Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year Sort ascending | Author | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison of Cotinine Salivary Levels in Hookah Smokers, Passive Smokers, and Non-Smokers | 2015 | Assistant Professor, Oral and Dental Disaese Research Center AND Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciencse, Zahedan, Iran.; Associate Professor, Oral and Dental Research Center AND Department of Oral Medicine | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addiction & health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addict.Health.
Pub Date Free Form
Summer-Autumn
Volume
7
Issue
4-Mar
Start Page
184
Other Pages
191
Notes
LR: 20160219; JID: 101582275; OID: NLM: PMC4741239; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish
Place of Publication
Iran
ISSN/ISBN
2008-4633; 2008-4633
Accession Number
PMID: 26885355
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26885355
Abstract
BACKGROUND: At present smoking is considered a great health-related problem. Smoking cigarettes and use of tobacco are on the rise in the Middle East countries; therefore, the number of people exposed to passive cigarette smoke is increasing, too. The aim of the present study was to determine and compare salivary cotinine levels in hookah smokers, individuals exposed to passive cigarette smoke and non-smoker (passive smokers). METHODS: In the present cross-sectional study, unstimulated salivary samples were collected from 150 subjects, including 50 hookah smokers, 50 passive smokers, and 50 non-smokers. Bioassay Technology Laboratory cotinine kit was used to determine salivary levels of cotinine using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique at a sensitivity rate of 0.019 pg/ml. Data were analyzed with SPSS software using t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. FINDINGS: The highest salivary cotinine levels were recorded in hookah users (20.24 +/- 5.62 ng/ml), followed by passive smokers (16.09 +/- 3.51 ng/ml), in descending order. No detectable cotinine levels were observed in non-smokers. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a strong and positive correlation between use of hookah and salivary cotinine levels (r = 0.932, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, salivary cotinine levels were higher in hookah smokers compared with passive smokers and non-smokers, in descending order.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Nosratzehi,T., Arbabi-Kalati,F., Alijani,E., Tajdari,H.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4741239
Editors
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| Tracking Hookah Bars in New York: Utilizing Yelp as a Powerful Public Health Tool | 2015 | Department of Pediatrics New York University School of Medicine New York, NY United States.; Department of PediatricsNew York University School of MedicineNew York, NYUnited States; Brooklyn CollegeBrooklyn, NYUnited States.; Department of PediatricsNew Y | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
JMIR public health and surveillance
Periodical, Abbrev.
JMIR Public.Health.Surveill.
Pub Date Free Form
20-Nov
Volume
1
Issue
2
Start Page
e19
Other Pages
Notes
LR: 20160529; JID: 101669345; OID: NLM: PMC4869217; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015 [ecollection]; 2015/06/09 [received]; 2015/08/09 [revised]; 2015/09/22 [accepted]; 2015/11/20 [epublish]; epublish
Place of Publication
Canada
ISSN/ISBN
2369-2960; 2369-2960
Accession Number
PMID: 27227137
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article
DOI
10.2196/publichealth.4809 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
27227137
Abstract
BACKGROUND: While cigarette use has seen a steady decline in recent years, hookah (water pipe) use has rapidly increased in popularity. While anecdotal reports have noted a rise in hookah bars, methodological difficulties have prevented researchers from drawing definitive conclusions about the number of hookah bars in any given location. There is no publicly available database that has been shown to reliably provide this information. It is now possible to analyze Internet trends as a measure of population behavior and health-related phenomena. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate whether Yelp can be used to accurately identify the number of hookah bars in New York State, assess the distribution and characteristics of hookah bars, and monitor temporal trends in their presence. METHODS: Data were obtained from Yelp that captures a variety of parameters for every business listed in their database as of October 28, 2014, that was tagged as a "hookah bar" and operating in New York State. Two algebraic models were created: one estimated the date of opening of a hookah bar based on the first Yelp review received and the other estimated whether the bar was open or closed based on the date of the most recent Yelp review. These findings were then compared with empirical data obtained by Internet searches. RESULTS: From 2014 onward, the date of the first Yelp review predicts the opening date of new hookah bars to within 1 month. Yelp data allow the estimate of such venues and demonstrate that new bars are not randomly distributed, but instead are clustered near colleges and in specific racial/ethnic neighborhoods. New York has seen substantially more new hookah bars in 2012-2014 compared with the number that existed prior to 2009. CONCLUSIONS: Yelp is a powerful public health tool that allows for the investigation of various trends and characteristics of hookah bars. New York is experiencing tremendous growth in hookah bars, a worrying phenomenon that necessitates further investigation.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Cawkwell,P.B., Lee,L., Weitzman,M., Sherman,S.E.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20151120
PMCID
PMC4869217
Editors
|
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| Air quality in New York City hookah bars | 2015 | New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
24
Issue
e3
Start Page
e193
Other Pages
8
Notes
LR: 20160229; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; GR: 3 P30 CA016087-33S1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States;
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 25232045
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051763 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25232045
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hookahs are increasingly being used in the USA and elsewhere. Despite the popularity of hookah bars, there is a paucity of research assessing the health effects of hookah smoke, and although New York City (NYC) bans indoor tobacco smoking, hookah lounges claim that they only use herbal products without tobacco. This study investigated levels of multiple indices of indoor air pollution in hookah bars in NYC. METHODS: Air samples were collected in 8 hookah bars in NYC. Along with venue characteristics, real-time measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO), and total gravimetric PM, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and nicotine were collected in 1-2 hour sessions. RESULTS: Overall, levels of indoor air pollution increased with increasing numbers of active hookahs smoked. The mean (SD) real time PM2.5 level was 1179.9 (939.4) microg/m(3), whereas the filter-based total PM mean was 691.3 (592.6) microg/m(3). The mean real time BC level was 4.1 (2.3) microg/m(3), OC was 237.9 (112.3) microg/m(3), and CO was 32 (16) ppm. Airborne nicotine was present in all studied hookah bars (4.2 (1.5) microg/m(3)). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that despite the ban on smoking tobacco products, at the very least, some NYC hookah bars are serving tobacco-based hookahs, and have elevated concentrations of indoor air pollutants that may present a health threat to visitors and employees. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better air quality monitoring in such establishments and policies to combat this emerging public health threat.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Zhou,S., Weitzman,M., Vilcassim,R., Wilson,J., Legrand,N., Saunders,E., Travers,M., Chen,L.C., Peltier,R., Gordon,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140916
PMCID
PMC4390442
Editors
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|||
| Electronic Cigarette and Electronic Hookah: A Pilot Study Comparing Two Vaping Products | 2015 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Preventive medicine reports
Periodical, Abbrev.
Prev.Med.Rep.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
2
Issue
Start Page
953
Other Pages
958
Notes
LR: 20160110; GR: P50 DA036128/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 101643766; NIHMS740327; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
2211-3355; 2211-3355
Accession Number
PMID: 26740911
Language
ENG
SubFile
JOURNAL ARTICLE
DOI
10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.10.012 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26740911
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Since the introduction of e-cigarettes into the U.S. market, the number and variety of vaping products has proliferated. E-hookahs are long, pen-like vaping devices that debuted in U.S. markets in 2014. By applying the Host, Agent, Vector, Environment (HAVE) Model, the objective of this exploratory study was to assess differences between e-cigarettes and e-hookahs to help inform tobacco regulatory science and practice. METHODS: In June-August 2014, a total of 54 unique manufactured e-cigarette and e-hookah products were identified at point of sales (POS) around three college campuses in Southeast U.S. Documented characteristics included brand name, disposable, rechargeable, nicotine containing, packaging, and flavor type. Statistical analyses were conducted October to November 2014 to assess frequency and percent of product type across POS and specific characteristics. RESULTS: Among 54 products, 70.4% were e-cigarettes and 29.6% were e-hookahs. Across POS, drug stores and grocery stores carried e-cigarettes exclusively, while gas stations carried the greatest proportion of e-hookahs. Compared to e-hookahs, a greater proportion of e-cigarettes were non-disposable and contained nicotine; a greater proportion of e-hookahs came in fruit and other types of flavors compared to e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that e-cigarettes and e-hookahs differ by specific product characteristics and by places where they are sold. Despite these differences, the products are used for similar purposes warranting careful monitoring of industry manufacturing and marketing, because the safety of both products is still undetermined. Additional research is needed to understand the uptake and continued use of these products.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Dube,S.R., Pathak,S., Nyman,A.L., Eriksen,M.P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4698898
Editors
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| Perceived harm, addictiveness, and social acceptability of tobacco products and marijuana among young adults: marijuana, hookah, and electronic cigarettes win | 2015 | 1Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Substance use & misuse
Periodical, Abbrev.
Subst.Use Misuse
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
50
Issue
1
Start Page
79
Other Pages
89
Notes
LR: 20151029; GR: 1K07CA139114-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: 1R43TR000358-01/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States; GR: K05 AA021143/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K05-AA021143/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA139114/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1532-2491; 1082-6084
Accession Number
PMID: 25268294
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.3109/10826084.2014.958857 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25268294
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There has been an increase in non-daily smoking, alternative tobacco product and marijuana use among young adults in recent years. OBJECTIVES: This study examined perceptions of health risks, addictiveness, and social acceptability of cigarettes, cigar products, smokeless tobacco, hookah, electronic cigarettes, and marijuana among young adults and correlates of such perceptions. METHODS: In Spring 2013, 10,000 students at two universities in the Southeastern United States were recruited to complete an online survey (2,002 respondents), assessing personal, parental, and peer use of each product; and perceptions of health risks, addictiveness, and social acceptability of each of these products. RESULTS: Marijuana was the most commonly used product in the past month (19.2%), with hookah being the second most commonly used (16.4%). The least commonly used were smokeless tobacco products (2.6%) and electronic cigarettes (4.5%). There were high rates of concurrent product use, particularly among electronic cigarette users. The most positively perceived was marijuana, with hookah and electronic cigarettes being second. While tobacco use and related social factors, related positively, influenced perceptions of marijuana, marijuana use and related social factors were not associated with perceptions of any tobacco product. Conclusions/Importance: Marketing efforts to promote electronic cigarettes and hookah to be safe and socially acceptable seem to be effective, while policy changes seem to be altering perceptions of marijuana and related social norms. Research is needed to document the health risks and addictive nature of emerging tobacco products and marijuana and evaluate efforts to communicate such risks to youth.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Berg,C.J., Stratton,E., Schauer,G.L., Lewis,M., Wang,Y., Windle,M., Kegler,M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140930
PMCID
PMC4302728
Editors
|
|||
| Research report: Charcoal type used for hookah smoking influences CO production | 2015 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc
Periodical, Abbrev.
Undersea Hyperb.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Jul-Aug
Volume
42
Issue
4
Start Page
375
Other Pages
380
Notes
JID: 9312954; 16291-96-6 (Charcoal); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1066-2936; 1066-2936
Accession Number
PMID: 26403022
Language
eng
SubFile
Case Reports; Journal Article; Review; IM; S
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26403022
Abstract
A hookah smoker who was treated for severe carbon monoxide poisoning with hyperbaric oxygen reported using a different type of charcoal prior to hospital admission, i.e., quick-light charcoal. This finding led to a study aimed at determining whether CO production differs between charcoals commonly used for hookah smoking, natural and quick-light. Our hypothesis was that quick-light charcoal produces significantly more CO than natural charcoal. A medium-sized hookah, activated charcoal filter, calibrated syringe, CO gas analyzer and infrared thermometer were assembled in series. A single 9-10 g briquette of either natural or quick-light charcoal was placed atop the hookah bowl and ignited. CO output (ppm) and temperature (degrees C) were measured in three-minute intervals over 90 minutes. The mean CO levels produced by quick-light charcoal over 90 minutes was significantly higher (3728 +/- 2028) compared to natural charcoal (1730 +/- 501 ppm, p = 0.016). However, the temperature was significantly greater when burning natural charcoal (292 +/- 87) compared to quick-light charcoal (247 +/- 92 degrees C, p = 0.013). The high levels of CO produced when using quick-light charcoals may be contributing to the increase in reported hospital admissions for severe CO poisoning.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Medford,M.A., Gasier,H.G., Hexdall,E., Moffat,A.D., Freiberger,J.J., Moon,R.E.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Review of hookah tobacco smoking among college students: policy implications and research recommendations | 2015 | School of Pharmacy and. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Drug Alcohol Abuse
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
41
Issue
4
Start Page
272
Other Pages
280
Notes
LR: 20160114; GR: K05 DA031248/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7502510; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/06/09 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1097-9891; 0095-2990
Accession Number
PMID: 26057153
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Review; IM
DOI
10.3109/00952990.2015.1043738 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26057153
Abstract
BACKGROUND: About 30% of college students have smoked hookah tobacco. Although most students perceive this product to be innocuous and non-addictive, hookah tobacco increases the risk for disease and nicotine dependence. Currently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate the manufacture, distribution, or sale of hookah tobacco. OBJECTIVE: Empirical literature pertaining to hookah tobacco smoking is reviewed with a focus on the implications for regulatory policy. METHODS: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched to locate articles published in English. The literature search combined several key words including "hookahs", "college", "advertising", "health effects", and "health policy". RESULTS: Smoking hookah tobacco may play a role in the initiation of smoking among tobacco-naive college students and may portend persistent smoking among those who have smoked cigarettes. College students are typically nondaily, social smokers. They do not perceive that their heightened risk for tobacco diseases and nicotine dependence relates to their smoking behavior. However, few public health messages target college-age adults to counter media messages that endorse hookah tobacco smoking. CONCLUSION: Given that the FDA is not authorized to ban specific tobacco products, policy actions should focus on the development of effective risk communication strategies that target college-age adults and on limiting the accessibility of hookah tobacco products to these adults. Accordingly, a research agenda that would inform these policy actions is proposed.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Gathuru,I.M., Tarter,R.E., Klein-Fedyshin,M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150609
PMCID
Editors
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| Arab-American Hookah Smokers: Initiation, and Pros and Cons of Hookah Use | 2015 | Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA. nadakassem@hotmail.com.; Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Res | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American Journal of Health Behavior
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Health Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
Sep
Volume
39
Issue
5
Start Page
680
Other Pages
697
Notes
JID: 9602338; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1945-7359; 1087-3244
Accession Number
PMID: 26248178
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.5993/AJHB.39.5.10 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26248178
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To examine initiation, pros and cons of hookah tobacco smoking among Arab Americans. METHODS: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, we recruited a community-based convenience sample of 458 adult Arab-American hookah smokers, mean age 28.4 years, who completed self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: Irrespective of sex, most participants initiated hookah tobacco use by young adulthood in private homes or hookah lounges influenced by friends and family. Women initiated hookah use later than men. Ever dual smokers (hookah smokers who ever smoked a cigarette) initiated hookah use later than cigarettes; however, early hookah initiators
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Kassem,N.O., Kassem,N.O., Jackson,S.R., Daffa,R.M., Liles,S., Hovell,M.F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Factors that Contribute in the First Hookah Smoking Trial by Women: A Qualitative Study from Iran | 2015 | 1. Community-Based Participatory Research Center, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.; 2. Dept. of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Iranian journal of public health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Iran.J.Public.Health.
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
44
Issue
1
Start Page
100
Other Pages
110
Notes
LR: 20150613; JID: 7505531; OID: NLM: PMC4449996; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/05/24 [received]; 2014/09/15 [accepted]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Iran
ISSN/ISBN
2251-6085; 2251-6085
Accession Number
PMID: 26060781
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26060781
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hookah smoking is growing in popularity especially among women but little is known about the determinants influencing on hookah smoking initiation. In order to address this emerging health risk, a qualitative study was conducted to explore the factors that contribute in the first hookah smoking trial by women. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted during 2012 to 2013 in Tehran, Iran. Participants were recruited to represent diversity in smoking status, ethnicity, age groups and residence. Data was collected through in-depth individual interviews and was analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS: Four main themes were identified from the qualitative data including: Positive attitude toward hookah smoking; Social and family facilitators; Psychosocial needs and gaps and Sensory characteristic of hookah. CONCLUSION: From this study, a variety of factors which contribute to the initiation of hookah smoking among women have been identified. Since one of the major causes of increased hookah smoking may be its ordinary use, all factors causing the ordinary use should be eliminated, and efforts should be made in opposition to hookah smoking promotions.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Baheiraei,A., Shahbazi Sighaldeh,S., Ebadi,A., Kelishadi,R., Majdzadeh,R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4449996
Editors
|
|||
| Risk Factors Associated With Hookah Use | 2015 | Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; rehgp@psychiatry.wustl.edu.; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO;; Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Ill | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
17
Issue
12
Start Page
1482
Other Pages
1490
Notes
LR: 20151126; CI: (c) The Author 2015; GR: R01 DA032843/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA039455/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-DA032843/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: U0-CA154254/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: U01 CA154254/CA/NCI NI
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 25646349
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntv029 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25646349
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Potential harms associated with hookah smoking are largely unrecognized and it is emerging as a trendy behavior. To help inform policy and preventive interventions, we used responses from a population survey of US adults to examine risk factors associated with hookah involvement. METHOD: An online survey of 17 522 US adults was conducted in 2013. The nationally representative sample was drawn from GfK Group's KnowledgePanel plus off-panel recruitment. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between tobacco use patterns across multiple products (cigarettes, cigars, and dissolvables), perceived harms towards regular pipe/hookah use, and demographic characteristics with hookah involvement (never used, ever used with/without reusing intent). RESULT: Nearly one in five (16%) of the respondents had smoked hookah at least once in their life ("ever users"). Ever users of hookah were at higher risk of having used cigarettes, cigars, and dissolvable tobacco products (all P
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Data Source
Authors
Cavazos-Rehg,P.A., Krauss,M.J., Kim,Y., Emery,S.L.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150202
PMCID
PMC4654758
Editors
|
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