameed,R.S., Adeghate,E., Ali,B.H.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130718
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Cardiovascular effects of nose-only water-pipe smoking exposure in mice | 2013 | Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American journal of physiology.Heart and circulatory physiology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Physiol.Heart Circ.Physiol.
Pub Date Free Form
1-Sep
Volume
305
Issue
5
Start Page
H740
Other Pages
6
Notes
JID: 100901228; 0 (Cytokines); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/06/28 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1522-1539; 0363-6135
Accession Number
PMID: 23812392
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1152/ajpheart.00200.2013 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23812392
Abstract
Water-pipe smoking (WPS) is a major type of smoking in Middle Eastern countries and is increasing in popularity in Western countries and is perceived as relatively safe. However, data on the adverse cardiovascular effects of WPS are scarce. Here, we assessed the cardiovascular effects of nose-only exposure to mainstream WPS generated by commercially available honey-flavored "moasel" tobacco in BALB/c mice. The duration of the session was 30 min/day for 1 mo. Control mice were exposed to air. WPS caused a significant increase of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in vivo (+13 mmHg) and plasma concentrations of IL-6 (+30%) but not that of TNF-alpha. Heart concentrations of IL-6 (+184%) and TNF-alpha (+54%) were significantly increased by WPS. Concentrations of ROS (+95%) and lipid peroxidation (+27%) were significantly increased, whereas those of GSH were decreased (-21%). WPS significantly shortened the thrombotic occlusion time in pial arterioles (-46%) and venules (40%). Plasma von Willebrand factor concentrations were significantly increased (+14%) by WPS. Erythrocyte numbers (+15%) and hematocrit (+17%) were significantly increased. Blood samples taken from mice exposed to WPS and exposed to ADP showed significant platelet aggregation compared with air-exposed mice. WPS caused a significant shortening of activated partial thromboplastin time (-45%) and prothrombin time (-13%). We conclude that 1-mo nose-only exposure to WPS increased SBP and caused cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, and prothrombotic events. Our findings provide plausible elucidation that WPS is injurious to the cardiovascular system.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Nemmar,A., Yuvaraju,P., Beegam,S., John,A., Raza,H., Ali,B.H.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130628
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Smoking water-pipe, chewing nass and prevalence of heart disease: a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran | 2013 | One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Heart (British Cardiac Society)
Periodical, Abbrev.
Heart
Pub Date Free Form
Feb
Volume
99
Issue
4
Start Page
272
Other Pages
278
Notes
LR: 20150325; GR: C20/A5860/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; GR: K01 TW009218/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: K01TW009218/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: ZIA CP000185-08/Intramural NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9602087; 0 (Plant Extracts); 64706-31-6
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-201X; 1355-6037
Accession Number
PMID: 23257174
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM
DOI
10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302861 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23257174
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Water-pipe and smokeless tobacco use have been associated with several adverse health outcomes. However, little information is available on the association between water-pipe use and heart disease (HD). Therefore, we investigated the association of smoking water-pipe and chewing nass (a mixture of tobacco, lime and ash) with prevalent HD. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Baseline data (collected in 2004-2008) from a prospective population-based study in Golestan Province, Iran. PARTICIPANTS: 50 045 residents of Golestan (40-75 years old; 42.4% men). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ORs and 95% CIs from multivariate logistic regression models for the association of water-pipe and nass use with HD prevalence. RESULTS: A total of 3051 (6.1%) participants reported a history of HD, and 525 (1.1%) and 3726 (7.5%) reported ever water-pipe or nass use, respectively. Heavy water-pipe smoking was significantly associated with HD prevalence (highest level of cumulative use vs never use, OR=3.75; 95% CI 1.52 to 9.22; p for trend=0.04). This association persisted when using different cut-off points, when restricting HD to those taking nitrate compound medications, and among never cigarette smokers. There was no significant association between nass use and HD prevalence (highest category of use vs never use, OR=0.91; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.20). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests a significant association between HD and heavy water-pipe smoking. Although the existing evidence suggesting similar biological consequences of water-pipe and cigarette smoking make this association plausible, results of our study were based on a modest number of water-pipe users and need to be replicated in further studies.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Islami,F., Pourshams,A., Vedanthan,R., Poustchi,H., Kamangar,F., Golozar,A., Etemadi,A., Khademi,H., Freedman,N.D., Merat,S., Garg,V., Fuster,V., Wakefield,J., Dawsey,S.M., Pharoah,P., Brennan,P., Abnet,C.C., Malekzadeh,R., Boffetta,P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20121220
PMCID
PMC3671096
Editors
|
|||
| Cigarette, Water-pipe, and Medwakh Smoking Prevalence Among Applicants to Abu Dhabi's Pre-marital Screening Program, 2011 | 2013 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Int J Prev Med
Periodical, Abbrev.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
4
Issue
11
Start Page
1290
Other Pages
5
Notes
ID: 24404364
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study assesses self-reported tobacco use prevalence (cigarette, water-pipe, and medwakh) among applicants to Abu Dhabi's Premarital Screening program during 2011. METHODS: Premarital Screening data reported to the Health Authority - Abu Dhabi from April to December 2011 were utilized to estimate tobacco use prevalence among applicants. Smoking prevalence was examined by nationality, age group and gender. RESULTS: Overall, 24.7% of Premarital Screening Program applicants were current smokers; 11.5% smoked cigarettes, 5.9% smoked medwakh (hand-held pipe), 4.8% smoked water-pipe and 2.5% smoked a combination (more than one type). Men (19.2%) were more likely than women (3.5%) to be current cigarette smokers. Women were much less likely to smoke medwakh (0.1%) than men (11.5%), with male UAE Nationals having the highest medwakh smoking prevalence (16.1%). The overall prevalence of water-pipe smoking was 6.8% among men and 2.8% for women with the highest water-pipe smoking prevalence (10.2%) among Arab expatriate men. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in tobacco use prevalence among Premarital Screening Program applicants reflect preferences for different modes of tobacco consumption by nationality, age group and gender. Enforcement of tobacco control laws, including implementation of clean indoor air laws and tobacco tax increases, and targeted health education programs are required to reduce tobacco consumption and concomitant tobacco-related morbidity and mortality.
Descriptors
Links
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3883254/?tool=pubmed
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Aden,Bashir, Karrar,Sara, Shafey,Omar, Al Hosni, Farida
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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