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Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Some chemical and biological effects of cigarettes and Hubbell bubble smoking	1990		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bulletin of Alexandria Faculty of Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 26 Issue 1 Start Page 175 Other Pages 85 Notes ID: 17970 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language english SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The study was performed on 50 adult male cigarette and hubble smokers. The aim was to study and compare the cigarette and hubble bubble smoke on some chemical and biological functions of the smoke component. Plasma epinephrine, glucose, lactate/pyruvate ratio, growth hormone, free fatty acids, and cortisol were significantly higher in smokers than non smokers especially cigarette smokers. Plasma insulin concentration showed a significantly delayed response to the increased blood glucose. Plasma proteins, urea, pyruvate, creatinine and vitamin B12 were significantly reduced inn smokers than non smokers especially cigarette smokers. Both blood erythrocytes and leucocytes were increased significantly in smokers. Blood gases showed significantly low PaO2, significant blood level of Co fraction, while PaCO2 was unaffected. Urinary catecholamines were significantly higher in smokers especially in cigarette smokers Descriptors Humans, Male, Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco/metabolism Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/emro-17970 Book Title Database GHL; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Abo Shamaa,M. N., Osman,H. A., Kamel,M. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Sonographic detection of intrapulmonary shunting of venous gas bubbles during exercise after diving in a professional diver	2007	Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Ultrasound Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 35 Issue 8 Start Page 473 Other Pages 476 Notes LR: 20101014; CI: (c) 2007; JID: 0401663; CIN: J Clin Ultrasound. 2010 Nov-Dec;38(9):497; author reply 498. PMID: 20853430; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0091-2751; 0091-2751 Accession Number PMID: 17676615 Language eng SubFile Case Reports; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1002/jcu.20378 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17676615 Abstract We report a case of right-to-left intrapulmonary (IP) shunting of venous gas bubbles at a high level of exercise after diving. The diagnosis was made using a 4-chamber view of the heart via echocardiography during exercise. This case is the first in which we could find evidence of IP shunt recruitment during exercise after diving, and the bubble grade was the highest ever seen in our laboratory. Venous bubbles crossing over through IP shunts during exercise after diving is a very rare event. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/etiology/ultrasonography, Diving/adverse effects, Echocardiography, Doppler/methods, Embolism, Air/etiology/physiopathology/ultrasonography, Humans, Lung/blood supply, Male, Pulmonary Veins/ultrasonography Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley Periodicals, Inc Data Source Authors Obad,A., Palada,I., Ivancev,V., Valic,Z., Fabijanic,D., Brubakk,A. O., Dujic,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ultrasound detection of vascular decompression bubbles: the influence of new technology and considerations on bubble load	2014	SLB Consulting, C/O The Barn, Manor House Wynd, Winton, Cumbria, CA17 4HL, UK, Phone: +44-(0)771-442-2042, E-mail: lesley@chapelclose20.fsnet.co.uk.; Department of Environmental Physiology, School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, S	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diving and hyperbaric medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Diving.Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 44 Issue 1 Start Page 35 Other Pages 44 Notes LR: 20141212; JID: 101282742; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/08/02 [received]; 2014/01/26 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1833-3516; 1833-3516 Accession Number PMID: 24687484 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24687484 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Diving often causes the formation of 'silent' bubbles upon decompression. If the bubble load is high, then the risk of decompression sickness (DCS) and the number of bubbles that could cross to the arterial circulation via a pulmonary shunt or patent foramen ovale increase. Bubbles can be monitored aurally, with Doppler ultrasound, or visually, with two dimensional (2D) ultrasound imaging. Doppler grades and imaging grades can be compared with good agreement. Early 2D imaging units did not provide such comprehensive observations as Doppler, but advances in technology have allowed development of improved, portable, relatively inexpensive units. Most now employ harmonic technology; it was suggested that this could allow previously undetectable bubbles to be observed. METHODS: This paper provides a review of current methods of bubble measurement and how new technology may be changing our perceptions of the potential relationship of these measurements to decompression illness. Secondly, 69 paired ultrasound images were made using conventional 2D ultrasound imaging and harmonic imaging. Images were graded on the Eftedal-Brubakk (EB) scale and the percentage agreement of the images calculated. The distribution of mismatched grades was analysed. RESULTS: Fifty-four of the 69 paired images had matching grades. There was no significant difference in the distribution of high or low EB grades for the mismatched pairs. CONCLUSIONS: Given the good level of agreement between pairs observed, it seems unlikely that harmonic technology is responsible for any perceived increase in observed bubble loads, but it is probable that our increasing use of 2D ultrasound to assess dive profiles is changing our perception of 'normal' venous and arterial bubble loads. Methods to accurately investigate the load and size of bubbles developed will be helpful in the future in determining DCS risk. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Blogg,S.L., Gennser,M., Mollerlokken,A., Brubakk,A.O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Venous and arterial bubbles at rest after no-decompression air dives	2011	Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Medicine and science in sports and exercise Periodical, Abbrev. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 43 Issue 6 Start Page 990 Other Pages 995 Notes JID: 8005433; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1530-0315; 0195-9131 Accession Number PMID: 21085032 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820618d3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21085032 Abstract PURPOSE: During SCUBA diving, breathing at increased pressure leads to a greater tissue gas uptake. During ascent, tissues may become supersaturated, and the gas is released in the form of bubbles that typically occur on the venous side of circulation. These venous gas emboli (VGE) are usually eliminated as they pass through the lungs, although their occasional presence in systemic circulation (arterialization) has been reported and it was assumed to be the main cause of the decompression sickness. The aims of the present study were to assess the appearance of VGE after air dives where no stops in coming to the surface are required and to assess their potential occurrence and frequency in the systemic circulation. METHODS: Twelve male divers performed six dives with 3 d of rest between them following standard no-decompression dive procedures: 18/60, 18/70, 24/30, 24/40, 33/15, and 33/20 (the first value indicates depth in meters of sea water and the second value indicates bottom time in minutes). VGE monitoring was performed ultrasonographically every 20 min for 120 min after surfacing. RESULTS: Diving profiles used in this study produced unexpectedly high amounts of gas bubbles, with most dives resulting in grade 4 (55/69 dives) on the bubble scale of 0-5 (no to maximal bubbles). Arterializations of gas bubbles were found in 5 (41.7%) of 12 divers and after 11 (16%) of 69 dives. These VGE crossovers were only observed when a large amount of bubbles was concomitantly present in the right valve of the heart. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate high amounts of gas bubbles produced after no-decompression air dives based on standardized diving protocols. High bubble loads were frequently associated with the crossover of VGE to the systemic circulation. Despite these findings, no acute decompression-related pathology was detected. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ljubkovic,M., Dujic,Z., Mollerlokken,A., Bakovic,D., Obad,A., Breskovic,T., Brubakk,A.O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Venous bubble count declines during strenuous exercise after an open sea dive to 30 m	2006	Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Croatia. zdujic@bsb.mefst.hr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 77 Issue 6 Start Page 592 Other Pages 596 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 7501714; 0 (Gases); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 16780236 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16780236 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The effect of post-dive exercise on bubble formation remains controversial, although the current practice of divers and aviators is to avoid strenuous exercise after diving. Previously, we have shown that exercising 24 h before a dive, or during a decompression stop, significantly reduces bubble formation in man. The objective of this study was to determine whether a short period of strenuous post-dive exercise promotes venous bubble formation. METHODS: Seven male military divers performed an open-sea field dive to a maximum depth of 30 m for 30 min. At maximum depth, subjects performed mild underwater fin swimming, followed by standard decompression. Diving was followed by a post-dive exercise session consisting of short, strenuous incremental upright cycle ergometry, up to 85% of maximal oxygen uptake, for about 10 min. Subjects were monitored for venous gas bubbles in the right heart with an echo-imaging system starting 20 min post-dive while in the supine position, during cycle ergometry in the seated upright position, and immediately after exercise in a supine position. RESULTS: The average number of bubbles was 1.5 +/- 1.4 bubbles x cm(-2) 20 min after diving. Changes in posture from supine to seated upright resulted in significant reduction of bubbles to 0.6 +/- 1.3 bubbles x cm(-2) (p = 0.043), with further reduction to 0.2 +/- 0.3 bubbles x cm(-2) at the end of exercise (p = 0.02). No cases of DCS or intra-pulmonary shunt were observed during or following post-dive exercise. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that post-dive strenuous exercise after a single field dive reduces post-dive gas bubble formation in well-trained military divers. Additional findings are needed for normal sports divers. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/prevention & control, Diving/physiology, Exercise/physiology, Gases/blood, Humans, Male, Military Medicine, Statistics, Nonparametric, Veins Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dujic,Z., Obad,A., Palada,I., Ivancev,V., Valic,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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