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Hookah's new popularity among US college students: a pilot study of the characteristics of hookah smokers and their Facebook displays 2012 Center for Child Health Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
BMJ open
Periodical, Abbrev.
BMJ Open
Pub Date Free Form
12-Dec
Volume
2
Issue
6
Start Page
10.1136/bmjopen
Other Pages
2012-001709. Print 2012
Notes
LR: 20160603; GR: R21 AA017936/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 101552874; OID: NLM: PMC3533013; 2012 [ppublish]; epublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
2044-6055; 2044-6055
Accession Number
PMID: 23242241
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article
DOI
10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001709 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23242241
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: (1) To confirm the prevalence of hookah use among US college students. (2) To identify substances commonly smoked in hookahs and other substance use characteristics of hookah smokers. (3) Given the powerful influence of Facebook and its potential role in promoting behaviours, to assess the prevalence of hookah references on Facebook profiles. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Two large US universities; www.Facebook.com. PARTICIPANTS: 307 Facebook profiles were coded and 216 of these profile owners completed an online survey. On average, participants were 18.8 years old (SD=0.7), women (54%), Caucasian (70.4%) and approximately half were from each university. OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime and frequency of hookah use, substance smoked in hookah, cigarette and marijuana use, hookah references displayed on Facebook. RESULTS: 27.8% of participants endorsed hookah use; there were no significant differences between age, gender, race or university for hookah use. Hookah users reported smoking tobacco (78%), hash (12%) and both tobacco and marijuana/hash (10%) in their hookah. Compared with non-hookah smokers, hookah smokers were more likely to report using cigarettes (OR=3.41, 95%CI=1.2 to 9.64) and marijuana (OR=15.01, 95%CI=6.5 to 34.65). Hookah references were present on 5% of Facebook profiles. CONCLUSIONS: More than one quarter of college students smoke hookah. Most smoke tobacco in their hookah, and hookah smoking is associated with polysubstance use. Hookah may present new risks for nicotine addiction in this population.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Brockman,L.N., Pumper,M.A., Christakis,D.A., Moreno,M.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20121212
PMCID
PMC3533013
Editors
Predictors of initiation of hookah tobacco smoking: a one-year prospective study of first-year college women 2012 Center for Health and Behavior and Department of Psychology, 430 Huntington Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. rlfielde@syr.edu
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors
Periodical, Abbrev.
Psychol.Addict.Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
26
Issue
4
Start Page
963
Other Pages
968
Notes
LR: 20150225; CI: 2013; GR: R21 AA018257/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21-AA018257/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8802734; NIHMS403018; OID: NLM: NIHMS403018; OID: NLM: PMC3524335; 2012/05/07 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1939-1501; 0893-164X
Accession Number
PMID: 22564201
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1037/a0028344 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22564201
Abstract
Hookah tobacco smoking has become increasingly prevalent among American college students over the past decade. Hookah smoking is associated with poor health outcomes and exposes users to high levels of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and smoke. Research on the correlates of hookah use has begun to emerge, but all studies thus far have been cross-sectional. Little is known about hookah use during the transition to college, psychosocial factors related to hookah smoking, or prospective predictors of hookah initiation and frequency of use. This longitudinal cohort study examined risk and protective factors predicting initiation of hookah tobacco smoking during the first year of college. First-year female college students (n = 483; 64% White) provided data on demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial variables and precollege hookah use at baseline; they then completed 12 monthly online surveys about their hookah use from September 2009 to August, 2010. Among the 343 participants who did not report precollege use, 79 (23%) initiated hookah tobacco smoking during the year after college entry. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression showed that alcohol use predicted the likelihood of initiating hookah use; impulsivity, social comparison orientation, and marijuana use predicted the frequency of hookah use. These findings suggest that hookah prevention and intervention efforts may need to address other forms of substance use as well as hookah use.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
APA, all rights reserved
Data Source
Authors
Fielder,R.L., Carey,K.B., Carey,M.P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20120507
PMCID
PMC3524335
Editors
Prevalence, frequency, and initiation of hookah tobacco smoking among first-year female college students: a one-year longitudinal study 2012 Center for Health and Behavior, Syracuse University, NY 13244, United States. rlfielde@syr.edu
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addictive Behaviors
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addict.Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
Feb
Volume
37
Issue
2
Start Page
221
Other Pages
224
Notes
LR: 20150129; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; GR: R21 AA018257/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 AA018257-01/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21-AA018257/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; NIHMS331411; OID: NLM: NIHMS331411; OID: NLM: PMC3230
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1873-6327; 0306-4603
Accession Number
PMID: 22037255
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.10.001 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22037255
Abstract
Hookah tobacco smoking has become increasingly prevalent among college students, but little is known about frequency of use or patterns of use over time, including during the transition to college. The goals of this longitudinal cohort study were to assess the: (a) lifetime prevalence, (b) current prevalence, (c) frequency of use, and (d) pattern of initiation of hookah tobacco smoking among female students during the first year of college. First-year female college students (N=483) at a large private university in upstate New York completed 13 monthly online surveys about their hookah tobacco use from August 2009 to August 2010. Lifetime prevalence of hookah use increased from 29% at college entry to 45% at one-year follow-up. The highest rates of hookah initiation occurred in the first two months of students' first semester of college. Current (past 30 days) hookah use ranged from 5% to 13% during the year after college entry. On average, hookah users reported smoking hookah two days per month. Hookah tobacco use is common among female college students. The transition to college is a vulnerable time for hookah initiation. Preventive efforts should begin in high school and continue through college, with a focus on students' first few months on campus.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Fielder,R.L., Carey,K.B., Carey,M.P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20111013
PMCID
PMC3230723
Editors
A comprehensive examination of hookah smoking in college students: use patterns and contexts, social norms and attitudes, harm perception, psychological correlates and co-occurring substance use 2013 Center for Health Care Evaluation, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. aheinz@stanford.edu
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addictive Behaviors
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addict.Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
Nov
Volume
38
Issue
11
Start Page
2751
Other Pages
2760
Notes
LR: 20151119; CI: (c) 2013; JID: 7603486; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/03/29 [received]; 2013/06/21 [revised]; 2013/07/15 [accepted]; 2013/07/23 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1873-6327; 0306-4603
Accession Number
PMID: 23934006
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.009 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23934006
Abstract
The practice of waterpipe smoking (hookah) has rapidly increased in popularity among young adults yet burgeoning research suggests that its use is associated with nicotine dependence and other negative smoking-related health consequences. Moreover, descriptive studies indicate that consumers may hold the belief that hookah smoking is safer than smoking cigarettes. The current study extended previous work by conducting a comprehensive assessment of patterns and contexts of hookah use, psychological correlates of use, co-occurring substance use as well as social norms and health perceptions surrounding the practice. Participants were 143 ethnically diverse undergraduate students at a large urban US university. Approximately half of the sample (48%) reported life-time use of hookah and 22% reported use within the past 30days. Relative to cigarette smoking, hookah smoking was associated with less perceived harm and addiction potential and higher social approval. Participants who reported life-time hookah use, as compared to those who did not, perceived less associated harm, had a greater number of friends who had tried and approved of hookah, were more likely to use cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol and in higher frequencies and quantities and were at higher risk for problem tobacco and alcohol use. Among participants who were not current smokers, those with hookah experience were more likely to endorse intent to try a cigarette soon. Hookah users did not differ from non-users on measures of trait anxiety, depression and impulsivity though they were more likely to drink alcohol for coping, social and enhancement purposes than non-users. Implications are discussed for public health initiatives to educate young adults about the potential consequences of hookah smoking.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Heinz,A.J., Giedgowd,G.E., Crane,N.A., Veilleux,J.C., Conrad,M., Braun,A.R., Olejarska,N.A., Kassel,J.D.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130723
PMCID
Editors
Hookah Tobacco Smoking During the Transition to College: Prevalence of Other Substance Use and Predictors of Initiation 2016 Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY; Robyn.Shepardson@va.gov.; Department of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
18
Issue
5
Start Page
763
Other Pages
769
Notes
CI: (c) The Author 2015; GR: KL2 TR000126/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States; GR: UL1 TR000127/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 2015/03/31 [received]; 2015/07/30 [accepted]; 2015/08/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 26259986
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntv170 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26259986
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of hookah tobacco smoking is increasing, and the transition to college is a vulnerable time for initiation. Hookah use is associated with other forms of substance use, but most research has been cross-sectional, thus limiting our understanding of temporal patterns of use. The goals of this longitudinal study were to assess the prevalence of hookah use and initiation, as well as other forms of substance use among hookah users, and identify which forms of substance use predicted hookah initiation during the first 30 days of college. METHODS: Incoming students (N = 936, 50% female) reported on past 30-day substance use prior to the start of the Fall 2011 semester and again 30 days later (n = 817). Substances included hookah, cigarettes, other forms of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs. RESULTS: Current prevalence of hookah use increased from 9.0% before college to 13.1% during the first month of college. At baseline and follow-up, current hookah users were more likely than nonusers to report current use of cigarettes, cigars/little cigars/clove cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol. Among pre-college hookah never users, 13.8% initiated hookah use in the first month of college. Alcohol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 1.17) and marijuana (AOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03, 1.65) were the only substances predictive of hookah initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that hookah prevention and intervention is needed during the transition to college, and interventions may need to address comorbid alcohol, marijuana, and hookah use. IMPLICATIONS: To our knowledge this is the first longitudinal study examining predictors of hookah initiation among male and female incoming first-year college students. While hookah users were more likely than nonusers to use all other substances before and during the first month of college, pre-college marijuana and alcohol use were the only two predictors of hookah initiation during the first 30 days of college. Collectively, these findings provide additional support for the need for efficacious hookah prevention and intervention programs. The transition to college appears to be an ideal time to deliver prevention programs given the increased prevalence of hookah use during the first 30 days of college. In addition to prevention, former users may benefit from targeted relapse prevention as one-fifth of former hookah smokers resumed use during the first 30 days of college.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Data Source
Authors
Shepardson,R.L., Hustad,J.T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150810
PMCID
Editors
Substance and hookah use and living arrangement among fraternity and sorority members at US colleges and universities 2013 Center for Research on Health Care, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. sidanije@upmc.edu
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of community health
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Community Health
Pub Date Free Form
Apr
Volume
38
Issue
2
Start Page
238
Other Pages
245
Notes
LR: 20151119; GR: CA-140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07-CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7600747; NIHMS401769; OID: NLM: NIHMS401769; OID: N
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1573-3610; 0094-5145
Accession Number
PMID: 22903805
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1007/s10900-012-9605-5 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22903805
Abstract
Hookah tobacco smoking is associated with substantial toxicant exposures and is increasing among college students in the United States. Greek (fraternity/sorority) students, especially those living in Greek housing, have high rates of risky alcohol use. The extent to which this is true for other substances, including hookah tobacco smoking, is not well known. The objective of this study is to examine associations between Greek involvement and living arrangement (non-member, non-resident member, resident member) and rates of hookah tobacco smoking, in relation to other substances, among US college students. We used national data from 82,251 student responses from the 2008 to 2009 administration of the National College Health Assessment. Generalized estimating equations were utilized to determine adjusted odds ratios for substance use outcomes based on involvement and living arrangements, while adjusting for covariates and clustering of students within institutions. Among resident members, ever use was highest for marijuana (52.4 %), hookah (48.5 %) and cigarettes (46.6 %). In multivariable models, adjusted odds were lowest for non-Greeks and highest for Greek resident members. Compared to non-Greeks, Greek resident members had nearly double the odds for current use of hookah, cigars, and marijuana, as well as two and a half times the odds for current use of smokeless tobacco and three times the odds for alcohol bingeing. Similar to other substances, hookah tobacco smoking is highest among Greek resident members, compared with both Greeks living outside Greek housing and non-Greeks. It is valuable for substance use surveillance and intervention to focus on Greek resident members.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Sidani,J.E., Shensa,A., Primack,B.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC3594445
Editors
Hookah use among New Jersey youth: associations and changes over time 2012 Center for Tobacco Surveillance and Evaluation Research, UMDNJ-School of Public Health, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. bovermi@umdnj.edu
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American Journal of Health Behavior
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Health Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
Sep
Volume
36
Issue
5
Start Page
693
Other Pages
699
Notes
JID: 9602338; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1945-7359; 1087-3244
Accession Number
PMID: 22584096
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.5993/AJHB.36.5.11 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22584096
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To assess hookah use among youth for prevalence, associations, and changes over time. METHODS: Data from the 2008 and 2010 New Jersey Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed to examine hookah smoking by gender, race/ethnicity, and grade level. RESULTS: Prevalence of hookah use increased significantly among black and Hispanic students. Frequency of use was generally occasional. In multivariate models, Asian race; Hispanic ethnicity; and concurrent use of cigarettes, cigars, and bidis predicted current hookah smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of hookah use is rising among New Jersey's youth, particularly among minority populations, representing a growing public health concern.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Bover Manderski,M.T., Hrywna,M., Delnevo,C.D.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
The medical consequences of narghile (hookah, shisha) use in the world 2007 Chaouachi, K., Maisonneuve et Larose, Département des auteurs, 75005 Paris, France
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Revue d'epidemiologie et de sante publique
Periodical, Abbrev.
Rev.Epidemiol.Sante Publ.
Pub Date Free Form
/
Volume
55
Issue
3
Start Page
165
Other Pages
170
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
0398-7620
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Background: Hookah (narghile, shisha) smoking is growing worldwide and particularly in France. The main reasons for this are: first, the arrival on the market of new highly flavored tobacco-based mixtures; second, a new type of charcoal used as a quick heating source; third, the pleasure to experiment with an exotic orientalist practice or the desire to return to the corresponding tradition; fourth, the belief that water filtration would lower the risk of smoking. Methods and results: Long-term epidemiological data on complications are scarce. Little is known about qualitative and quantitative transformations occurring when hookah is smoked (in particular regarding carcinogenic agents). Such information will be difficult to collect due to the lack of standardization for this mode of tobacco use. The only current consensus on this issue is that a significant amount of carbon monoxide is produced by the charcoal used to heat and distil the tobacco-molasses mixture. Apart from direct inhalation, concentrations measured in some fashionable hookah lounges and bars are particularly high. Moreover, the additives contained in the widely used quick-lighting charcoals and their harmlessness remain unknown. Conclusion: This study sets out the available scientific knowledge regarding the real medical consequences related to the growing use of hookah and focuses on the best known and urgent issue, i.e. concern related to carbon monoxide intoxication in a very peculiar context. © 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Descriptors
carcinogen, charcoal, drug additive, molasses, article, smoking, consensus, health hazard, heating, hookah smoking, human, smoking habit, standardization
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase; MEDLINE
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Chaouachi,K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Hookah smoking in high school students and its determinants in Iran: a longitudinal study 2015 Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran poorasl@Yahoo.com.; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Ir
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American journal of men's health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Mens.Health.
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
9
Issue
3
Start Page
186
Other Pages
192
Notes
CI: (c) The Author(s) 2014; JID: 101287723; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/05/22 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1557-9891; 1557-9883
Accession Number
PMID: 24855098
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1177/1557988314535236 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24855098
Abstract
Hookah smoking has increased worldwide, especially among youth, and has been identified as an emerging threat to public health. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and transition rates in hookah smoking statuses and predictors of transitions among a representative sample of Iranian high school students. In this longitudinal study, a representative sample (n = 5197) of students in the northwest of Iran was assessed thrice with a 6-month interval in 2010 and 2011. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure hookah smoking, demographic characteristics, and personal and environmental factors. In total, the prevalence of hookah use (at least once a month) in this study was 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.1, 6.9). Results indicated that 44.9% (95% CI = 43.0, 46.7) of the students in the sample at least tried hookah smoking. During 1 year, 18.5% and 1.5% of students who have never used hookah before had transitioned to experimenter and regular hookah smoking, respectively, and notably, 7.8% of experimenters had transitioned to regular hookah smoking. Adjusted for other factors, being male, regular cigarette smoking, and positive attitude toward smoking were factors associated with students' transition to hookah smoking status. The incidence rate of hookah smoking in adolescents is notable. The findings identified the co-occurrence of risky behaviors that support programs aimed at reducing or preventing high-risk behaviors simultaneously.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Fakhari,A., Mohammadpoorasl,A., Nedjat,S., Sharif Hosseini,M., Fotouhi,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140522
PMCID
Editors
Psycho-social Needs Impact on Hookah Smoking Initiation among Women: A Qualitative Study from Iran 2015 Community-Based Participatory Research Center, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Department of Reproductive Health, Prenatal and Delivery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International journal of preventive medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Prev.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
24-Aug
Volume
6
Issue
Start Page
79
Other Pages
7802.163374. eCollection 2015
Notes
LR: 20151004; JID: 101535380; OID: NLM: PMC4564902; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015 [ecollection]; 2014/06/08 [received]; 2015/04/13 [accepted]; 2015/08/24 [epublish]; epublish
Place of Publication
Iran
ISSN/ISBN
2008-7802; 2008-7802
Accession Number
PMID: 26425334
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article
DOI
10.4103/2008-7802.163374 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26425334
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In Iranian women, the use of hookah is the most common method of tobacco smoking. This study aimed to find the role of psycho-social needs and gaps as a possible risk factor for hookah smoking initiation in women. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted during 2012-2013 in Tehran, Iran. Thirty-six women participated in the study. They were current or former users of hookah. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews and was analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS: Four main categories were identified from the data. This study focused on the category: Psycho-social needs and gaps. This category has five sub-categories which explain why women begin to smoke hookah including curiosity; desire for non-feminine, forbidden, and negative activities; need for amusement and recreation; for others: To show off; attract attention; satisfy and join others and protection. CONCLUSIONS: From this study, a variety of factors which contribute to the initiation of hookah smoking among women have been identified. Keeping young girls and women away from seemingly happy gatherings of hookah smokers; Providing appropriate recreational facilities for young women and training families on how to help their children in the event of a crisis-like intention to take up smoking behavior, can be some effective ways for reducing hookah smoking initiation among women.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Baheiraei,A., Shahbazi Sighaldeh,S., Ebadi,A., Kelishadi,R., Majdzadeh,S.R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150824
PMCID
PMC4564902
Editors