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Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Arterial gas bubbles after decompression in pigs with patent foramen ovale	1993	Section for Extreme Work Environment, Sintef Unimed, Trondheim, Norway.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc Periodical, Abbrev. Undersea Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 20 Issue 2 Start Page 121 Other Pages 131 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 9312954; 0 (Gases); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1066-2936; 1066-2936 Accession Number PMID: 8329939 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8329939 Abstract With patent foramen ovale (PFO), thought to be a risk factor for some forms of DCS, venous bubbles may pass through the patent opening to become arterial bubbles. We exposed 14 anesthetized, spontaneously breathing pigs to air at 5 bar (500 kPa, absolute pressure) for 30 min and then rapidly decompressed at 2 bar/min to 1 bar. We measured intravascular pressures, blood gases, and, with transesophageal echocardiology, bubbles in the pulmonary artery and ascending aorta. Autopsy showed that six of the pigs had a PFO. Arterial bubbles occurred more frequently in the PFO group (in six out of six) than in the non-PFO group (in two out of eight, P < 0.01). When arterial bubbles were detected, the venous bubble count and the pulmonary artery pressure tended to be lower in pigs with PFO than in pigs without a PFO. We conclude that a PFO increases the risk of arterial bubbles after decompression. Descriptors Animals, Atmosphere Exposure Chambers, Decompression Sickness/blood/etiology/physiopathology, Embolism, Air/blood/etiology/physiopathology, Gases/blood, Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/blood/complications/physiopathology, Hemodynamics/physiology, Swine Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Vik,A., Jenssen,B. M., Brubakk,A. O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Levels of maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide and certain cardiovascular parameters following hubble-bubble smoking	2002	Shafagoj, Y.A., Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Saudi medical journal Periodical, Abbrev. Saudi Med.J. Pub Date Free Form 2002/08 Volume 23 Issue 8 Start Page 953 Other Pages 958 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0379-5284 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective: The physiological effects of cigarette smoking have been widely studied, however, little is known regarding the effects of smoking hubble-bubble. We examined the acute effects of hubble-bubble smoking on heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure and maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide. Methods: This study was carried out in, in the student laboratory, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, during the summer of 1999. In 18 healthy habitual hubble-bubble smokers, heart rate, blood pressure, and maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide was measured before, during and post smoking of one hubble-bubble run (45 minutes). Results: Compared to base line (time zero), at the end of smoking heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, and maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide were increased 16 Â± 2.4 beats per minute, 6.7 Â± 2.5 mm Hg, 4.4 Â± 1.6 mm Hg, 5.2 Â± 1.7 mm Hg, and 14.2 Â± 1.8 ppm, (mean Â± standard error of mean, P<.05). Conclusions: Acute short-term active hubble-bubble smoking elicits a modest increase in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide in healthy hubble-bubble smokers. Descriptors carbon monoxide, adult, article, blood pressure, cardiovascular parameters, controlled study, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, human, human experiment, Jordan, laboratory, male, mean arterial pressure, normal human, smoking, summer, systolic blood pressure, university Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Shafagoj,Y. A., Mohammed,F. I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Hubble-bubble (water pipe) smoking: Levels of nicotine and cotinine in plasma, saliva and urine	2002	Shafagoj, Y.A., Dept. of Physiology/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Clin.Pharmacol.Ther. Pub Date Free Form 2002/ Volume 40 Issue 6 Start Page 249 Other Pages 255 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0946-1965 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to assess the levels of nicotine and cotinine in biological fluids (plasma, saliva, and urine) following hubble-bubble (HB) smoking. Methods: Fourteen healthy male volunteers, aged 28 Â± 8 years, body weight of 82.7 Â± 13.53 kg, participated in the study. All volunteers were habitual HB smokers for 3.29 Â± 1.90 years who smoked at least 3 runs per week with an average of 20 g Mua'sel per run. Volunteers were requested to avoid smoking, at least 84 hours prior to the time of the study. After baseline samples were taken, volunteers started smoking 20 g of Mua'sel for a period of 45 minutes. Heparinized blood samples (5 or 10 ml each) were drawn for nicotine and cotinine analysis before, during and after the smoking period. Saliva samples were collected just before smoking (time 0) and at the end of smoking (45 min). Urine also was collected at time 0 and 24-hour urine collection was also taken to measure nicotine and cotinine excretion. Nicotine and cotinine were extracted from samples and assayed by gas chromatography. All data are presented as mean Â± SEM throughout the text, Tables and Figures unless indicated otherwise. Results: Plasma nicotine levels rose from 1.11 Â± 0.62 ng/ml at baseline to a maximum of 60.31 Â± 7.58 ng/ml (p <0.001) at the end of smoking (45 min). Plasma cotinine levels increased from 0.79 Â± 0.79 ng/ml at baseline to its highest concentration of 51.95 Â± 13.58 ng/ml (p < 0.001) 3 hours following the end of smoking. Saliva nicotine levels significantly rose from 1.05 Â± 0.72 to 624.74 Â± 149.3 ng/ml and also saliva cotinine levels significantly increased from 0.79 Â± 0.79 ng/ml to 283.49 Â± 75.04 ng/ml. Mean amounts of nicotine and cotinine excreted in urine during the 24-hour urine collection following smoking were equal to 73.59 Â± 18.28 and 249 Â± 54.78 Î¼g, respectively. Conclusion: Following a single run of HB smoking, plasma, saliva and urinary nicotine and cotinine concentration increased to high values. This observation suggests that HB may not be an innocent habit, as people believe. Descriptors cotinine, heparin, nicotine, adult, article, blood analysis, blood level, body fluid, body weight, controlled study, gas chromatography, human, male, normal human, saliva level, smoking, smoking cessation, tobacco, urinalysis, urinary excretion, urine level, volunteer Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Shafagoj,Y. A., Mohammed,F. I., Hadidi,K. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ultrasound detection of vascular decompression bubbles: the influence of new technology and considerations on bubble load	2014	SLB Consulting, C/O The Barn, Manor House Wynd, Winton, Cumbria, CA17 4HL, UK, Phone: +44-(0)771-442-2042, E-mail: lesley@chapelclose20.fsnet.co.uk.; Department of Environmental Physiology, School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, S	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diving and hyperbaric medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Diving.Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 44 Issue 1 Start Page 35 Other Pages 44 Notes LR: 20141212; JID: 101282742; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/08/02 [received]; 2014/01/26 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1833-3516; 1833-3516 Accession Number PMID: 24687484 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24687484 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Diving often causes the formation of 'silent' bubbles upon decompression. If the bubble load is high, then the risk of decompression sickness (DCS) and the number of bubbles that could cross to the arterial circulation via a pulmonary shunt or patent foramen ovale increase. Bubbles can be monitored aurally, with Doppler ultrasound, or visually, with two dimensional (2D) ultrasound imaging. Doppler grades and imaging grades can be compared with good agreement. Early 2D imaging units did not provide such comprehensive observations as Doppler, but advances in technology have allowed development of improved, portable, relatively inexpensive units. Most now employ harmonic technology; it was suggested that this could allow previously undetectable bubbles to be observed. METHODS: This paper provides a review of current methods of bubble measurement and how new technology may be changing our perceptions of the potential relationship of these measurements to decompression illness. Secondly, 69 paired ultrasound images were made using conventional 2D ultrasound imaging and harmonic imaging. Images were graded on the Eftedal-Brubakk (EB) scale and the percentage agreement of the images calculated. The distribution of mismatched grades was analysed. RESULTS: Fifty-four of the 69 paired images had matching grades. There was no significant difference in the distribution of high or low EB grades for the mismatched pairs. CONCLUSIONS: Given the good level of agreement between pairs observed, it seems unlikely that harmonic technology is responsible for any perceived increase in observed bubble loads, but it is probable that our increasing use of 2D ultrasound to assess dive profiles is changing our perception of 'normal' venous and arterial bubble loads. Methods to accurately investigate the load and size of bubbles developed will be helpful in the future in determining DCS risk. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Blogg,S.L., Gennser,M., Mollerlokken,A., Brubakk,A.O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Hubble bubble equals trouble: the hazards of water pipe smoking.	2006	Urkin, J., Primary Pediatric Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of theNegev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full TheScientificWorldJournal Periodical, Abbrev. ScientificWorldJournal Pub Date Free Form / Volume 6 Issue Start Page 1990 Other Pages 1997 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1537-744X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A Narghile, one of the names for a water pipe, is an instrument for tobacco smoking that has became a trend among the youth in Israel. The mistaken opinion that smoking a Narghile is not as dangerous as smoking cigarettes makes the youngsters and their parents take it lightly and contributes to the expansion of its use. The objective of this paper was to review the literature on the health risks of Narghile smoking. A literature search of Medline (PubMed) and the Internet on the health hazards of Narghile smoking was conducted. The health hazards that the Narghile smoker is exposed to include interference with oxidation, damage to genetic compounds, increased risk of developing malignancies, infectious diseases, damage to the fetus and newborn, and exposure to commonly abused chemicals. It is concluded that increased awareness of the expanded use of the Narghile is imperative and education programs about the prevention of cigarette smoking and substance abuse should also include Narghile smoking. Descriptors adolescent, child behavior, human, psychological aspect, review, smoking, tobacco dependence Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Urkin,J., Ochaion,R., Peleg,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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