WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Measurement of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in narghile waterpipe tobacco smoke	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 46 Issue 5 Start Page 1582 Other Pages 90 Notes ID: 18308445 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract An analytical method for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the mainstream of narghile smoke is presented. The smoke was generated using a digital waterpipe smoking machine connected to the mouthpiece of a narghile that was loaded with 10 g of a popular flavored tobacco and kept alight with quick-light charcoal briquettes that are commonly used for this purpose. A standard smoking regimen consisting of 171 puffs of 530 ml volume and 2.6s duration spaced 17s apart was used, and the smoke condensates were collected on glass fiber filters. PAHs were extracted with toluene assisted by sonication. For purification, the extract was passed through a silica cartridge and eluted with hexane. The eluent was preconcentrated, reconstituted in acetonitrile, and analyzed using a GC-MS-SICP method. The method showed good selectivity, repeatability, accuracy and sensitivity. The limit of detection ranged from 15 to 96 ng for benzoa]pyrene and indeno1,2,3-cd]pyrene, respectively. It was found that a single narghile smoking session delivers approximately 50 times the quantities of carcinogenic 4- and 5-membered ring PAHs as a single 1R4F cigarette smoked using the FTC protocol. The pattern of PAH concentrations suggested that formation pathways differ from those of the cigarette, possibly reflecting the differing combustion conditions of the two smoking devices. Descriptors Plastics/chemistry, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Smoke/analysis, Tobacco/chemistry, Calibration, Carcinogens/analysis, Chromatography, Gas, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Indicators and Reagents, Reference Standards, Reproducibility of Results Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.028 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Sepetdjian,Elizabeth, Shihadeh,Alan, Saliba,Najat A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Predictors of narghile (water-pipe) smoking in a sample of American Arab Yemeni adolescents	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Transcult Nurs Periodical, Abbrev. J.Transcult.Nurs. Pub Date Free Form Volume 19 Issue 1 Start Page 24 Other Pages 32 Notes ID: 18165423 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract To explore the predictors of water-pipe smoking among American Arab Yemeni adolescents, a descriptive correlational design was used, and regression models representing the proposed relationships in the study were tested from a convenience sample of 297 adolescents who attended a teen health clinic and two high schools. The participants completed five measures. Fourteen hypotheses were tested. Experimentation with tobacco was found to be significant in predicting narghile smoking. Tobacco use prevention and cessation interventions for this population can be focused on targeting the family and peer units, from which their identity is likely derived. Descriptors Adolescent Behavior/ethnology, Arabs/ethnology, Attitude to Health/ethnology, Smoking/ethnology, Adolescent, Arabs/education, Educational Status, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Income/statistics & numerical data, Male, Michigan/epidemiology, Nursing Methodology Research, Parents/psychology, Peer Group, Psychology, Adolescent, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Self Concept, Smoking/prevention & control, Questionnaires, Water, Yemen/ethnology Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659607309141 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Baker,Omar G., Rice,Virginia Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Elevated toxicant yields with narghile waterpipes smoked using a plastic hose	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 46 Issue 5 Start Page 1461 Other Pages 6 Notes ID: 18207299 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The effect of hose permeability on toxicant yields for the narghile waterpipe is investigated, with special reference to the recent adoption of plastic as a hose construction material. Measurements of air infiltration rates for 23 leather and plastic hoses representing 11 types commonly available in Beirut, Lebanon were made, revealing that while leather hoses allowed significant outside air infiltration during a puff constituting up to 31% of the puff volume, plastic hoses were found to be air-tight, indicating that the smoke reaching the waterpipe user can be considerably more concentrated when delivered via a plastic hose. Total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO) yields were compared when a waterpipe was machine smoked using a highly permeable leather and an air-tight plastic hose. It was found that the plastic hose resulted in similar yields of nicotine, but more than double the CO yielded with the highly permeable leather hose. Thus, even if narghile smokers titrate for nicotine intake, the use of a plastic hose will likely greatly increase the exposure to CO, a major causative agent in cardiovascular disease. Descriptors Plastics/chemistry, Plastics/toxicity, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco/chemistry, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Filtration, Nicotine/analysis, Particulate Matter/analysis Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.007 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Saleh,Rawad, Shihadeh,Alan Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Charcoal emissions as a source of CO and carcinogenic PAH in mainstream narghile waterpipe smoke	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 46 Issue 9 Start Page 2991 Other Pages 5 Notes ID: 18573302 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Burning charcoal is normally placed atop the tobacco to smoke the narghile waterpipe. We investigated the importance of charcoal as a toxicant source in the mainstream smoke, with particular attention to two well-known charcoal emissions: carbon monoxide (CO) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). CO and PAH yields were compared when a waterpipe was machine smoked using charcoal and using an electrical heating element. The electrical heating element was designed to produce spatial and temporal temperature distributions similar to those measured using charcoal. With a popular type of ma'assel tobacco mixture, and using a smoking regimen consisting of 105 puffs of 530ml volume spaced 17s apart, it was found that approximately 90% of the CO and 75-92% of the 4- and 5-membered ring PAH compounds originated in the charcoal. Greater than 95% of the benzo(a)pyrene in the smoke was attributable to the charcoal. It was also found that the relative proportions of individual PAH species, the "PAH fingerprint", of the mainstream smoke were highly correlated to those extracted from the unburned charcoal (R(2)>0.94). In contrast, there was no correlation between the PAH fingerprint of the electrically heated and charcoal-heated conditions (R(2)<0.02). In addition to inhaling toxicants transferred from the tobacco, such as nicotine, "tar", and nitrosamines, waterpipe smokers thus also inhale large quantities of combustion-generated toxicants. This explains why, despite the generally low temperatures attained in the narghile tobacco, large quantities of CO and PAH have been found in the smoke. Descriptors Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Carcinogens/analysis, Carcinogens/toxicity, Charcoal/analysis, Polycyclic Compounds/analysis, Polycyclic Compounds/toxicity, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/metabolism, Hot Temperature, Temperature, Tobacco/chemistry Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.031 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Monzer,Bassel, Sepetdjian,Elizabeth, Saliba,Najat, Shihadeh,Alan Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A pleasure among friends: how narghile (waterpipe) smoking differs from cigarette smoking in Syria	2008	Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, PO Box 16542, Aleppo, Syria. fadi@scts-sy.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 17 Issue 2 Start Page e3 Other Pages Notes GR: R01-TW05962/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA024876-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R03-TW07233/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 18375726 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2007.020529 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18375726 Abstract BACKGROUND: Throughout the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR), tobacco is used primarily in two forms: cigarette smoking and waterpipe (called narghile (nar-GIL-eh) in Syria) smoking. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether narghile smokers are different from cigarette smokers in how their smoking habits are embedded in their everyday lives. METHODS: One-to-one interviews with 16 adult narghile smokers and 16 adult cigarette smokers about their feelings, experiences and beliefs regarding their initiation, use patterns, and attempts to quit. FINDINGS: Narghile smokers found that narghile was a pleasurable social experience embedded in cultural rituals. By contrast, cigarette smokers saw their cigarette smoking as a mundane, oppressive, personal addiction. Narghile smokers generally started in their 20s and found that smoking narghile fostered a sense of togetherness and cultural identity, while cigarette smokers started in their early teens, males having started to becoming a "real man". Unlike cigarette smokers who felt stigmatised, narghile smokers generally felt that smoking narghile was socially accepted. Cigarette smokers believed that cigarettes were harmful to their health and harmful to those around them, but narghile smokers believed smoking narghile was relatively harmless to themselves or to others. Unlike cigarette smokers who used cigarettes to manage stress, narghile smokers used narghile for entertainment, leisure, and escape. However, frequent narghile smokers confessed that they felt addicted in much the same way as cigarette smokers. Cigarette smokers and narghile smokers viewed quitting as a matter of will and conviction. Most cigarette smokers had tried to quit. Very few narghile smokers had ever tried to quit, and most were not interested in quitting. Disturbingly, some cigarette smokers had tried to quit cigarettes by switching to smoking narghile, but later relapsed to smoking cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study suggests that Syrian narghile smokers are different from Syrian cigarette smokers in their perceptions and beliefs about their smoking, and in their smoking patterns and lived experiences with tobacco. Our findings indicate that further in-depth research is need in the EMR to understand both modes of smoking to develop effective mode-specific prevention and cessation approaches. This study also raises concerns about a possible pattern where cigarette smokers are using narghile as a method for quitting cigarettes, and then relapsing. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Culture, Female, Friends, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation, Syria Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hammal,F., Mock,J., Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Radiological hazards of Narghile (hookah, shisha, goza) smoking: activity concentrations and dose assessment	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Environ Radioact Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Radioact. Pub Date Free Form Volume 99 Issue 12 Start Page 1808 Other Pages 14 Notes ID: 18768240 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Narghile (hookah, shisha, goza, "water-pipe") smoking has become fashionable worldwide. Its tobacco pastes, known as moassel and jurak, are not standardized and generally contain about 30-50% (sometimes more) tobacco, molasses/juice of sugarcane, various spices and dried fruits (particularly in jurak) and, in the case of moassel, glycerol and flavoring essences. Tobacco contains minute amounts of radiotoxic elements such as (210)Pb, (210)Po and uranium, which are inhaled via smoking. Only very few data have been published on the concentrations of natural radionuclides in narghile tobacco mixtures. Consequently, the aim of this study was to draw first conclusions on the potential hazards of radioactivity in moassel tobacco in relation to narghile smoking. The results indicate the existence of a wide range in the radioactivity contents where the average (range) activity concentrations of (238)U, (234)Th (226)Ra, (210)Pb, (210)Po, (232)Th and (40)K, in Bq/kg dry weight were 55 (19-93), 11 (3-23), 3 (1.2-8), 14 (3-29), 13 (7-32), 7 (4-10) and 719 (437-1044)Bq/kg dry weight, respectively. The average concentrations of natural radionuclides in moassel tobacco pastes are comparable to their concentration in Greek cigarettes and tobacco leaves, and lower than that of Brazilian tobacco leaves. The distribution pattern of these radionuclides after smoking, between smoke, ash and filter, is unknown, except for (210)Po during cigarette smoking and from one existing study during moassel smoking. Radiological dose assessment due to intake of natural radionuclides was calculated and the possible radio-toxicity of the measured radionuclides is briefly discussed. Descriptors Air Pollutants, Radioactive/analysis, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Egypt, Humans, Polonium/analysis, Radiation Dosage, Radium/analysis, Saudi Arabia, Social Environment, Tobacco, Uranium/analysis Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.07.005 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Khater,Ashraf E. M., Abd El-Aziz,Nawal,S., Al-Sewaidan,Hamed, Chaouachi,Kamal Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The medical consequences ofÂ narghile (hookah, shisha) use inÂ theÂ world	2007	Chaouachi, K., Maisonneuve et Larose, DÃ©partement des auteurs, 75005 Paris, France	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revue d'epidemiologie et de sante publique Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Epidemiol.Sante Publ. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 55 Issue 3 Start Page 165 Other Pages 170 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0398-7620 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Background: Hookah (narghile, shisha) smoking is growing worldwide and particularly in France. The main reasons for this are: first, the arrival on the market of new highly flavored tobacco-based mixtures; second, a new type of charcoal used as a quick heating source; third, the pleasure to experiment with an exotic orientalist practice or the desire to return to the corresponding tradition; fourth, the belief that water filtration would lower the risk of smoking. Methods andÂ results: Long-term epidemiological data on complications are scarce. Little is known about qualitative and quantitative transformations occurring when hookah is smoked (in particular regarding carcinogenic agents). Such information will be difficult to collect due to the lack of standardization for this mode of tobacco use. The only current consensus on this issue is that a significant amount of carbon monoxide is produced by the charcoal used to heat and distil the tobacco-molasses mixture. Apart from direct inhalation, concentrations measured in some fashionable hookah lounges and bars are particularly high. Moreover, the additives contained in the widely used quick-lighting charcoals and their harmlessness remain unknown. Conclusion: This study sets out the available scientific knowledge regarding the real medical consequences related to the growing use of hookah and focuses on the best known and urgent issue, i.e. concern related to carbon monoxide intoxication in a very peculiar context. Â© 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Descriptors carcinogen, charcoal, drug additive, molasses, article, smoking, consensus, health hazard, heating, hookah smoking, human, smoking habit, standardization Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Chaouachi,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The narghile (hookah, shisha, goza) epidemic and the need for clearing up confusion and solving problems related with model building of social situations	2007		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full ScientificWorldJournal Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 7 Issue Start Page 1691 Other Pages 6 Notes ID: 17982564 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Many biomedical studies of the past seven years have failed in giving a sound picture of what hookah (shisha, narghile, goza) smoke and smoking are. The reasons are many: from the widespread use of a confusing neologism ("waterpipe") instead of the few clear and natural words used for centuries by indigenous and non-indigenous people in their real life, to the use of artificial smoking (machines) instead of relying on quantitative and qualitative analysis of toxicants directly performed on real hookah smokers. Descriptors Models, Biological, Smoking/epidemiology, Social Environment, Humans, Smoking/adverse effects, Smoking/psychology Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-17982564 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Chaouachi,Kamal T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, "tar", and nicotine in the mainstream smoke aerosol of the narghile water pipe	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 43 Issue 5 Start Page 655 Other Pages 61 Notes ID: 15778004 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A smoking machine protocol and yields for "tar", nicotine, PAH, and CO are presented for the standard 171-puff steady periodic smoking regimen proposed by Shihadeh et al. Shihadeh, A., Azar, S., Antonios, C., Haddad, A., 2004b. Towards a topographical model of narghile water-pipe cafe smoking: A pilot study in a high socioeconomic status neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 79(1), 75]. Results show that smokers are likely exposed to more "tar" and nicotine than previously thought, and that pyronsynthesized PAH are present in the "tar" despite the low temperatures characteristic of the tobacco in narghile smoking. With a smoking regimen consisting of 171 puffs each of 0.53l volume and 2.6s duration with a 17 s interpuff interval, the following results were obtained for a single smoking session of 10 g of mo'assel tobacco paste with 1.5 quick-lighting charcoal disks applied to the narghile head: 2.94 mg nicotine, 802 mg "tar", 145 mg CO, and relative to the smoke of a single cigarette, greater quantities of chrysene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene. Anthracene and pyrene were also identified but not quantified. The results indicate that narghile smoke likely contains an abundance of several of the chemicals thought to be causal factors in the elevated incidence of cancer, cardiovascular disease and addiction in cigarette smokers. Descriptors Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Carcinogens/analysis, Nicotine/analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Smoke/analysis, Tars/chemistry, Tobacco/chemistry, Aerosols, Chrysenes/analysis, Enzyme Inhibitors/analysis, Filtration/instrumentation, Fluorenes/analysis, Humans, Phenanthrenes/analysis, Plants, Toxic, Smoking/adverse effects, Tars/analysis, Temperature, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-15778004 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Shihadeh,Alan, Saleh,Rawad Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Water-pipe (narghile) smoking: an emerging health risk behavior	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Volume 116 Issue 1 Start Page e113 Other Pages 9 Notes ID: 15995011 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Narghile, or water-pipe smoking (WPS), has been practiced extensively for approximately 400 years. It is common in the Arabian Peninsula, Turkey, India, Pakistan, and other countries. In recent years, there has been a revival of WPS, notably among youth. Most US health professionals are unfamiliar with the practice and health consequences of WPS. Therefore, this trend presents a new challenge for adolescent health care providers. The composition of the tobacco used in WPS is variable and not well standardized. Studies that have examined narghile smokers and the aerosol of narghile smoke have reported high concentrations of carbon monoxide, nicotine, "tar," and heavy metals. These concentrations were as high or higher than those among cigarette smokers. The few scientific data regarding the adverse health consequences of WPS point to dangers that are similar to those associated with cigarette smoking: malignancy, impaired pulmonary function, low birth weight, and others. Additional dangers not encountered with cigarette smoking are infectious diseases resulting from pipe sharing and the frequent addition of alcohol or psychoactive drugs to the tobacco. Public health strategies for controlling the emerging epidemic of WPS include carrying out epidemiologic and toxicologic research; implementation of laws to limit acquisition and use; and health education, targeting adolescents in particular. Descriptors Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco/chemistry, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Asia, Western/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle East/epidemiology, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/epidemiology Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-15995011 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Knishkowy,Barry, Amitai,Yona Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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