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Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Laryngeal findings and acoustic changes in hubble-bubble smokers	2010		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.Arch.Otorhinolaryngol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 267 Issue 10 Start Page 1587 Other Pages 92 Notes ID: 20480370 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The purpose of our investigation was to evaluate the laryngeal findings and acoustic changes in hubble-bubble smokers. A total of 42 subjects with history of hubble-bubble smoking were recruited for this study. A corresponding group with a history of cigarette smoking and controls were matched. All subjects underwent laryngeal video-endostroboscopic evaluation and acoustic analysis. In the hubble-bubble smoking group, 61.9% were males. The average age was 30.02 +/- 9.48 years and the average number of years of smoking was 8.09 +/- 6.45 years. Three subjects had dysphonia at the time of examination. The incidence of benign lesions of the vocal folds in the hubble-bubble group was 21.5%, with edema being the most common at 16.7% followed by cyst at 4.8%. The incidence of laryngeal findings was significantly higher in the hubble-bubble group compared to controls. In the cigarette-smoking group, the most common finding was vocal fold cyst in 14.8% followed by polyps in 7.4%, and edema, sulcus vocalis and granuloma. These findings were not significantly different from the hubble-bubble group except for the thick mucus, which was significantly higher in the latter. There were no significant changes in any of the acoustic parameters between hubble-bubble smokers and controls except for the VTI and MPT, which were significantly lower in the hubble-bubble group. In comparison with the cigarette-smoking group, hubble-bubble smokers had significantly higher Fundamental frequency and habitual pitch (p value 0.042 and 0.008, respectively). The laryngeal findings in hubble-bubble smokers are comparable to cigarette smokers. These laryngeal findings are not translated acoustically, as all the acoustic parameters are within normal range compared to controls. Descriptors Laryngeal Diseases/epidemiology, Larynx/pathology, Larynx/physiopathology, Smoking/adverse effects, Speech Acoustics, Voice Quality, Adult, Aerosols/adverse effects, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Laryngeal Diseases/pathology, Laryngeal Diseases/physiopathology, Male, Stroboscopy, Young Adult Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-010-1273-4 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Hamdan,Abdul-latif, Sibai,Abla, Oubari,Dima, Ashkar,Jihad, Fuleihan,Nabil Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of in-water recompression with oxygen to 6 msw versus normobaric oxygen breathing on bubble formation in divers	2009	Ecole de Plongee Marine Nationale, 83800 Toulon Armees, France. je.blatteau@infonie.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of applied physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 106 Issue 5 Start Page 691 Other Pages 695 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100954790; 059QF0KO0R (Water); S88TT14065 (Oxygen); 2009/04/15 [accepted]; 2009/05/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1439-6327; 1439-6319 Accession Number PMID: 19424716 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; IM DOI 10.1007/s00421-009-1065-y [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19424716 Abstract It is generally accepted that the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) from hyperbaric exposures is low when few or no bubbles are present in the circulation. To date, no data are available on the influence of in-water oxygen breathing on bubble formation following a provocative dive in man. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of post-dive hyperbaric versus normobaric oxygen breathing (NOB) on venous circulating bubbles. Nineteen divers carried out open-sea field air dives at 30 msw depth for 30 min followed by a 9 min stop at 3 msw. Each diver performed three dives: one control dive, and two dives followed by 30 min of hyperbaric oxygen breathing (HOB) or NOB; both HOB and NOB started 10 min after surfacing. For HOB, divers were recompressed in-water to 6 msw at rest, whereas NOB was performed in a dry room in supine position. Decompression bubbles were examined by a precordial pulsed Doppler. Bubble count was significantly lower for post-dive NOB than for control dives. HOB dramatically suppressed circulating bubble formation with a bubble count significantly lower than for NOB or controls. In-water recompression with oxygen to 6 msw is more effective in removing gas bubbles than NOB. This treatment could be used in situations of "interrupted" or "omitted" decompression, where a diver returns to the water in order to complete decompression prior to the onset of symptoms. Further investigations are needed before to recommend this protocol as an emergency treatment for DCS. Descriptors Adult, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/physiopathology/prevention & control, Diving/physiology, Embolism, Air/prevention & control, Humans, Hyperbaric Oxygenation/methods, Immersion, Male, Middle Aged, Osmolar Concentration, Oxygen/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Oxygen Consumption/physiology, Respiration, Water, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Blatteau,J. E., Pontier,J. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090508 PMCID Editors
Blood platelet count and bubble formation after a dive to 30 msw for 30 min	2008	Departement des facteurs humains, Centre de Recherches du Service de Sante des Armees, La Tronche, France. jm.pontier@free.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 79 Issue 12 Start Page 1096 Other Pages 1099 Notes JID: 7501714; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 19070304 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19070304 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Previous human studies reported that platelet count (PC) is decreased following decompression. Platelet aggregation and adherence to the bubble surface has been demonstrated in severe decompression sickness (DCS). The present study was designed to clarify the relationship between post-dive changes in blood PC and the level of bubble formation in divers. METHODS: There were 40 healthy experienced divers who were assigned to 1 experimental group (N = 30) with an open-sea air dive to 30 msw for 30 min in field conditions and 1 control group (N = 10) without hyperbaric exposure. Bubble grades were monitored with a pulsed Doppler according to the Spencer scale and Kissman integrated severity score (KISS). Blood samples for red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and PC were taken 1 h before and after exposure in two groups. RESULTS: None of the divers developed any signs of DCS. In two groups, the results showed significant increase in RBC count and Hct related with hemoconcentration and no change in PC. Divers with a high KISS score (39 +/- 5.8; mean +/- SD) presented a significantly more pronounced percent fall in PC than divers with a lower KISS score. We found a significant correlation between the percent fall in PC after a dive and the bubble KISS score. DISCUSSION: The present study highlighted a relationship between the post-dive decrease in PC and the magnitude of bubble level after decompression. Our primary result is that the post-dive decrease in PC could be a predictor of decompression severity after diving. Descriptors Adult, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/blood/etiology, Diving/adverse effects, Embolism, Air/blood/etiology, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Platelet Aggregation, Platelet Count, Pressure, Prospective Studies, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pontier,J. M., Jimenez,C., Blatteau,J. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Sonographic detection of intrapulmonary shunting of venous gas bubbles during exercise after diving in a professional diver	2007	Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Ultrasound Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 35 Issue 8 Start Page 473 Other Pages 476 Notes LR: 20101014; CI: (c) 2007; JID: 0401663; CIN: J Clin Ultrasound. 2010 Nov-Dec;38(9):497; author reply 498. PMID: 20853430; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0091-2751; 0091-2751 Accession Number PMID: 17676615 Language eng SubFile Case Reports; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1002/jcu.20378 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17676615 Abstract We report a case of right-to-left intrapulmonary (IP) shunting of venous gas bubbles at a high level of exercise after diving. The diagnosis was made using a 4-chamber view of the heart via echocardiography during exercise. This case is the first in which we could find evidence of IP shunt recruitment during exercise after diving, and the bubble grade was the highest ever seen in our laboratory. Venous bubbles crossing over through IP shunts during exercise after diving is a very rare event. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/etiology/ultrasonography, Diving/adverse effects, Echocardiography, Doppler/methods, Embolism, Air/etiology/physiopathology/ultrasonography, Humans, Lung/blood supply, Male, Pulmonary Veins/ultrasonography Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley Periodicals, Inc Data Source Authors Obad,A., Palada,I., Ivancev,V., Valic,Z., Fabijanic,D., Brubakk,A. O., Dujic,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Exogenous nitric oxide and bubble formation in divers	2006	Departments of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia. zdujic@bsb.mefst.hr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Medicine and science in sports and exercise Periodical, Abbrev. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 38 Issue 8 Start Page 1432 Other Pages 1435 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8005433; 0 (Gases); 0 (Nitric Oxide Donors); G59M7S0WS3 (Nitroglycerin); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0195-9131; 0195-9131 Accession Number PMID: 16888456 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI 10.1249/01.mss.0000228936.78916.23 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16888456 Abstract PURPOSE: Prevention of bubble formation is a central goal in standard decompression procedures. Previously we have shown that exercise 20-24 h prior to a dive reduces bubble formation and increases survival in rats exposed to a simulated dive. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) may be involved in this protection; blocking the production of NO increases bubble formation while giving rats a long-lasting NO donor 20 h and immediately prior to a dive reduces bubble formation. This study determined whether a short-lasting NO donor, nitroglycerine, reduced bubble formation after standard dives and decompression in man. METHODS: A total of 16 experienced divers were randomly assigned into two groups. One group performed two dives to 30 m of seawater (msw) for 30 min breathing air, and performed exercise at an intensity corresponding to 30% of maximal oxygen uptake during the bottom time. The second group performed two simulated dives to 18 msw for 80 min breathing air in a hyperbaric chamber, and remained sedentary during the bottom period. The first dive for each diver served as the control dive, whereas the divers received 0.4 mg of nitroglycerine by oral spray 30 min before the second dive. Following the dive, gas bubbles in the pulmonary artery were recorded using ultrasound. RESULTS: The open-water dive resulted in significantly more gas bubbles than the dry dive (0.87 +/- 1.3 vs 0.12 +/- 0.23 bubbles per square centimeter). Nitroglycerine reduced bubble formation significantly in both dives from 0.87 +/- 1.3 to 0.32 +/- 0.7 in the in-water dive and from 0.12 +/- 0.23 to 0.03 +/- 0.03 bubbles per square centimeter in the chamber dive. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that intake of a short-lasting NO donor reduces bubble formation following decompression after different dives. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/physiopathology/prevention & control/ultrasonography, Diving/physiology, Gases/blood, Heart Rate/physiology, Humans, Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Male, Nitric Oxide Donors/administration & dosage, Nitroglycerin/administration & dosage, Oxygen Consumption/physiology, Pulmonary Artery/ultrasonography Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dujic,Z., Palada,I., Valic,Z., Duplancic,D., Obad,A., Wisloff,U., Brubakk,A. O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Venous bubble count declines during strenuous exercise after an open sea dive to 30 m	2006	Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Croatia. zdujic@bsb.mefst.hr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 77 Issue 6 Start Page 592 Other Pages 596 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 7501714; 0 (Gases); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 16780236 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16780236 Abstract INTRODUCTION: The effect of post-dive exercise on bubble formation remains controversial, although the current practice of divers and aviators is to avoid strenuous exercise after diving. Previously, we have shown that exercising 24 h before a dive, or during a decompression stop, significantly reduces bubble formation in man. The objective of this study was to determine whether a short period of strenuous post-dive exercise promotes venous bubble formation. METHODS: Seven male military divers performed an open-sea field dive to a maximum depth of 30 m for 30 min. At maximum depth, subjects performed mild underwater fin swimming, followed by standard decompression. Diving was followed by a post-dive exercise session consisting of short, strenuous incremental upright cycle ergometry, up to 85% of maximal oxygen uptake, for about 10 min. Subjects were monitored for venous gas bubbles in the right heart with an echo-imaging system starting 20 min post-dive while in the supine position, during cycle ergometry in the seated upright position, and immediately after exercise in a supine position. RESULTS: The average number of bubbles was 1.5 +/- 1.4 bubbles x cm(-2) 20 min after diving. Changes in posture from supine to seated upright resulted in significant reduction of bubbles to 0.6 +/- 1.3 bubbles x cm(-2) (p = 0.043), with further reduction to 0.2 +/- 0.3 bubbles x cm(-2) at the end of exercise (p = 0.02). No cases of DCS or intra-pulmonary shunt were observed during or following post-dive exercise. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that post-dive strenuous exercise after a single field dive reduces post-dive gas bubble formation in well-trained military divers. Additional findings are needed for normal sports divers. Descriptors Adult, Decompression Sickness/prevention & control, Diving/physiology, Exercise/physiology, Gases/blood, Humans, Male, Military Medicine, Statistics, Nonparametric, Veins Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Dujic,Z., Obad,A., Palada,I., Ivancev,V., Valic,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Hubble bubble equals trouble: the hazards of water pipe smoking.	2006	Urkin, J., Primary Pediatric Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of theNegev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full TheScientificWorldJournal Periodical, Abbrev. ScientificWorldJournal Pub Date Free Form / Volume 6 Issue Start Page 1990 Other Pages 1997 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1537-744X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A Narghile, one of the names for a water pipe, is an instrument for tobacco smoking that has became a trend among the youth in Israel. The mistaken opinion that smoking a Narghile is not as dangerous as smoking cigarettes makes the youngsters and their parents take it lightly and contributes to the expansion of its use. The objective of this paper was to review the literature on the health risks of Narghile smoking. A literature search of Medline (PubMed) and the Internet on the health hazards of Narghile smoking was conducted. The health hazards that the Narghile smoker is exposed to include interference with oxidation, damage to genetic compounds, increased risk of developing malignancies, infectious diseases, damage to the fetus and newborn, and exposure to commonly abused chemicals. It is concluded that increased awareness of the expanded use of the Narghile is imperative and education programs about the prevention of cigarette smoking and substance abuse should also include Narghile smoking. Descriptors adolescent, child behavior, human, psychological aspect, review, smoking, tobacco dependence Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Urkin,J., Ochaion,R., Peleg,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Comparative analysis of the effects of hubble-bubble (Sheesha) and cigarette smoking on respiratory and metabolic parameters in hubble-bubble and cigarette smokers	2006	Al Mutairi, S.S., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Safat 13110, Kuwait	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Respirology Periodical, Abbrev. Respirology Pub Date Free Form / Volume 11 Issue 4 Start Page 449 Other Pages 455 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1323-7799; 1440-1843 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objectives and background: Hazard of smoking tobacco is believed to be minimized by smoking hubble-bubble (HB) instead of cigarettes. Our aims were to (i) develop an assay for estimating nicotine and cotinine; and (ii) evaluate the effect of smoking on respiratory and metabolic parameters in cigarette and HB smokers. Methods: Urine samples were collected from 152 volunteer smokers (75 cigarette and 77 HB) as well as from 16 healthy controls. We optimized an HPLC method for the determination of nicotine and cotinine. Subjects were asked to complete a chronic respiratory symptoms questionnaire and to undergo spirometry. Fasting blood samples were collected for the determination of their lipid profile. Results: The intra-assay coefficients of variation for nicotine and cotinine were 16.6% and 6.6%, respectively. The mean of cotinine in cigarette smokers (1321.4 ng/mL) was significantly (P = 0.008) higher than the mean cotinine (677.6 ng/mL) in HB smokers. The mean nicotine level in cigarette smokers (1487.3 ng/mL) was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than the mean nicotine (440.5 ng/mL) in HB smoker. The urinary cotinine and nicotine levels of the control subjects were lower than the detection levels of the assay. The mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in cigarette smokers (0.99 mmol/L) compared with HB smoker smokers (1.02 mmol/L) but this was not significant (P = 0.28). Spirometric values were comparable among the three groups but the chronic respiratory symptoms in the smoking groups appeared at an earlier age in the HB smokers compared with the cigarettes smokers (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Smoking HB does not reduce the risk of tobacco exposure and it's potentially harmful metabolites on health. Â© 2006 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology. Descriptors cotinine, glucose, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, nicotine, triacylglycerol, adult, aged, analytic method, article, cholesterol blood level, chronic respiratory tract disease, smoking, controlled study, female, glucose blood level, high performance liquid chromatography, human, lipid blood level, lipid metabolism, major clinical study, male, observer variation, priority journal, questionnaire, spirometry, triacylglycerol blood level, urine level Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Al Mutairi,S. S., Shihab-Eldeen,A. A., Mojiminiyi,O. A., Anwar,A. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Knowledge, attitude and believes of Nargila (hubble-bubble) smoking in Iraq	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of the Bahrain Medical Society Periodical, Abbrev. J.Bahrain Med.Soc. Pub Date Free Form 2005/04 Volume 17 Issue 2 Start Page 128 Other Pages 134 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1015-6321 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Aim: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of smoking Nargila. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 200 male smokers from different parts of Iraq. Results: The study showed that the highest rate was among youth aged 20-39 years and negatively correlated with the level of education. The cost ranged between 250-15,000 ID per weak and the average time spent for each smoking was 30 minutes. The study revealed that 90% of the sample prefer Nargila smoking than cigarette, because they believed it is less harmful, due to passage of smoke through water, and more enjoyable. Less than 10% used a disposable tip while the rest shared the same tip with their friends and even with worker responsible for preparing Nargilas. Moreover, about half of the sample declared that they were unwilling to quit from the habit. A Preliminary test of especially manufactured smoking machine showed that the amount of tar and nicotine precipitated from the Nargila smoke might be more than that expected and that declared by manufacturers. Conclusions: The study pointed out the importance of changing the wrong belives knowledge towards Nargila and arrange a suitable health education programme to highlight its harmful effect on the health of smokers. Descriptors nicotine, tar, academic achievement, adult, age distribution, article, attitude, health education, human, Iraq, male, normal human, smoking Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Al-Dabbagh,S., Al-Sinjari,K. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Nicotine content in tobacco used in hubble-bubble smoking	2004	Hadidi, K.A., Forensic Med./Toxicology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Saudi medical journal Periodical, Abbrev. Saudi Med.J. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 25 Issue 7 Start Page 912 Other Pages 917 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0379-5284 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective: To determine the nicotine content of commonly used tobacco in hubble-bubble (HB) and compare it with that found in cigarettes. Methods: Analysis of nicotine content of 13 commercial brands of HB tobacco was carried out using gas chromatography over an 8 month period; November 2002 through to June 2003 at the Toxicology Laboratory, University of Jordan. Results: A wide variation in nicotine content in all brands was noticed with an average of 8.32 mg/g tobacco, range (1.8-44.3 mg/g). The average nicotine content in each HB head (20 gm) of unflavored tobacco was (713mg/head) and flavored tobacco has (67mg/head). One head of unflavored tobacco has nicotine equivalent to 70 regular cigarettes. The addition of adulterations; honey, glycerin and other flavors in the process of preparing the flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco contributes to lowering the nicotine content in each gram of flavored tobacco. Smoking one head of flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco which contains on average one third of nicotine presented in 20 cigarettes (204mg/pack) usually resulted in a higher plasma nicotine level by 20%. Conclusion: Hubble-bubble smokers are not at a lesser risk from smoking than cigarette smokers in relation to nicotine dependence. The inability of water to trap significant amounts of chemical substances present in tobacco (especially nicotine) and the danger which might result from the combustion of additives like; glycerin, honey and other flavors could be a very important factor to extrapolate the damage resulting from HB smoking. Descriptors flavoring agent, glycerol, nicotine, article, blood level, chemical analysis, chemical composition, smoking, clinical laboratory, combustion, controlled study, flavor, gas chromatography, honey, Jordan, risk assessment, tobacco dependence, toxicology, university Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Hadidi,K. A., Mohammed,F. I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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