WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Radiological hazards of Narghile (hookah, shisha, goza) smoking: activity concentrations and dose assessment	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Environ Radioact Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Radioact. Pub Date Free Form Volume 99 Issue 12 Start Page 1808 Other Pages 14 Notes ID: 18768240 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Narghile (hookah, shisha, goza, "water-pipe") smoking has become fashionable worldwide. Its tobacco pastes, known as moassel and jurak, are not standardized and generally contain about 30-50% (sometimes more) tobacco, molasses/juice of sugarcane, various spices and dried fruits (particularly in jurak) and, in the case of moassel, glycerol and flavoring essences. Tobacco contains minute amounts of radiotoxic elements such as (210)Pb, (210)Po and uranium, which are inhaled via smoking. Only very few data have been published on the concentrations of natural radionuclides in narghile tobacco mixtures. Consequently, the aim of this study was to draw first conclusions on the potential hazards of radioactivity in moassel tobacco in relation to narghile smoking. The results indicate the existence of a wide range in the radioactivity contents where the average (range) activity concentrations of (238)U, (234)Th (226)Ra, (210)Pb, (210)Po, (232)Th and (40)K, in Bq/kg dry weight were 55 (19-93), 11 (3-23), 3 (1.2-8), 14 (3-29), 13 (7-32), 7 (4-10) and 719 (437-1044)Bq/kg dry weight, respectively. The average concentrations of natural radionuclides in moassel tobacco pastes are comparable to their concentration in Greek cigarettes and tobacco leaves, and lower than that of Brazilian tobacco leaves. The distribution pattern of these radionuclides after smoking, between smoke, ash and filter, is unknown, except for (210)Po during cigarette smoking and from one existing study during moassel smoking. Radiological dose assessment due to intake of natural radionuclides was calculated and the possible radio-toxicity of the measured radionuclides is briefly discussed. Descriptors Air Pollutants, Radioactive/analysis, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Egypt, Humans, Polonium/analysis, Radiation Dosage, Radium/analysis, Saudi Arabia, Social Environment, Tobacco, Uranium/analysis Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.07.005 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Khater,Ashraf E. M., Abd El-Aziz,Nawal,S., Al-Sewaidan,Hamed, Chaouachi,Kamal Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A pleasure among friends: how narghile (waterpipe) smoking differs from cigarette smoking in Syria	2008	Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, PO Box 16542, Aleppo, Syria. fadi@scts-sy.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 17 Issue 2 Start Page e3 Other Pages Notes GR: R01-TW05962/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA024876-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R03-TW07233/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 18375726 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2007.020529 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18375726 Abstract BACKGROUND: Throughout the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR), tobacco is used primarily in two forms: cigarette smoking and waterpipe (called narghile (nar-GIL-eh) in Syria) smoking. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether narghile smokers are different from cigarette smokers in how their smoking habits are embedded in their everyday lives. METHODS: One-to-one interviews with 16 adult narghile smokers and 16 adult cigarette smokers about their feelings, experiences and beliefs regarding their initiation, use patterns, and attempts to quit. FINDINGS: Narghile smokers found that narghile was a pleasurable social experience embedded in cultural rituals. By contrast, cigarette smokers saw their cigarette smoking as a mundane, oppressive, personal addiction. Narghile smokers generally started in their 20s and found that smoking narghile fostered a sense of togetherness and cultural identity, while cigarette smokers started in their early teens, males having started to becoming a "real man". Unlike cigarette smokers who felt stigmatised, narghile smokers generally felt that smoking narghile was socially accepted. Cigarette smokers believed that cigarettes were harmful to their health and harmful to those around them, but narghile smokers believed smoking narghile was relatively harmless to themselves or to others. Unlike cigarette smokers who used cigarettes to manage stress, narghile smokers used narghile for entertainment, leisure, and escape. However, frequent narghile smokers confessed that they felt addicted in much the same way as cigarette smokers. Cigarette smokers and narghile smokers viewed quitting as a matter of will and conviction. Most cigarette smokers had tried to quit. Very few narghile smokers had ever tried to quit, and most were not interested in quitting. Disturbingly, some cigarette smokers had tried to quit cigarettes by switching to smoking narghile, but later relapsed to smoking cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study suggests that Syrian narghile smokers are different from Syrian cigarette smokers in their perceptions and beliefs about their smoking, and in their smoking patterns and lived experiences with tobacco. Our findings indicate that further in-depth research is need in the EMR to understand both modes of smoking to develop effective mode-specific prevention and cessation approaches. This study also raises concerns about a possible pattern where cigarette smokers are using narghile as a method for quitting cigarettes, and then relapsing. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Culture, Female, Friends, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation, Syria Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hammal,F., Mock,J., Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Indoor air contamination during a waterpipe (narghile) smoking session	2009	Department of Environmental Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinarstrasse 2, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany. hermann.fromme@lgl.bayern.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 47 Issue 7 Start Page 1636 Other Pages 1641 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8207483; 0 (Gases); 0 (Metals); 0 (Nitrogen Oxides); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Smoke); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); CIN: Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Mar;48(3):992-5; auth Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6351; 0278-6915 Accession Number PMID: 19394392 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.017 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19394392 Abstract The smoke of waterpipe contains numerous substances of health concern, but people mistakenly believe that this smoking method is less harmful and addictive than cigarettes. An experiment was performed in a 57 m3 room on two dates with no smoking on the first date and waterpipe smoking for 4h on the second date. We measured volatile organic compounds (VOC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), metals, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (e.g. NO), as well as particle mass (PM), particle number concentration (PNC) and particle surface area in indoor air. High concentrations were observed for the target analytes during the 4-h smoking event. The median (90th percentile) values of PM(2.5), PNC, CO and NO were 393 (737 microg/m(3)), 289,000 (550,000 particles/cm(3)), 51 (65 ppm) and 0.11 (0.13 ppm), respectively. The particle size distribution has a maximum of particles relating to a diameter of 17 nm. The seven carcinogenic PAH were found to be a factor 2.6 higher during the smoking session compared to the control day. In conclusion, the observed indoor air contamination of different harmful substances during a WP session is high, and exposure may pose a health risk for smokers but in particular for non-smokers who are exposed to ETS. Descriptors Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Gases/analysis, Metals/analysis, Nitrogen Oxides/analysis, Particle Size, Particulate Matter/analysis, Pilot Projects, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Fromme,H., Dietrich,S., Heitmann,D., Dressel,H., Diemer,J., Schulz,T., Jorres,R. A., Berlin,K., Volkel,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090424 PMCID Editors
Comparison of carcinogen, carbon monoxide, and ultrafine particle emissions from narghile waterpipe and cigarette smoking: Sidestream smoke measurements and assessment of second-hand smoke emission factors	2010	Aerosol Research Lab, Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994) Periodical, Abbrev. Atmos.Environ.(1994) Pub Date Free Form 1-Jan Volume 44 Issue 1 Start Page 8 Other Pages 14 Notes GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9888534; NIHMS155344; ppublish Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1352-2310; 1352-2310 Accession Number PMID: 20161525 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.004 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20161525 Abstract The lack of scientific evidence on the constituents, properties, and health effects of second-hand waterpipe smoke has fueled controversy over whether public smoking bans should include the waterpipe. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare emissions of ultrafine particles (UFP, <100 nm), carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile aldehydes, and carbon monoxide (CO) for cigarettes and narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipes. These smoke constituents are associated with a variety of cancers, and heart and pulmonary diseases, and span the volatility range found in tobacco smoke.Sidestream cigarette and waterpipe smoke was captured and aged in a 1 m(3) Teflon-coated chamber operating at 1.5 air changes per hour (ACH). The chamber was characterized for particle mass and number surface deposition rates. UFP and CO concentrations were measured online using a fast particle spectrometer (TSI 3090 Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer), and an indoor air quality monitor. Particulate PAH and gaseous volatile aldehydes were captured on glass fiber filters and DNPH-coated SPE cartridges, respectively, and analyzed off-line using GC-MS and HPLC-MS. PAH compounds quantified were the 5- and 6-ring compounds of the EPA priority list. Measured aldehydes consisted of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, methacrolein, and propionaldehyde.We found that a single waterpipe use session emits in the sidestream smoke approximately four times the carcinogenic PAH, four times the volatile aldehydes, and 30 times the CO of a single cigarette. Accounting for exhaled mainstream smoke, and given a habitual smoker smoking rate of 2 cigarettes per hour, during a typical one-hour waterpipe use session a waterpipe smoker likely generates ambient carcinogens and toxicants equivalent to 2-10 cigarette smokers, depending on the compound in question. There is therefore good reason to include waterpipe tobacco smoking in public smoking bans. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Daher,N., Saleh,R., Jaroudi,E., Sheheitli,H., Badr,T., Sepetdjian,E., Al Rashidi,M., Saliba,N., Shihadeh,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2801144 Editors
Health warning labelling practices on narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories	2010	Health Behavior and Education Department, Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. rima.nakkash@aub.edu.lb	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 19 Issue 3 Start Page 235 Other Pages 239 Notes LR: 20141203; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC2989164; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 20501497 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2009.031773 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20501497 Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence is increasing around the globe despite current evidence that smoke emissions are toxic and contain carcinogenic compounds. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate current health warning labelling practices on waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories. METHODS: All waterpipe tobacco products, as well as waterpipe accessories, were purchased from Lebanon and a convenience sample was obtained from Dubai (United Arab Emirates), Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Bahrain, Canada, Germany and South Africa. FINDINGS: Of the total number of waterpipe tobacco products collected from Lebanon, the majority had textual health warning labels covering on average only 3.5% of total surface area of the package. Misleading descriptors were commonplace on waterpipe tobacco packages and related accessories. CONCLUSIONS: There are no WHO FCTC compliant waterpipe-specific health warning labels on waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories. Introducing health warnings on waterpipe tobacco products and accessories will probably have worldwide public health benefits. Descriptors Global Health, Health Promotion/methods, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects/prevention & control, Product Labeling, Smoking/adverse effects/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Nakkash,R., Khalil,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2989164 Editors
Waterpipe (narghile) smoking among medical and non-medical university students in Turkey	2010	Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Upsala journal of medical sciences Periodical, Abbrev. Ups.J.Med.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 115 Issue 3 Start Page 210 Other Pages 216 Notes LR: 20141203; JID: 0332203; OID: NLM: PMC2939523; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 2000-1967; 0300-9734 Accession Number PMID: 20636256 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.3109/03009734.2010.487164 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20636256 Abstract OBJECTIVES: This investigation was performed in order to determine the prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking in students of Erciyes University and the effects of some socio-demographic factors. METHODS: A total of 645 students who study the first three grades of the medical faculty and the engineering faculty of Erciyes University were enrolled in the study. A questionnaire including 48 questions was applied. Chi-square test and logistic regression method were performed for the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The total prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was found to be 32.7%. The prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was 28.6% in the medical and 37.5% in the non-medical students. It was determined that 41.6% of the males and 20.2% of the females currently smoke waterpipe. Gender, cigarette smoking, and the presence of waterpipe smokers among family members and friends have significant effects on the prevalence of waterpipe smoking. Residence and economical status of the family and with whom the students live have no significant effect on the prevalence rate. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of the students currently smoke waterpipe. Smoking of both cigarette and waterpipe was frequently found. The measures against all tobacco products should be combined. Descriptors Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Students, Medical, Turkey/epidemiology, Universities Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Poyrazoglu,S., Sarli,S., Gencer,Z., Gunay,O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2939523 Editors
The rise in narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco smoking: a qualitative study of perceptions of smokers and non smokers	2011	Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 14-May Volume 11 Issue Start Page 315 Other Pages 2458-11-315 Notes LR: 20150204; JID: 100968562; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OID: NLM: PMC3112129; 2010/08/18 [received]; 2011/05/14 [accepted]; 2011/05/14 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 21569577 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-11-315 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21569577 Abstract BACKGROUND: The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) in the Middle East region and worldwide is increasing. There is evidence to indicate both short term and long term health effects of WTS, resulting in the issuance of an advisory note by the World Health Organization. METHODS: This research aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of the factors contributing to the rise in WTS in Lebanon. Qualitative focus groups (25) and in-depth interviews (9) were conducted with adults in Lebanon in 2007. Participants were recruited to represent diversity in smoking status, gender, age groups and urban/rural residence. The interviews and focus groups were thematically analyzed, and recurrent themes noted and summarized. RESULTS: The main themes identified were availability, affordability, innovation, influence of media, lack of a policy framework, and the sensory characteristics evoked from WTS. Men and women, smokers and non-smokers, and younger and older participants differed in their emphases on the above themes. These themes, though specific to waterpipe, are similar to themes manipulated by the cigarette industry, and eventually controlled through tobacco control policies. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding reasons behind the rise in waterpipe tobacco use is important if appropriate prevention, cessation, and policy interventions are to be formulated. Strict adherence to the FCTC is warranted, with careful and vigilant attention that all tobacco products are covered by laws in both high as well as middle to lower income countries. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Nakkash,R.T., Khalil,J., Afifi,R.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110514 PMCID PMC3112129 Editors
Carbon monoxide poisoning in narghile (water pipe) tobacco smokers	2012	Pediatric Department, Arcispedale S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara University, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Cjem Periodical, Abbrev. CJEM Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 14 Issue 1 Start Page 57 Other Pages 59 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100893237; 059QF0KO0R (Water); CIN: CJEM. 2012 Jan;14(1):3-4. PMID: 22417949; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1481-8035; 1481-8035 Accession Number PMID: 22417961 Language eng SubFile Case Reports; Journal Article; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22417961 Abstract Narghile (water pipe, hookah, shisha, goza, hubble bubble, argeela) is a traditional method of tobacco use. In recent years, its use has increased worldwide, especially among young people. Narghile smoking, compared to cigarette smoking, can result in more smoke exposure and greater levels of carbon monoxide (CO). We present an acutely confused adolescent patient who had CO poisoning after narghile tobacco smoking. She presented with syncope and a carboxyhemoglobin level of 24% and was treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Five additional cases of CO poisoning after narghile smoking were identified during a literature search, with carboxyhemoglobin levels of 20 to 30%. Each patient was treated with oxygen supplementation and did well clinically. In light of the increasing popularity of narghile smoking, young patients presenting with unexplained confusion or nonspecific neurologic symptoms should be asked specifically about this exposure, followed by carboxyhemoglobin measurement. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors La Fauci,G., Weiser,G., Steiner,I.P., Shavit,I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Acute toxicant exposure and cardiac autonomic dysfunction from smoking a single narghile waterpipe with tobacco and with a "healthy" tobacco-free alternative	2012	Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Toxicology letters Periodical, Abbrev. Toxicol.Lett. Pub Date Free Form 23-Nov Volume 215 Issue 1 Start Page 70 Other Pages 75 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; GR: F31DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH H Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1879-3169; 0378-4274 Accession Number PMID: 23059956 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.026 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23059956 Abstract Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe (narghile, hookah, shisha) has become a global epidemic. Unlike cigarette smoking, little is known about the health effects of waterpipe use. One acute effect of cigarette smoke inhalation is dysfunction in autonomic regulation of the cardiac cycle, as indicated by reduction in heart rate variability (HRV). Reduced HRV is implicated in adverse cardiovascular health outcomes, and is associated with inhalation exposure-induced oxidative stress. Using a 32 participant cross-over study design, we investigated toxicant exposure and effects of waterpipe smoking on heart rate variability when, under controlled conditions, participants smoked a tobacco-based and a tobacco-free waterpipe product promoted as an alternative for "health-conscious" users. Outcome measures included HRV, exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO), plasma nicotine, and puff topography, which were measured at times prior to, during, and after smoking. We found that waterpipe use acutely decreased HRV (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Cobb,C.O., Sahmarani,K., Eissenberg,T., Shihadeh,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121008 PMCID PMC3641895 Editors
Pulmonary functions of narghile smokers compared to cigarette smokers: a case-control study	2013	Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Research Unit: Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction, N: 04/UR/	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Libyan journal of medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Libyan J.Med. Pub Date Free Form 30-Dec Volume 8 Issue Start Page 22650 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150422; JID: 101299403; OID: NLM: PMC3877776; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013 [ecollection]; 2013/08/19 [received]; 2013/12/03 [revised]; 2013/12/04 [accepted]; epublish Place of Publication Sweden ISSN/ISBN 1819-6357; 1819-6357 Accession Number PMID: 24382307 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.3402/ljm.v8i0.22650 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24382307 Abstract BACKGROUND: Studies of the lung function profiles of exclusive narghile smokers (ENS) are few, have some methodological limits, and present contradictory conclusions. The present study aimed to compare the plethysmographic profiles of ENS with age- and height-matched exclusive cigarette smokers (ECS). METHODS: Males aged 35-60 living in Sousse, Tunisia, who have been smoking narghile exclusively for more than 10 narghile-years (n = 36) or cigarettes exclusively for more than 10 pack-years (n = 106) were recruited to participate in this case-control study. The anthropometric and plethysmographic data were measured according to international recommendations using a body plethysmograph (ZAN 500 Body II, Mebetagrerate GmbH, Germany). Large-airway-obstructive-ventilatory-defect (LAOVD) was defined as: first second forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) below the lower-limit-of-normal (LLN). Restrictive-ventilatory-defect (RVD) was defined as total lung capacity upper-limit-of-normal. Student t-test and chi(2) test were used to compare plethysmographic data and profiles of the two groups. RESULTS: The subjects in the ENS and ECS groups are well matched in age (45+/-7 vs. 47+/-5 years) and height (1.73+/-0.06 vs. 1.72+/-0.06 m) and used similar quantities of tobacco (36+/-22 narghile-years vs. 35+/-19 pack-years). Compared to the ENS group, the ECS group had significantly lower FEV1 (84+/-12 vs. 60+/-21%), FVC (90+/-12 vs. 76+/-18%), and FEV1/FVC (99+/-7 vs. 83+/-17%). The two groups had similar percentages of RVD (31 vs. 36%), while the ECS group had a significantly higher percentage of LAOVD (8 vs. 58%) and lung hyperinflation (36 vs.57%). CONCLUSION: Chronic exclusive narghile smoking has less adverse effects on pulmonary function tests than chronic exclusive cigarette smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ben Saad,H., Khemiss,M., Nhari,S., Ben Essghaier,M., Rouatbi,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131230 PMCID PMC3877776 Editors

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