Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year | Author Sort descending | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indoor air contamination during a waterpipe (narghile) smoking session | 2009 | Department of Environmental Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinarstrasse 2, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany. hermann.fromme@lgl.bayern.de | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
Periodical, Abbrev.
Food Chem.Toxicol.
Pub Date Free Form
Jul
Volume
47
Issue
7
Start Page
1636
Other Pages
1641
Notes
LR: 20131121; JID: 8207483; 0 (Gases); 0 (Metals); 0 (Nitrogen Oxides); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Smoke); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); CIN: Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Mar;48(3):992-5; auth
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1873-6351; 0278-6915
Accession Number
PMID: 19394392
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.017 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
19394392
Abstract
The smoke of waterpipe contains numerous substances of health concern, but people mistakenly believe that this smoking method is less harmful and addictive than cigarettes. An experiment was performed in a 57 m3 room on two dates with no smoking on the first date and waterpipe smoking for 4h on the second date. We measured volatile organic compounds (VOC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), metals, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (e.g. NO), as well as particle mass (PM), particle number concentration (PNC) and particle surface area in indoor air. High concentrations were observed for the target analytes during the 4-h smoking event. The median (90th percentile) values of PM(2.5), PNC, CO and NO were 393 (737 microg/m(3)), 289,000 (550,000 particles/cm(3)), 51 (65 ppm) and 0.11 (0.13 ppm), respectively. The particle size distribution has a maximum of particles relating to a diameter of 17 nm. The seven carcinogenic PAH were found to be a factor 2.6 higher during the smoking session compared to the control day. In conclusion, the observed indoor air contamination of different harmful substances during a WP session is high, and exposure may pose a health risk for smokers but in particular for non-smokers who are exposed to ETS.
Descriptors
Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Gases/analysis, Metals/analysis, Nitrogen Oxides/analysis, Particle Size, Particulate Matter/analysis, Pilot Projects, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Fromme,H., Dietrich,S., Heitmann,D., Dressel,H., Diemer,J., Schulz,T., Jorres,R. A., Berlin,K., Volkel,W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20090424
PMCID
Editors
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| The rise in narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco smoking: a qualitative study of perceptions of smokers and non smokers | 2011 | Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
BMC public health
Periodical, Abbrev.
BMC Public Health
Pub Date Free Form
14-May
Volume
11
Issue
Start Page
315
Other Pages
2458-11-315
Notes
LR: 20150204; JID: 100968562; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OID: NLM: PMC3112129; 2010/08/18 [received]; 2011/05/14 [accepted]; 2011/05/14 [aheadofprint]; epublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1471-2458; 1471-2458
Accession Number
PMID: 21569577
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1186/1471-2458-11-315 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21569577
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) in the Middle East region and worldwide is increasing. There is evidence to indicate both short term and long term health effects of WTS, resulting in the issuance of an advisory note by the World Health Organization. METHODS: This research aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of the factors contributing to the rise in WTS in Lebanon. Qualitative focus groups (25) and in-depth interviews (9) were conducted with adults in Lebanon in 2007. Participants were recruited to represent diversity in smoking status, gender, age groups and urban/rural residence. The interviews and focus groups were thematically analyzed, and recurrent themes noted and summarized. RESULTS: The main themes identified were availability, affordability, innovation, influence of media, lack of a policy framework, and the sensory characteristics evoked from WTS. Men and women, smokers and non-smokers, and younger and older participants differed in their emphases on the above themes. These themes, though specific to waterpipe, are similar to themes manipulated by the cigarette industry, and eventually controlled through tobacco control policies. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding reasons behind the rise in waterpipe tobacco use is important if appropriate prevention, cessation, and policy interventions are to be formulated. Strict adherence to the FCTC is warranted, with careful and vigilant attention that all tobacco products are covered by laws in both high as well as middle to lower income countries.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Nakkash,R.T., Khalil,J., Afifi,R.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110514
PMCID
PMC3112129
Editors
|
|||
| Pulmonary functions of narghile smokers compared to cigarette smokers: a case-control study | 2013 | Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Research Unit: Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction, N: 04/UR/ | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The Libyan journal of medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Libyan J.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
30-Dec
Volume
8
Issue
Start Page
22650
Other Pages
Notes
LR: 20150422; JID: 101299403; OID: NLM: PMC3877776; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013 [ecollection]; 2013/08/19 [received]; 2013/12/03 [revised]; 2013/12/04 [accepted]; epublish
Place of Publication
Sweden
ISSN/ISBN
1819-6357; 1819-6357
Accession Number
PMID: 24382307
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.3402/ljm.v8i0.22650 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24382307
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies of the lung function profiles of exclusive narghile smokers (ENS) are few, have some methodological limits, and present contradictory conclusions. The present study aimed to compare the plethysmographic profiles of ENS with age- and height-matched exclusive cigarette smokers (ECS). METHODS: Males aged 35-60 living in Sousse, Tunisia, who have been smoking narghile exclusively for more than 10 narghile-years (n = 36) or cigarettes exclusively for more than 10 pack-years (n = 106) were recruited to participate in this case-control study. The anthropometric and plethysmographic data were measured according to international recommendations using a body plethysmograph (ZAN 500 Body II, Mebetagrerate GmbH, Germany). Large-airway-obstructive-ventilatory-defect (LAOVD) was defined as: first second forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) below the lower-limit-of-normal (LLN). Restrictive-ventilatory-defect (RVD) was defined as total lung capacity upper-limit-of-normal. Student t-test and chi(2) test were used to compare plethysmographic data and profiles of the two groups. RESULTS: The subjects in the ENS and ECS groups are well matched in age (45+/-7 vs. 47+/-5 years) and height (1.73+/-0.06 vs. 1.72+/-0.06 m) and used similar quantities of tobacco (36+/-22 narghile-years vs. 35+/-19 pack-years). Compared to the ENS group, the ECS group had significantly lower FEV1 (84+/-12 vs. 60+/-21%), FVC (90+/-12 vs. 76+/-18%), and FEV1/FVC (99+/-7 vs. 83+/-17%). The two groups had similar percentages of RVD (31 vs. 36%), while the ECS group had a significantly higher percentage of LAOVD (8 vs. 58%) and lung hyperinflation (36 vs.57%). CONCLUSION: Chronic exclusive narghile smoking has less adverse effects on pulmonary function tests than chronic exclusive cigarette smoking.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Ben Saad,H., Khemiss,M., Nhari,S., Ben Essghaier,M., Rouatbi,S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20131230
PMCID
PMC3877776
Editors
|
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| Acute toxicant exposure and cardiac autonomic dysfunction from smoking a single narghile waterpipe with tobacco and with a "healthy" tobacco-free alternative | 2012 | Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Toxicology letters
Periodical, Abbrev.
Toxicol.Lett.
Pub Date Free Form
23-Nov
Volume
215
Issue
1
Start Page
70
Other Pages
75
Notes
LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; GR: F31DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH H
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1879-3169; 0378-4274
Accession Number
PMID: 23059956
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.026 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23059956
Abstract
Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe (narghile, hookah, shisha) has become a global epidemic. Unlike cigarette smoking, little is known about the health effects of waterpipe use. One acute effect of cigarette smoke inhalation is dysfunction in autonomic regulation of the cardiac cycle, as indicated by reduction in heart rate variability (HRV). Reduced HRV is implicated in adverse cardiovascular health outcomes, and is associated with inhalation exposure-induced oxidative stress. Using a 32 participant cross-over study design, we investigated toxicant exposure and effects of waterpipe smoking on heart rate variability when, under controlled conditions, participants smoked a tobacco-based and a tobacco-free waterpipe product promoted as an alternative for "health-conscious" users. Outcome measures included HRV, exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO), plasma nicotine, and puff topography, which were measured at times prior to, during, and after smoking. We found that waterpipe use acutely decreased HRV (p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Cobb,C.O., Sahmarani,K., Eissenberg,T., Shihadeh,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20121008
PMCID
PMC3641895
Editors
|
|||
| Otoscopic appearances and tympanometric changes in narghile smokers | 2004 | Effat, K.G., Medinet El-Mohandeseen, Giza, Egypt | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of Laryngology and Otology
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Laryngol.Otol.
Pub Date Free Form
/
Volume
118
Issue
10
Start Page
818
Other Pages
821
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
0022-2151
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Narghile (water-pipe) smoking requires the generation of significant negative intrapharyngeal pressure, which may be transmitted to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. A total of 80 ears from regular narghile smokers were examined otoscopically and by tympanometry. Seventy ears from heavy cigarette smokers were similarly examined and served as a control group. There was a highly significant increase in the prevalence of attic retractions (P 0.05).
Descriptors
adult, aged, article, atmospheric pressure, auditory tube, cholesteatoma, smoking, clinical article, controlled study, cultural factor, human, male, middle ear pressure, Middle East, narghile smoker, otoscopy, prevalence, smoking habit, swallowing, tympanometry
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase; MEDLINE
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Effat,K. G.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Waterpipe (narghile) smoking among medical and non-medical university students in Turkey | 2010 | Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Upsala journal of medical sciences
Periodical, Abbrev.
Ups.J.Med.Sci.
Pub Date Free Form
Aug
Volume
115
Issue
3
Start Page
210
Other Pages
216
Notes
LR: 20141203; JID: 0332203; OID: NLM: PMC2939523; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
2000-1967; 0300-9734
Accession Number
PMID: 20636256
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.3109/03009734.2010.487164 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20636256
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This investigation was performed in order to determine the prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking in students of Erciyes University and the effects of some socio-demographic factors. METHODS: A total of 645 students who study the first three grades of the medical faculty and the engineering faculty of Erciyes University were enrolled in the study. A questionnaire including 48 questions was applied. Chi-square test and logistic regression method were performed for the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The total prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was found to be 32.7%. The prevalence rate of waterpipe smoking was 28.6% in the medical and 37.5% in the non-medical students. It was determined that 41.6% of the males and 20.2% of the females currently smoke waterpipe. Gender, cigarette smoking, and the presence of waterpipe smokers among family members and friends have significant effects on the prevalence of waterpipe smoking. Residence and economical status of the family and with whom the students live have no significant effect on the prevalence rate. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of the students currently smoke waterpipe. Smoking of both cigarette and waterpipe was frequently found. The measures against all tobacco products should be combined.
Descriptors
Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Students, Medical, Turkey/epidemiology, Universities
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Poyrazoglu,S., Sarli,S., Gencer,Z., Gunay,O.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC2939523
Editors
|
|||
| Health warning labelling practices on narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories | 2010 | Health Behavior and Education Department, Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. rima.nakkash@aub.edu.lb | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Jun
Volume
19
Issue
3
Start Page
235
Other Pages
239
Notes
LR: 20141203; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC2989164; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 20501497
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1136/tc.2009.031773 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20501497
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence is increasing around the globe despite current evidence that smoke emissions are toxic and contain carcinogenic compounds. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate current health warning labelling practices on waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories. METHODS: All waterpipe tobacco products, as well as waterpipe accessories, were purchased from Lebanon and a convenience sample was obtained from Dubai (United Arab Emirates), Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Bahrain, Canada, Germany and South Africa. FINDINGS: Of the total number of waterpipe tobacco products collected from Lebanon, the majority had textual health warning labels covering on average only 3.5% of total surface area of the package. Misleading descriptors were commonplace on waterpipe tobacco packages and related accessories. CONCLUSIONS: There are no WHO FCTC compliant waterpipe-specific health warning labels on waterpipe tobacco products and related accessories. Introducing health warnings on waterpipe tobacco products and accessories will probably have worldwide public health benefits.
Descriptors
Global Health, Health Promotion/methods, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects/prevention & control, Product Labeling, Smoking/adverse effects/prevention & control
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Nakkash,R., Khalil,J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC2989164
Editors
|
|||
| Prevalence and characteristics of narghile smoking among university students in Syria | 2004 | Maziak, W., Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis.
Pub Date Free Form
/
Volume
8
Issue
7
Start Page
882
Other Pages
889
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1027-3719
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
SETTING: Narghile (waterpipe) smoking is increasing in all Arab societies, but little is known about its pattern of use. METHODS: In 2003, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among students at Aleppo University using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A representative sample of 587 students participated (278 males, 309 females; mean age 21.8 ± 2.1 years; response rate 98.8%). RESULTS: Ever narghile smoking was seen among 62.6% of men and 29.8% of women, while current smoking was seen among 25.5% of men and 4.9% of women. Only 7.0% of the men used narghile daily. Age of initiation was 19.2 ± 2.2 and 21.7 ± 3.2 years for men and women, respectively (P < 0.001). The salient feature of narghile smoking was its social pattern, where most users initiated and currently smoked narghile with friends. Narghile and cigarette smoking were related among students, with narghile smoking most prevalent among daily cigarette smokers. Multivariate correlates of narghile smoking were being older, male, originating from the city, smoking cigarettes, having friends who smoke narghile, and coming from a household where a greater number of narghiles were smoked daily. CONCLUSIONS: Narghile smoking is prevalent among university students in Syria, where it is mainly practiced by men, intermittently, and in the context of social activities with friends.
Descriptors
adult, age, article, smoking, college student, female, gender, health survey, human, male, prevalence, priority journal, social aspect, social behavior, Syrian Arab Republic
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase; MEDLINE
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Maziak,W., Fouad,F. M., Asfar,T., Hammal,F., Bachir,E. M., Rastam,S., Eissenberg,T., Ward,K. D.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Factors related to frequency of narghile (waterpipe) use: The first insights on tobacco dependence in narghile users | 2004 | Maziak, W., Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, P.O. Box 16542, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Drug and alcohol dependence
Periodical, Abbrev.
Drug Alcohol Depend.
Pub Date Free Form
2004/10
Volume
76
Issue
1
Start Page
101
Other Pages
106
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
0376-8716
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Aims: To evaluate factors related to level of narghile (waterpipe) use as a first step towards modeling tobacco dependence among narghile users. Design: Cross sectional survey done in 2003 using interviewer-administered anonymous questionnaires. Setting: Cafes/restaurants serving narghiles in Aleppo, Syria. Participants: Narghile smokers (161 men and 107 women; mean age, 30.1 ± 10.2, 161; age range, 18-68 years; response rate, 95.3%) randomly selected from the 17 cafes/restaurants sampled. Measurements: Frequency of narghile use (daily, weekly, monthly) was assessed as a function of several factors potentially indicative of dependence, including situational characteristics (where, when, and with whom smoking occurs; seasonality of use, and sharing of narghile), attitudes, and experience with quitting narghile use, escalation of use over time, future intentions regarding use, perception of being "hooked" on narghile, and cognitions/behaviors engaged in to support use (carrying one's own narghile; think of narghile when it is not available; considering narghile for selection of cafes/restaurants). Findings: Frequency of narghile use was strongly correlated with participant's subjective judgment of how hooked they are on narghile (coefficient, 0.5). Predictors of narghile use frequency according to multinomial logistic regression were: male gender, smoking mainly alone versus with others; smoking mainly at home versus outside; smoking more frequently since initiation, being hooked on narghile, carrying narghile, and considering it for cafe/restaurant choice. Conclusions: Our data reveal two main domains of a tobacco dependence syndrome likely to be relevant to narghile; the first reflects the effects of nicotine contained in narghile tobacco, and is not very different from what is seen with other tobacco products, and the second is unique to narghile and is related mainly to its social dimension, with more intensive smokers showing an increasingly individual pattern of narghile smoking. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Descriptors
adult, aged, article, behavior, catering service, cognition, correlation analysis, female, human, logistic regression analysis, male, prevalence, priority journal, questionnaire, smoking, Syrian Arab Republic, tobacco dependence, tube
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase; MEDLINE
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Maziak,W., Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Respiratory effects in children from passive smoking of cigarettes and narghile: ISAAC Phase Three in Syria | 2014 | National Research Center for Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Tishreen University School of Medicine, Lattakia, Syria.; National Research Center for Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Tishreen University School of Medicine, Lattakia, Syria.; National Research Cen | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis.
Pub Date Free Form
Nov
Volume
18
Issue
11
Start Page
1279
Other Pages
1284
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 9706389; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish
Place of Publication
France
ISSN/ISBN
1815-7920; 1027-3719
Accession Number
PMID: 25299858
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.5588/ijtld.13.0912 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25299858
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and asthma symptoms is well documented, but a causal relationship is inconclusive. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three was the first to report a dose-response relationship between current wheezing and exposure to parental cigarette smoke. As exposure of children to water pipe (narghile) smoke is of concern in Syria, in the ISAAC Phase Three Tartous Centre we also examined the role of parental smoking of the narghile. METHODS: Parents of children aged 6-7 years completed core written questionnaires about the prevalence of symptoms, and an environmental questionnaire for other risk factors, including parental cigarette smoking. We added questions about narghile to the questionnaire. RESULTS: Among 2 734 pupils (49% females) surveyed, we found an association between exposure to ETS of the mother smoking cigarette or narghile and ever wheezing, nocturnal cough and severe wheeze; however, the strongest association was found when the mother smoked narghile. Mother smoking narghile was also associated with exercise wheeze. Father smoking narghile, but not cigarettes, was associated with nocturnal cough, severe wheeze and exercise wheeze. The association with current wheeze became significant when mother smoked both cigarettes and narghile; however, the effect was addititive and not synergic. CONCLUSION: We recommend that international studies investigating ETS include questions on narghile smoking.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Mohammad,Y., Shaaban,R., Hassan,M., Yassine,F., Mohammad,S., Tessier,J.F., Ellwood,P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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