WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort ascending
Effect of in-water recompression with oxygen to 6 msw versus normobaric oxygen breathing on bubble formation in divers	2009	Ecole de Plongee Marine Nationale, 83800 Toulon Armees, France. je.blatteau@infonie.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of applied physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 106 Issue 5 Start Page 691 Other Pages 695 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100954790; 059QF0KO0R (Water); S88TT14065 (Oxygen); 2009/04/15 [accepted]; 2009/05/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1439-6327; 1439-6319 Accession Number PMID: 19424716 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; IM DOI 10.1007/s00421-009-1065-y [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19424716 Abstract It is generally accepted that the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) from hyperbaric exposures is low when few or no bubbles are present in the circulation. To date, no data are available on the influence of in-water oxygen breathing on bubble formation following a provocative dive in man. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of post-dive hyperbaric versus normobaric oxygen breathing (NOB) on venous circulating bubbles. Nineteen divers carried out open-sea field air dives at 30 msw depth for 30 min followed by a 9 min stop at 3 msw. Each diver performed three dives: one control dive, and two dives followed by 30 min of hyperbaric oxygen breathing (HOB) or NOB; both HOB and NOB started 10 min after surfacing. For HOB, divers were recompressed in-water to 6 msw at rest, whereas NOB was performed in a dry room in supine position. Decompression bubbles were examined by a precordial pulsed Doppler. Bubble count was significantly lower for post-dive NOB than for control dives. HOB dramatically suppressed circulating bubble formation with a bubble count significantly lower than for NOB or controls. In-water recompression with oxygen to 6 msw is more effective in removing gas bubbles than NOB. This treatment could be used in situations of "interrupted" or "omitted" decompression, where a diver returns to the water in order to complete decompression prior to the onset of symptoms. Further investigations are needed before to recommend this protocol as an emergency treatment for DCS. Descriptors Adult, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/physiopathology/prevention & control, Diving/physiology, Embolism, Air/prevention & control, Humans, Hyperbaric Oxygenation/methods, Immersion, Male, Middle Aged, Osmolar Concentration, Oxygen/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Oxygen Consumption/physiology, Respiration, Water, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Blatteau,J. E., Pontier,J. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090508 PMCID Editors
Blood platelet count and bubble formation after a dive to 30 msw for 30 min	2008	Departement des facteurs humains, Centre de Recherches du Service de Sante des Armees, La Tronche, France. jm.pontier@free.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 79 Issue 12 Start Page 1096 Other Pages 1099 Notes JID: 7501714; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 19070304 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19070304 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Previous human studies reported that platelet count (PC) is decreased following decompression. Platelet aggregation and adherence to the bubble surface has been demonstrated in severe decompression sickness (DCS). The present study was designed to clarify the relationship between post-dive changes in blood PC and the level of bubble formation in divers. METHODS: There were 40 healthy experienced divers who were assigned to 1 experimental group (N = 30) with an open-sea air dive to 30 msw for 30 min in field conditions and 1 control group (N = 10) without hyperbaric exposure. Bubble grades were monitored with a pulsed Doppler according to the Spencer scale and Kissman integrated severity score (KISS). Blood samples for red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and PC were taken 1 h before and after exposure in two groups. RESULTS: None of the divers developed any signs of DCS. In two groups, the results showed significant increase in RBC count and Hct related with hemoconcentration and no change in PC. Divers with a high KISS score (39 +/- 5.8; mean +/- SD) presented a significantly more pronounced percent fall in PC than divers with a lower KISS score. We found a significant correlation between the percent fall in PC after a dive and the bubble KISS score. DISCUSSION: The present study highlighted a relationship between the post-dive decrease in PC and the magnitude of bubble level after decompression. Our primary result is that the post-dive decrease in PC could be a predictor of decompression severity after diving. Descriptors Adult, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/blood/etiology, Diving/adverse effects, Embolism, Air/blood/etiology, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Platelet Aggregation, Platelet Count, Pressure, Prospective Studies, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pontier,J. M., Jimenez,C., Blatteau,J. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Sonographic detection of intrapulmonary shunting of venous gas bubbles during exercise after diving in a professional diver	2007	Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Ultrasound Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 35 Issue 8 Start Page 473 Other Pages 476 Notes LR: 20101014; CI: (c) 2007; JID: 0401663; CIN: J Clin Ultrasound. 2010 Nov-Dec;38(9):497; author reply 498. PMID: 20853430; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0091-2751; 0091-2751 Accession Number PMID: 17676615 Language eng SubFile Case Reports; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1002/jcu.20378 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17676615 Abstract We report a case of right-to-left intrapulmonary (IP) shunting of venous gas bubbles at a high level of exercise after diving. The diagnosis was made using a 4-chamber view of the heart via echocardiography during exercise. This case is the first in which we could find evidence of IP shunt recruitment during exercise after diving, and the bubble grade was the highest ever seen in our laboratory. Venous bubbles crossing over through IP shunts during exercise after diving is a very rare event. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/etiology/ultrasonography, Diving/adverse effects, Echocardiography, Doppler/methods, Embolism, Air/etiology/physiopathology/ultrasonography, Humans, Lung/blood supply, Male, Pulmonary Veins/ultrasonography Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley Periodicals, Inc Data Source Authors Obad,A., Palada,I., Ivancev,V., Valic,Z., Fabijanic,D., Brubakk,A. O., Dujic,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Exogenous nitric oxide and bubble formation in divers	2006	Departments of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia. zdujic@bsb.mefst.hr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Medicine and science in sports and exercise Periodical, Abbrev. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 38 Issue 8 Start Page 1432 Other Pages 1435 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8005433; 0 (Gases); 0 (Nitric Oxide Donors); G59M7S0WS3 (Nitroglycerin); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0195-9131; 0195-9131 Accession Number PMID: 16888456 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI 10.1249/01.mss.0000228936.78916.23 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16888456 Abstract PURPOSE: Prevention of bubble formation is a central goal in standard decompression procedures. Previously we have shown that exercise 20-24 h prior to a dive reduces bubble formation and increases survival in rats exposed to a simulated dive. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) may be involved in this protection; blocking the production of NO increases bubble formation while giving rats a long-lasting NO donor 20 h and immediately prior to a dive reduces bubble formation. This study determined whether a short-lasting NO donor, nitroglycerine, reduced bubble formation after standard dives and decompression in man. METHODS: A total of 16 experienced divers were randomly assigned into two groups. One group performed two dives to 30 m of seawater (msw) for 30 min breathing air, and performed exercise at an intensity corresponding to 30% of maximal oxygen uptake during the bottom time. The second group performed two simulated dives to 18 msw for 80 min breathing air in a hyperbaric chamber, and remained sedentary during the bottom period. The first dive for each diver served as the control dive, whereas the divers received 0.4 mg of nitroglycerine by oral spray 30 min before the second dive. Following the dive, gas bubbles in the pulmonary artery were recorded using ultrasound. RESULTS: The open-water dive resulted in significantly more gas bubbles than the dry dive (0.87 +/- 1.3 vs 0.12 +/- 0.23 bubbles per square centimeter). Nitroglycerine reduced bubble formation significantly in both dives from 0.87 +/- 1.3 to 0.32 +/- 0.7 in the in-water dive and from 0.12 +/- 0.23 to 0.03 +/- 0.03 bubbles per square centimeter in the chamber dive. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that intake of a short-lasting NO donor reduces bubble formation following decompression after different dives. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/physiopathology/prevention & control/ultrasonography, Diving/physiology, Gases/blood, Heart Rate/physiology, Humans, Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Male, Nitric Oxide Donors/administration & dosage, Nitroglycerin/administration & dosage, Oxygen Consumption/physiology, Pulmonary Artery/ultrasonography Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dujic,Z., Palada,I., Valic,Z., Duplancic,D., Obad,A., Wisloff,U., Brubakk,A. O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Venous bubble count declines during strenuous exercise after an open sea dive to 30 m	2006	Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Croatia. zdujic@bsb.mefst.hr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 77 Issue 6 Start Page 592 Other Pages 596 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 7501714; 0 (Gases); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 16780236 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16780236 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The effect of post-dive exercise on bubble formation remains controversial, although the current practice of divers and aviators is to avoid strenuous exercise after diving. Previously, we have shown that exercising 24 h before a dive, or during a decompression stop, significantly reduces bubble formation in man. The objective of this study was to determine whether a short period of strenuous post-dive exercise promotes venous bubble formation. METHODS: Seven male military divers performed an open-sea field dive to a maximum depth of 30 m for 30 min. At maximum depth, subjects performed mild underwater fin swimming, followed by standard decompression. Diving was followed by a post-dive exercise session consisting of short, strenuous incremental upright cycle ergometry, up to 85% of maximal oxygen uptake, for about 10 min. Subjects were monitored for venous gas bubbles in the right heart with an echo-imaging system starting 20 min post-dive while in the supine position, during cycle ergometry in the seated upright position, and immediately after exercise in a supine position. RESULTS: The average number of bubbles was 1.5 +/- 1.4 bubbles x cm(-2) 20 min after diving. Changes in posture from supine to seated upright resulted in significant reduction of bubbles to 0.6 +/- 1.3 bubbles x cm(-2) (p = 0.043), with further reduction to 0.2 +/- 0.3 bubbles x cm(-2) at the end of exercise (p = 0.02). No cases of DCS or intra-pulmonary shunt were observed during or following post-dive exercise. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that post-dive strenuous exercise after a single field dive reduces post-dive gas bubble formation in well-trained military divers. Additional findings are needed for normal sports divers. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/prevention & control, Diving/physiology, Exercise/physiology, Gases/blood, Humans, Male, Military Medicine, Statistics, Nonparametric, Veins Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dujic,Z., Obad,A., Palada,I., Ivancev,V., Valic,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A deep stop during decompression from 82 fsw (25 m) significantly reduces bubbles and fast tissue gas tensions	2004	DAN Europe Foundation, Research Division.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc Periodical, Abbrev. Undersea Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Summer Volume 31 Issue 2 Start Page 233 Other Pages 243 Notes LR: 20050627; JID: 9312954; CIN: Undersea Hyperb Med. 2005 Mar-Apr;32(2):85-8; author reply 89-92. PMID: 15926299; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1066-2936; 1066-2936 Accession Number PMID: 15485086 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15485086 Abstract In spite of many modifications to decompression algorithms, the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) in scuba divers has changed very little. The success of stage, compared to linear ascents, is well described yet theoretical changes in decompression ratios have diminished the importance of fast tissue gas tensions as critical for bubble generation. The most serious signs and symptoms of DCS involve the spinal cord, with a tissue half time of only 12.5 minutes. It is proposed that present decompression schedules do not permit sufficient gas elimination from such fast tissues, resulting in bubble formation. Further, it is hypothesized that introduction of a deep stop will significantly reduce fast tissue bubble formation and neurological DCS risk. A total of 181 dives were made to 82 fsw (25 m) by 22 volunteers. Two dives of 25 min and 20 min were made, with a 3 hr 30 min surface interval and according to 8 different ascent protocols. Ascent rates of 10, 33 or 60 fsw/min (3, 10, 18 m/min) were combined with no stops or a shallow stop at 20 fsw (6 m) or a deep stop at 50 fsw (15 m) and a shallow at 20 fsw (6 m). The highest bubbles scores (8.78/9.97), using the Spencer Scale (SS) and Extended Spencer Scale (ESS) respectively, were with the slowest ascent rate. This also showed the highest 5 min and 10 min tissue loads of 48% and 75%. The lowest bubble scores (1.79/2.50) were with an ascent rate of 33 fsw (10 m/min) and stops for 5 min at 50 fsw (15 m) and 20 fsw (6 m). This also showed the lowest 5 and 10 min tissue loads at 25% and 52% respectively. Thus, introduction of a deep stop significantly reduced Doppler detected bubbles together with tissue gas tensions in the 5 and 10 min tissues, which has implications for reducing the incidence of neurological DCS in divers. Descriptors Atmospheric Pressure, Decompression/standards, Decompression Sickness/prevention & control/ultrasonography, Diving/adverse effects/standards, Humans, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Marroni,A., Bennett,P. B., Cronje,F. J., Cali-Corleo,R., Germonpre,P., Pieri,M., Bonuccelli,C., Balestra,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Exercise and nitric oxide prevent bubble formation: a novel approach to the prevention of decompression sickness?	2004	Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. ulrik.wisloff@medisin.ntnu.no	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of physiology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Physiol. Pub Date Free Form 16-Mar Volume 555 Issue Pt 3 Start Page 825 Other Pages 829 Notes LR: 20140610; JID: 0266262; 0 (Nitric Oxide Donors); 16051-77-7 (isosorbide-5-mononitrate); 31C4KY9ESH (Nitric Oxide); IA7306519N (Isosorbide Dinitrate); OID: NLM: PMC1664873; 2004/01/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0022-3751; 0022-3751 Accession Number PMID: 14724207 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.055467 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 14724207 Abstract Nitrogen dissolves in the blood during dives, but comes out of solution if divers return to normal pressure too rapidly. Nitrogen bubbles cause a range of effects from skin rashes to seizures, coma and death. It is believed that these bubbles form from bubble precursors (gas nuclei). Recently we have shown that a single bout of exercise 20 h, but not 48 h, before a simulated dive prevents bubble formation and protects rats from severe decompression sickness (DCS) and death. Furthermore, we demonstrated that administration of N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, a non-selective inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), turns a dive from safe to unsafe in sedentary but not exercised rats. Therefore based upon previous data an attractive hypothesis is that it may be possible to use either exercise or NO-releasing agents before a dive to inhibit bubble formation and thus protect against DCS. Consequently, the aims of the present study were to determine whether protection against bubble formation in 'diving' rats was provided by (1) chronic and acute administration of a NO-releasing agent and (2) exercise less than 20 h prior to the dive. NO given for 5 days and then 20 h prior to a dive to 700 kPa lasting 45 min breathing air significantly reduced bubble formation and prevented death. The same effect was seen if NO was given only 30 min before the dive. Exercise 20 h before a dive suppressed bubble formation and prevented death, with no effect at any other time (48, 10, 5 and 0.5 h prior to the dive). Pre-dive activities have not been considered to influence the growth of bubbles and thus the risk of serious DCS. The present novel findings of a protective effect against bubble formation and death by appropriately timed exercise and an NO-releasing agent may form the basis of a new approach to preventing serious decompression sickness. Descriptors Animals, Decompression Sickness/prevention & control, Diving, Female, Isosorbide Dinitrate/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology, Motor Activity/physiology, Nitric Oxide/physiology, Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wisloff,U., Richardson,R. S., Brubakk,A. O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20040114 PMCID PMC1664873 Editors
Ascent rate, age, maximal oxygen uptake, adiposity, and circulating venous bubbles after diving	2002	Faculte des Sciences du Sport, Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France. carturan@wanadoo.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985) Periodical, Abbrev. J.Appl.Physiol.(1985) Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 93 Issue 4 Start Page 1349 Other Pages 1356 Notes LR: 20130926; JID: 8502536; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 8750-7587; 0161-7567 Accession Number PMID: 12235035 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00723.1999 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12235035 Abstract Decompression sickness in diving is recognized as a multifactorial phenomenon, depending on several factors, such as decompression rate and individual susceptibility. The Doppler ultrasonic detection of circulating venous bubbles after diving is considered a useful index for the safety of decompression because of the relationship between bubbles and decompression sickness risk. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ascent rate, age, maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2 max)), and percent body fat on the production of bubbles after diving. Fifty male recreational divers performed two dives at 35 m during 25 min and then ascended in one case at 9 m/min and in the other case at 17 m/min. They performed the same decompression stops in the two cases. Twenty-eight divers were Doppler monitored at 10-min intervals, until 60 min after surfacing, and the data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the effect of ascent rate on the kinetics of bubbles. Twenty-two divers were monitored 60 min after surfacing. The effect on bubble production 60 min after surfacing of the four variables was studied in 47 divers. The data were analyzed by multinomial log-linear model. The analysis showed that the 17 m/min ascent produced more elevated grades of bubbles than the 9 m/min ascent (P < 0.05), except at the 40-min interval, and showed relationships between grades of bubbles and ascent rate and age and interaction terms between VO(2 max) and age, as well as VO(2 max) and percent body fat. Younger, slimmer, or aerobically fitter divers produced fewer bubbles compared with older, fatter, or poorly physically fit divers. These findings and the conclusions of previous studies performed on animals and humans led us to support that ascent rate, age, aerobic fitness, and adiposity are factors of susceptibility for bubble formation after diving. Descriptors Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology, Adult, Aging/physiology, Decompression, Diving/adverse effects, Embolism, Air/etiology, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Time Factors, Ultrasonography, Doppler Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Carturan,D., Boussuges,A., Vanuxem,P., Bar-Hen,A., Burnet,H., Gardette,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Arteriovenous bubbles following cold water sport dives: relation to right-to-left shunting	2000	Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Neurology Periodical, Abbrev. Neurology Pub Date Free Form 12-Dec Volume 55 Issue 11 Start Page 1741 Other Pages 1743 Notes LR: 20081121; JID: 0401060; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0028-3878; 0028-3878 Accession Number PMID: 11113236 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11113236 Abstract Neurologic injury subsequent to decompression from diving may be due to paradoxical arterialization of venous gas emboli. Of 40 divers who performed 53 open water dives after being tested for a patent foramen ovale (PFO), arterial gas emboli were detected in 7 of 13 dives, which resulted in venous bubbles. In five of these seven dives, there was evidence of a PFO by contrast transcranial Doppler sonography, indicating an increased risk of arterializing venous bubbles in divers with a PFO. Descriptors Adult, Cold Temperature/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness, Diving, Embolism, Air/physiopathology/ultrasonography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ultrasonography, Doppler Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gerriets,T., Tetzlaff,K., Liceni,T., Schafer,C., Rosengarten,B., Kopiske,G., Algermissen,C., Struck,N., Kaps,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Nicotine content in tobacco used in hubble-bubble smoking	2004	Hadidi, K.A., Forensic Med./Toxicology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Saudi medical journal Periodical, Abbrev. Saudi Med.J. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 25 Issue 7 Start Page 912 Other Pages 917 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0379-5284 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective: To determine the nicotine content of commonly used tobacco in hubble-bubble (HB) and compare it with that found in cigarettes. Methods: Analysis of nicotine content of 13 commercial brands of HB tobacco was carried out using gas chromatography over an 8 month period; November 2002 through to June 2003 at the Toxicology Laboratory, University of Jordan. Results: A wide variation in nicotine content in all brands was noticed with an average of 8.32 mg/g tobacco, range (1.8-44.3 mg/g). The average nicotine content in each HB head (20 gm) of unflavored tobacco was (713mg/head) and flavored tobacco has (67mg/head). One head of unflavored tobacco has nicotine equivalent to 70 regular cigarettes. The addition of adulterations; honey, glycerin and other flavors in the process of preparing the flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco contributes to lowering the nicotine content in each gram of flavored tobacco. Smoking one head of flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco which contains on average one third of nicotine presented in 20 cigarettes (204mg/pack) usually resulted in a higher plasma nicotine level by 20%. Conclusion: Hubble-bubble smokers are not at a lesser risk from smoking than cigarette smokers in relation to nicotine dependence. The inability of water to trap significant amounts of chemical substances present in tobacco (especially nicotine) and the danger which might result from the combustion of additives like; glycerin, honey and other flavors could be a very important factor to extrapolate the damage resulting from HB smoking. Descriptors flavoring agent, glycerol, nicotine, article, blood level, chemical analysis, chemical composition, smoking, clinical laboratory, combustion, controlled study, flavor, gas chromatography, honey, Jordan, risk assessment, tobacco dependence, toxicology, university Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Hadidi,K. A., Mohammed,F. I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

E-mail