WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Water-pipe smoking and metabolic syndrome: a population-based study	2012		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PLoS One Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 7 Issue 7 Start Page e39734 Other Pages e39734 Notes ID: 22848361 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Water-pipe (WP) smoking has significantly increased in the last decade worldwide. Compelling evidence suggests that the toxicants in WP smoke are similar to that of cigarette smoke. The WP smoking in a single session could have acute harmful health effects even worse than cigarette smoking. However, there is no evidence as such on long term WP smoking and its impact on chronic health conditions particularly cardiovascular and metabolic conditions. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the relationship between WP smoking and metabolic syndrome (MetS). This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Punjab province of Pakistan using the baseline data of a population-based study--Urban Rural Chronic Diseases Study (URCDS). Information was collected by trained nurses regarding the socio-demographic profile, lifestyle factors including WP smoking, current and past illnesses. A blood sample was obtained for measurement of complete blood count, lipid profile and fasting glucose level. MetS was ascertained by using the International Diabetic Federation's criteria. We carried out multiple logistic regressions to investigate the association between WP smoking and MetS. Final sample included 2,032 individuals--of those 325 (16.0%) were current WP smokers. Age adjusted-prevalence of MetS was significantly higher among current WP smokers (33.1%) compared with non-smokers (14.8%). Water-pipe smokers were three times more likely to have MetS (OR 3.21, 95% CI 2.38-4.33) compared with non-smokers after adjustment for age, sex and social class. WP smokers were significantly more likely to have hypertriglyceridemia (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.25-2.10), hyperglycaemia (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.37-2.41), Hypertension (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.51-2.51) and abdominal obesity (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.52-2.45). However, there were no significant differences in HDL level between WP smokers and non-smokers. This study suggests that WP smoking has a significant positive (harmful) relationship with MetS and its components. Descriptors Links Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Shafique,Kashif, Mirza,Saira Saeed, Mughal,Muhammad Kashif, Arain,Zain Islam, Khan,Naveed Ahmed, Tareen,Muhammad Farooq, Ahmad,Ishtiaque Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The prevalence and characteristics of water-pipe smoking among high school students in Saudi Arabia	2012		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Infect Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 5 Issue 2 Start Page 159 Other Pages 68 Notes ID: 22541263 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and predictors of the water-pipe (WP) smoking epidemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted with 16-18 year-old high school students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: Of the 1272 participants, 414 (33.0%) reported having tried WP smoking. Of this group, 141 (34.1%) were female and 273 (65.9%) were male. Further, 129 (10.2%) students were current WP smokers who had used at least one rock in the past month; 20 were female (1.6%) and 120 were male (8.6%). Regarding age, 276 (68.1%) students who tried WP smoking at least once began when they were over 11 years of age, whereas 129 (31.9%) began WP smoking at or before 11 years of age. Adjusted odds ratios showed that trying WP smoking at least once was associated with smoking after the age of 11 (p=0.021, OR 7.7; CI: 1.4-43.6) and accepting water-pipes from a friend (p=0.024, OR 10.6; CI: 1.4-83.4). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of WP smoking exists among male and female high schools students in Riyadh, KSA. WP smoking was reported to begin in early adulthood. Descriptors Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2012.01.002 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Al Moamary, Mohamed,S., Al Ghobain, Mohamed,A., Al Shehri, Sulieman,N., Alfayez,Abdulrhman I., Gasmelseed,Ahmed Y., Al-Hajjaj, Mohamed Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of water-pipe smoking on lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chest Periodical, Abbrev. Chest Pub Date Free Form Volume 139 Issue 4 Start Page 764 Other Pages 74 Notes ID: 20671057 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Although common in many Middle Eastern countries, water-pipe tobacco smoking, commonly known as water-pipe smoking (WPS), is increasingly popular in Western cultures. The primary objective of this study was to systematically review the effects of WPS on lung function. The secondary objective was to compare the effects of WPS and cigarette smoking on lung function. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using the approach of the Cochrane Collaboration to search for, select, and abstract studies. We conducted two separate meta-analyses comparing water-pipe smokers with nonsmokers, and water-pipe smokers with cigarette smokers for each of three spirometric measurements (FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/ FVC). We used the standardized mean difference (SMD) to pool the results. RESULTS: Six cross-sectional studies were eligible for this review. Compared with no smoking, WPS was associated with a statistically significant reduction in FEV1 (SMD = -0.43; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.29; equivalent to a 4.04% lower FEV1%), a trend toward lower FVC (SMD = -0.15; 95% CI, -0.34 to 0.04; equivalent to a 1.38% reduction in FVC%), and lower FEV1/ FVC (SMD = -0.46; 95% CI, -0.93 to 0.01; equivalent to a 3.08% lower FEV1/ FVC). Comparing WPS with cigarette smoking, there was no statistically significant difference in FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/ FVC. The six studies suffered from methodologic limitations. CONCLUSIONS: WPS negatively affects lung function and may be as harmful as cigarette smoking. WPS, therefore, is likely to be a cause of COPD. Descriptors Lung Diseases/physiopathology, Smoking/adverse effects, Tars/adverse effects, Humans, Respiratory Function Tests, Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-0991 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Raad,Dany, Gaddam,Swarna, Schunemann,Holger J., Irani,Jihad, Abou Jaoude,Philippe, Honeine,Roland, Akl,Elie A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The acute effects of water-pipe smoking on the cardiorespiratory system	2011		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chest Periodical, Abbrev. Chest Pub Date Free Form Volume 139 Issue 4 Start Page 775 Other Pages 81 Notes ID: 21030492 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVE: There are limited data on the acute effects of water-pipe tobacco smoking, commonly known as water-pipe smoking (WPS), on cardiopulmonary parameters. This study evaluated the acute effects of a single 30-min session of WPS on carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels, pulmonary function test results, vital signs, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) levels, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) cytokine levels in volunteers in a domestic, open-air, group smoking setting. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated the above-noted outcome parameters before and after 30 min of WPS. The primary outcome parameter was the change in COHb levels. RESULTS: Forty-five volunteers (30 men, 15 women), aged 32.35 Â± 15.33 years, were recruited. After one session of WPS, the COHb levels rose significantly, from 1.47% Â± 0.57% (median 1.4) to 9.47% Â± 5.52% (median 7.4), P < .001. Systolic and diastolic BP levels significantly increased after smoking (systolic, 119.52 Â± 12.07 mm Hg vs 131.98 Â± 17.8 mm Hg; diastolic, 74.84 Â± 7.89 mm Hg vs 82.98 Â± 12.52 mm Hg, respectively; P < .001). Heart rates increased from 80.39 Â± 9.92 beats/min to 95.59 Â± 17.41 beats/min, P < .001; and respiratory rates increased from 14.36 Â± 1.63 breaths/min to 16.68 Â± 2.24 breaths/min, P < .001. There were decreases in forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC, peak expiratory flow rate, Feno levels, percentage of eosinophils in peripheral blood, and 8-isoprostane levels in EBC. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that one session of WPS causes acute biologic changes that might result in marked health problems. It adds to the limited evidence that WPS is harmful and supports interventions to control the continuing global spread of WPS, especially among youth. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01157832; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov. Descriptors Blood Pressure/physiology, Cardiovascular System/physiopathology, Forced Expiratory Flow Rates/physiology, Respiratory System/physiopathology, Smoking/adverse effects, Tars/adverse effects, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Respiratory Function Tests, Risk Factors, Tobacco, Young Adult Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-1833 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Hakim,Fahed, Hellou,Elias, Goldbart,Aviv, Katz,Rina, Bentur,Yedidia, Bentur,Lea Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Carboxyhaemoglobin levels in water-pipe and cigarette smokers	2010	Lung Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria. theronansa@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde Periodical, Abbrev. S.Afr.Med.J. Pub Date Free Form 29-Jan Volume 100 Issue 2 Start Page 122 Other Pages 124 Notes LR: 20140912; JID: 0404520; 059QF0KO0R (Water); 142M471B3J (Carbon Dioxide); 9061-29-4 (Carboxyhemoglobin); 2009/04/29 [received]; 2009/07/10 [accepted]; epublish Place of Publication South Africa ISSN/ISBN 0256-9574 Accession Number PMID: 20459918 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Controlled Clinical Trial; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20459918 Abstract Water-pipe smoking is growing in popularity, especially among young people, because of the social nature of the smoking session and the assumption that the effects are less harmful than those of cigarette smoking. It has however been shown that a single water-pipe smoking session produces a 24-hour urinary cotinine level equivalent to smoking 10 cigarettes per day. AIM: We aimed to measure carboxyhaemoglogin (COHb) blood levels before and after water-pipe and cigarette smoking sessions. METHOD: Self-confessed smokers older than 18 years (N=30) volunteered to smoke a water-pipe or a cigarette and have their blood COHb levels measured under controlled conditions. RESULTS: Mean baseline COHb levels were 2.9% for the 15 cigarette smokers and 1.0% for the 15 water-pipe smokers. Levels increased by a mean of 481.7% in water-pipe smokers as opposed to 39.9% in cigarette smokers. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that water-pipe smokers had significantly higher increases in blood COHb levels than cigarette smokers during a single smoking session. Descriptors Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Carbon Dioxide/metabolism, Carboxyhemoglobin/metabolism, Cohort Studies, Equipment Design, Female, Humans, Male, Nebulizers and Vaporizers, Smoking/blood, South Africa, Tobacco/metabolism, Water, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Theron,A., Schultz,C., Ker,J. A., Falzone,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100129 PMCID Editors
Water-pipe smoking among North American youths	2010	University of Montreal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, 3875 St Urbain, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1V1, Canada.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 125 Issue 6 Start Page 1184 Other Pages 1189 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0376422; 059QF0KO0R (Water); 2010/05/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 20457679 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1542/peds.2009-2335 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20457679 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this analysis were to identify the sociodemographic characteristics of water-pipe users in a North American context and to describe concurrent psychoactive substance use. METHODS: Data on sociodemographic characteristics, water-pipe smoking, and use of other psychoactive substances were collected in 2007 through mailed self-report questionnaires completed by 871 young adults, 18 to 24 years of age, who were participating in the Nicotine Dependence in Teens Study, a longitudinal investigation of the natural history of nicotine dependence among adolescents in Montreal, Canada. Independent sociodemographic correlates of water-pipe use were identified in multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Previous-year water-pipe use was reported by 23% of participants. Younger age, male gender, speaking English, not living with parents, and higher household income independently increased the odds of water-pipe use. Water-pipe use was markedly higher among participants who had smoked cigarettes, had used other tobacco products, had drunk alcohol, had engaged in binge drinking, had smoked marijuana, or had used other illicit drugs in the previous year. CONCLUSIONS: Water-pipe users may represent an advantaged group of young people with the leisure time, resources, and opportunity to use water-pipes. Evidence-based public health and policy interventions are required to equip the public to make informed decisions about water-pipe use. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology, Female, Health Behavior, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Public Health, Quebec/epidemiology, Smoking/epidemiology/trends, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Water Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dugas,E., Tremblay,M., Low,N. C., Cournoyer,D., O'Loughlin,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100510 PMCID Editors
Water-pipe (narguile) smokers in Lebanon: a pilot study	2009		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full East Mediterr Health J Periodical, Abbrev. East.Mediterr.Health J. Pub Date Free Form Volume 15 Issue 2 Start Page 432 Other Pages 42 Notes ID: 19554991 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract We carried out a comparative study to assess the demographic and social characteristics of water pipe (WP) smokers, the association with cigarette smoking and chronic respiratory diseases and the dependence profile on 4 groups: exclusive WP smokers, exclusive cigarette smokers, mixed smokers and absolute non-smokers. Cigarette smoking was statistically significantly higher in WP smokers than non-WP smokers; 36.5% of exclusive WP smokers smoked > or =7 WPs/week. Chronic respiratory disease and chronic bronchitis were reported more frequently in exclusive WP smokers than absolute non-smokers. WP smoking seems to be as great a risk factor as cigarette smoking for chronic respiratory disease. Descriptors Bronchitis, Smoking, Water, Adult, Bronchitis/epidemiology, Bronchitis/etiology, Case-Control Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Chronic Disease, Comorbidity, Female, Filtration/instrumentation, Health Surveys, Humans, Lebanon/epidemiology, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Risk Factors, Smoking/adverse effects, Smoking/epidemiology, Statistics, Nonparametric, Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/complications, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-19554991 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Waked,M., Salameh,P., Aoun,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Water-pipe tobacco smoking among middle and high school students in Arizona	2009	Center for Research on Health Care, 230 McKee Place, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. bprimack@pitt.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 123 Issue 2 Start Page e282 Other Pages 8 Notes LR: 20141210; GR: K07 CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA114315-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07-CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA140150-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 19171581 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1542/peds.2008-1663 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19171581 Abstract BACKGROUND: Using a water pipe to smoke tobacco is increasing in prevalence among US college students, and it may also be common among younger adolescents. The purpose of this study of Arizona middle and high school students was to examine the prevalence of water-pipe tobacco smoking, compare water-pipe tobacco smoking with other forms of tobacco use, and determine associations between sociodemographic variables and water-pipe tobacco smoking in this population. METHODS: We added items assessing water-pipe tobacco smoking to Arizona's 2005 Youth Tobacco Survey and used them to estimate statewide water-pipe tobacco smoking prevalence among various demographic groups by using survey weights. We also used multiple logistic regression to determine which demographic characteristics had independent relationships with each of 2 outcomes: ever use of water pipe to smoke tobacco and water-pipe tobacco smoking in the previous 30 days. RESULTS: Median age of the sample was 14. Accounting for survey weights, among middle school students, 2.1% had ever smoked water-pipe tobacco and 1.4% had done so within the previous 30 days. Among those in high school, 10.3% had ever smoked from a water pipe and 5.4% had done so in the previous 30 days, making water-pipe tobacco smoking more common than use of smokeless tobacco, pipes, bidis, and kreteks (clove cigarettes). In multivariate analyses that controlled for covariates, ever smoking of water-pipe tobacco was associated with older age, Asian race, white race, charter school attendance, and lack of plans to attend college. CONCLUSIONS: Among Arizona youth, water pipe is the third most common source of tobacco after cigarettes and cigars. Increased national surveillance and additional research will be important for addressing this threat to public health. Descriptors Adolescent, Arizona/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Smoking/epidemiology, Water Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Primack,B. A., Walsh,M., Bryce,C., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3013632 Editors
Comparison of cigarette and water-pipe smoking by Arab and non-Arab-American youth	2008	College of Nursing, Center for Health Research, Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. ac3844@wayne.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Preventive Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 35 Issue 4 Start Page 334 Other Pages 339 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: HD37498-R01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 HD037498-01A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8704773; NIHMS69686; OID: NLM: NIHMS69686; OID: NLM: PMC2575814; 2007/01/16 [received]; 2008/04/09 [revised]; 2008/06/16 [accepted]; 2 Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0749-3797; 0749-3797 Accession Number PMID: 18675529 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.037 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18675529 Abstract BACKGROUND: Water-pipe smoking is a rapidly growing form of tobacco use worldwide. Building on an earlier report of experimentation with cigarette and water-pipe smoking in a U.S. community sample of Arab-American youth aged 14-18 years, this article examines water-pipe smoking in more detail (e.g., smoking history, belief in harmfulness compared to cigarettes, family members in home who smoke water pipes) and compares the water-pipe-smoking behaviors of Arab-American youth with non-Arab-American youth in the same community. METHODS: A convenience sample of 1872 Arab-American and non-Arab-American high school students from the Midwest completed a 24-item tobacco survey. Data were collected in 2004-2005 and analyzed in 2007-2008. RESULTS: Arab-American youth reported lower percentages of ever cigarette smoking (20% vs 39%); current cigarette smoking (7% vs 22%); and regular cigarette smoking (3% vs 15%) than non-Arab-American youth. In contrast, Arab-American youth reported significantly higher percentages of ever water-pipe smoking (38% vs 21%) and current water-pipe smoking (17% vs 11%) than non-Arab-American youth. Seventy-seven percent perceived water-pipe smoking to be as harmful as or more harmful than cigarette smoking. Logistic regression showed that youth were 11.0 times more likely to be currently smoking cigarettes if they currently smoked water pipes. Youth were also 11.0 times more likely to be current water-pipe smokers if they currently smoked cigarettes. If one or more family members smoked water pipes in the home, youth were 6.3 times more likely to be current water-pipe smokers. The effects of ethnicity were reduced as a result of the explanatory value of family smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to determine the percentages, patterns, and health risks of water-pipe smoking and its relationship to cigarette smoking among all youth. Additionally, youth tobacco prevention/cessation programs need to focus attention on water-pipe smoking in order to further dispel the myth that water-pipe smoking is a safe alternative to cigarette smoking. Descriptors Adolescent, Arabs, Chi-Square Distribution, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle East/ethnology, Midwestern United States/epidemiology, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Surveys and Questionnaires Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Weglicki,L. S., Templin,T. N., Rice,V. H., Jamil,H., Hammad,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080803 PMCID PMC2575814 Editors
Predictors of narghile (water-pipe) smoking in a sample of American Arab Yemeni adolescents	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Transcult Nurs Periodical, Abbrev. J.Transcult.Nurs. Pub Date Free Form Volume 19 Issue 1 Start Page 24 Other Pages 32 Notes ID: 18165423 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract To explore the predictors of water-pipe smoking among American Arab Yemeni adolescents, a descriptive correlational design was used, and regression models representing the proposed relationships in the study were tested from a convenience sample of 297 adolescents who attended a teen health clinic and two high schools. The participants completed five measures. Fourteen hypotheses were tested. Experimentation with tobacco was found to be significant in predicting narghile smoking. Tobacco use prevention and cessation interventions for this population can be focused on targeting the family and peer units, from which their identity is likely derived. Descriptors Adolescent Behavior/ethnology, Arabs/ethnology, Attitude to Health/ethnology, Smoking/ethnology, Adolescent, Arabs/education, Educational Status, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Income/statistics & numerical data, Male, Michigan/epidemiology, Nursing Methodology Research, Parents/psychology, Peer Group, Psychology, Adolescent, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Self Concept, Smoking/prevention & control, Questionnaires, Water, Yemen/ethnology Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659607309141 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Baker,Omar G., Rice,Virginia Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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