Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year | Author | SearchLink Sort descending |
|---|---|---|---|
| Evidence of emerging hookah use among university students: a cross-sectional comparison between hookah and cigarette use | 2013 | Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. tebarnett@phhp.ufl.edu | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
BMC public health
Periodical, Abbrev.
BMC Public Health
Pub Date Free Form
5-Apr
Volume
13
Issue
Start Page
302
Other Pages
2458-13-302
Notes
LR: 20150427; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC3626777; 2012/10/01 [received]; 2013/04/02 [accepted]; 2013/04/05 [aheadofprint]; epublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1471-2458; 1471-2458
Accession Number
PMID: 23560649
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1186/1471-2458-13-302 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23560649
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The emergence of hookah is being noted on college campuses and in large U.S. cities and evidence points to an increasing trend for college students. The purpose of this study was to assess hookah use and identify associations with cigarette smoking and demographic factors. METHODS: An intercept sampling method was used at various locations on a large university campus in the southeastern United States, yielding a high participation rate (52%). A total of 1,203 participants completed a computer-aided survey that assessed the use of tobacco products. The sample characteristics were then weighted to match the University population of students enrolled during the same semester. Bivariate (chi-square and t-test) and multivariate (logistic regression) tests of association were conducted to assess differences between cigarette and hookah users. RESULTS: Hookah smoking exceeded cigarette smoking for both ever use (46.4% vs 42.1%) and past year use (28.4% vs 19.6%). Females and males used hookah at similar rates. Hispanic respondents had the highest prevalence of current use of hookah (18.9%) and cigarettes (16.4%). CONCLUSIONS: As hookah surpasses cigarette use, efforts need to be made to slow the increase in new tobacco products that are attractive to young adults and that pose many of the same health risks as those related to traditional tobacco products. Prevalence of all emerging tobacco products, including hookah, and the relationship with cigarette use needs to be monitored on an ongoing basis.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Barnett,T.E., Smith,T., He,Y., Soule,E.K., Curbow,B.A., Tomar,S.L., McCarty,C.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130405
PMCID
PMC3626777
Editors
|
|||
| Bidi and hookah use among Canadian youth: findings from the 2010 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey | 2013 | University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Preventing chronic disease
Periodical, Abbrev.
Prev.Chronic Dis.
Pub Date Free Form
9-May
Volume
10
Issue
Start Page
E73
Other Pages
Notes
LR: 20160317; GR: 53893/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada; JID: 101205018; OID: NLM: PMC3664211; epublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1545-1151; 1545-1151
Accession Number
PMID: 23660115
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.5888/pcd10.120290 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23660115
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Although cigarette use among Canadian youth has decreased significantly in recent years, alternative forms of tobacco use are becoming increasingly popular. Surveillance of youth tobacco use can help inform prevention programs by monitoring trends in risk behaviors. We examined the prevalence of bidi and hookah use and factors associated with their use among Canadian youth by using data from the 2010-2011 Youth Smoking Survey (YSS). METHODS: We analyzed YSS data from 28,416 students (2006-2007) and 31,396 students (2010-2011) in grades 9 through 12 to examine prevalence of bidi and hookah use. We conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses of 2010-2011 YSS data to examine factors associated with bidi and hookah use. RESULTS: From 2006 through 2010, prevalence of hookah use among Canadian youth increased by 6% (P = .02). Marijuana use emerged as a consistent predictor of bidi and hookah use. Males, youth of black, Latin, or other descent, and youth of Asian descent were more likely to use bidis (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; OR, 15.6; OR, 14.9) or hookah (OR, 1.3; OR, 2.4; OR, 1.5). Current cigarette smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to be current users of bidis (OR, 6.7) and hookahs (OR, 3.0), and occasional and frequent alcohol drinkers were also more likely than nondrinkers to be current hookah users (OR, 2.8; OR, 3.6). CONCLUSION: Although bidi use has not changed significantly among Canadian youth, the increase in hookah use warrants attention. Understanding the factors associated with use of bidis and hookahs can inform the development of tobacco use prevention programs to address emerging at-risk youth populations.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Czoli,C.D., Leatherdale,S.T., Rynard,V.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130509
PMCID
PMC3664211
Editors
|
|||
| Neglected role of hookah and opium in gastric carcinogenesis: a cohort study on risk factors and attributable fractions | 2014 | Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International journal of cancer
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Cancer
Pub Date Free Form
1-Jan
Volume
134
Issue
1
Start Page
181
Other Pages
188
Notes
LR: 20160303; CI: (c) 2013; JID: 0042124; 0 (Narcotics); 8008-60-4 (Opium); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/04/12 [received]; 2013/05/30 [revised]; 2013/06/03 [accepted]; 2013/08/05 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1097-0215; 0020-7136
Accession Number
PMID: 23797606
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1002/ijc.28344 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23797606
Abstract
A recent study showed an association between hookah/opium use and gastric cancer but no study has investigated the relationship with gastric precancerous lesions. We examined the association between hookah/opium and gastric precancerous lesions and subsequent gastric cancer. In a population-based cohort study, 928 randomly selected, healthy, Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects in Ardabil Province, Iran, were followed for 10 years. The association between baseline precancerous lesions and lifestyle risk factors (including hookah/opium) was analyzed using logistic regression and presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the associations of lifestyle risk factors and endoscopic and histological parameters with incident gastric cancers using Cox regression models. Additionally, the proportion of cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors was calculated. During 9,096 person-years of follow-up, 36 new cases of gastric cancer were observed (incidence rate: 3.96/1,000 persons-years). Opium consumption was strongly associated with baseline antral (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.2-9.1) and body intestinal metaplasia (OR: 7.3; 95% CI: 2.5-21.5). Opium (HR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4-7.7), hookah (HR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.7-7.1) and cigarette use (HR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4-7.5), as well as high salt intake, family history of gastric cancer, gastric ulcer and histological atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia of body were associated with higher risk of gastric cancer. The fraction of cancers attributable jointly to high salt, low fruit intake, smoking (including hookah) and opium was 93% (95% CI: 83-98). Hookah and opium use are risk factors for gastric cancer as well as for precancerous lesions. Hookah, opium, cigarette and high salt intake are important modifiable risk factors in this high-incidence gastric cancer area.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
UICC
Data Source
Authors
Sadjadi,A., Derakhshan,M.H., Yazdanbod,A., Boreiri,M., Parsaeian,M., Babaei,M., Alimohammadian,M., Samadi,F., Etemadi,A., Pourfarzi,F., Ahmadi,E., Delavari,A., Islami,F., Farzadfar,F., Sotoudeh,M., Nikmanesh,A., Alizadeh,B.Z., de Bock,G.H., Malekzadeh,R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130805
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Knowledge and attitudes toward hookah usage among university students | 2013 | McKnight Brain Institute at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of American college health : J of ACH
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Am.Coll.Health
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
61
Issue
6
Start Page
362
Other Pages
370
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 8214119; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1940-3208; 0744-8481
Accession Number
PMID: 23930750
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1080/07448481.2013.818000 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23930750
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Hookah smoking is a popular form of tobacco use on university campuses. This study documented use, attitudes, and knowledge of hookah smoking among college students. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 943 university students recruited between February 2009 and January 2010. Respondents (M age = 20.02) included 376 males, 533 females, and 34 who did not report sex. METHODS: An anonymous online questionnaire was completed by respondents. RESULTS: In this sample, 42.9% of college students had tried hookah, and 40% of those individuals had used it in the past 30 days. Students perceived fewer negative consequences of hookah smoking compared with cigarette smoking. Age, sex, racial background, marijuana/cigarette use, and perceptions of side effects were significantly associated with hookah use. CONCLUSIONS: University students are misinformed regarding the health consequences of hookah smoking. Programs aimed at education, prevention, and intervention for hookah use are needed to address this growing public health concern.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Holtzman,A.L., Babinski,D., Merlo,L.J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Hookah, cigarette, and marijuana use: a prospective study of smoking behaviors among first-year college women | 2013 | Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA. rlfielde@syr.edu | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addictive Behaviors
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addict.Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
Nov
Volume
38
Issue
11
Start Page
2729
Other Pages
2735
Notes
LR: 20150423; CI: (c) 2013; GR: R21 AA018257/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21-AA018257/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; NIHMS508125; OID: NLM: NIHMS508125; OID: NLM: PMC3773209; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/02/10 [received]; 2013/06/13 [revised];
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1873-6327; 0306-4603
Accession Number
PMID: 23934004
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.006 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23934004
Abstract
Better understanding of the temporal sequence of hookah, cigarette, and marijuana use will help to inform smoking prevention efforts. To address this gap in the literature, we assessed all three of these smoking behaviors in a sample of 424 first-year college women. Using a longitudinal design, we investigated whether hookah use predicts initiating/resuming cigarette and/or initiating marijuana use, and whether cigarette and/or marijuana use predicts initiating hookah use. Participants (67% White, M age = 18.1 years) completed nine monthly surveys. The initial (i.e., baseline) survey assessed demographics, sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and pre-college substance use. Follow-up surveys assessed past-month substance use; outcomes were initiating/resuming cigarette use, initiating marijuana use, and initiating hookah use during the first year of college. We controlled for sensation-seeking, impulsivity, binge drinking, and other smoking behaviors in our multivariate logistic regression models. The results showed that (a) pre-college hookah use predicted initiating/resuming cigarette use; (b) pre-college marijuana use predicted initiation of hookah tobacco smoking; and (c) pre-college cigarette use predicted neither hookah nor marijuana initiation. The findings highlight the co-occurrence of smoking behaviors as well as the need for bundling preventive interventions so that they address hookah, cigarette, and marijuana use.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Fielder,R.L., Carey,K.B., Carey,M.P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130720
PMCID
PMC3773209
Editors
|
|||
| A comprehensive examination of hookah smoking in college students: use patterns and contexts, social norms and attitudes, harm perception, psychological correlates and co-occurring substance use | 2013 | Center for Health Care Evaluation, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. aheinz@stanford.edu | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addictive Behaviors
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addict.Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
Nov
Volume
38
Issue
11
Start Page
2751
Other Pages
2760
Notes
LR: 20151119; CI: (c) 2013; JID: 7603486; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/03/29 [received]; 2013/06/21 [revised]; 2013/07/15 [accepted]; 2013/07/23 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1873-6327; 0306-4603
Accession Number
PMID: 23934006
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.009 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23934006
Abstract
The practice of waterpipe smoking (hookah) has rapidly increased in popularity among young adults yet burgeoning research suggests that its use is associated with nicotine dependence and other negative smoking-related health consequences. Moreover, descriptive studies indicate that consumers may hold the belief that hookah smoking is safer than smoking cigarettes. The current study extended previous work by conducting a comprehensive assessment of patterns and contexts of hookah use, psychological correlates of use, co-occurring substance use as well as social norms and health perceptions surrounding the practice. Participants were 143 ethnically diverse undergraduate students at a large urban US university. Approximately half of the sample (48%) reported life-time use of hookah and 22% reported use within the past 30days. Relative to cigarette smoking, hookah smoking was associated with less perceived harm and addiction potential and higher social approval. Participants who reported life-time hookah use, as compared to those who did not, perceived less associated harm, had a greater number of friends who had tried and approved of hookah, were more likely to use cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol and in higher frequencies and quantities and were at higher risk for problem tobacco and alcohol use. Among participants who were not current smokers, those with hookah experience were more likely to endorse intent to try a cigarette soon. Hookah users did not differ from non-users on measures of trait anxiety, depression and impulsivity though they were more likely to drink alcohol for coping, social and enhancement purposes than non-users. Implications are discussed for public health initiatives to educate young adults about the potential consequences of hookah smoking.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Heinz,A.J., Giedgowd,G.E., Crane,N.A., Veilleux,J.C., Conrad,M., Braun,A.R., Olejarska,N.A., Kassel,J.D.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130723
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Hookah smoking: characteristics, behavior and perceptions of youth smokers in pune, India | 2013 | Medilinkers Research Consultancy, 2Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India. pradnya.kakodkar@gmail.com | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP
Periodical, Abbrev.
Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
14
Issue
7
Start Page
4319
Other Pages
4323
Notes
JID: 101130625; ppublish
Place of Publication
Thailand
ISSN/ISBN
1513-7368; 1513-7368
Accession Number
PMID: 23991996
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23991996
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hookah smoking has been referred to as a global tobacco epidemic by public health officials. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics, behaviour and perceptions related to hookah smoking among the youth smokers in Pune. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty established hookah smokers participated in this study. Data was collected using a 29-item questionnaire, constructed using three main domains: Characteristics (socio-demographic and personal), behaviour and perceptions (about harmful effects in comparison to cigarette smoking). RESULTS: The results indicated that the mean age of starting hookah smoking was 17.3 years; 75% of participants did not have parental acceptance; light-headedness, dizziness and headache were most common reported nicotine effects, post hookah smoking. Hookah smoking on a daily basis was reported by 24.6% participants. The mean time of hookah session was 1 hour and 19 minutes. 68.2% participants were reported to smoke hookah in hookah-cafes and 35.7% participants were found to share the hookah. Some 66.7% participants had no intention to quit. Most of them (71-80%) had misperception about the safety of hookah smoking over cigarette smoking and 54-82% participants were unaware of health effects. CONCLUSIONS: Educational intervention is urgently needed to create awareness among the youth about the harmful effects of hookah smoking.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Kakodkar,P.V., Bansal,S.S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Hookah pipe smoking among health sciences students | 2013 | Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa. nicolina.vandermerwe@gmail.com. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde
Periodical, Abbrev.
S.Afr.Med.J.
Pub Date Free Form
30-Sep
Volume
103
Issue
11
Start Page
847
Other Pages
849
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 0404520; 2013/08/31 [received]; 2013/09/05 [accepted]; epublish
Place of Publication
South Africa
ISSN/ISBN
0256-9574
Accession Number
PMID: 24148170
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.7196/samj.7448 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24148170
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hookah pipe smoking is a social practice and has gained popularity, especially among South African youth. The extent of this practice among health sciences students, and their knowledge regarding the health risks, are unknown. This is important, as these students will become future health professionals possibly influencing the practice of individuals and communities. OBJECTIVE: To explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices of hookah pipe smoking among students at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town. METHODS. A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate and postgraduate students. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed as a hard copy and online survey. RESULTS: Of 228 participants, 66% had smoked a hookah pipe before, with 18% still smoking. Most began smoking in high school, with 25% initiating at university. Of the current smokers, 65% smoked occasionally socially, commonly at friends' houses for 30 - 60 min/session. A further 11% smoked cigarettes concurrently and 30% added other substances, mainly cannabis, to pipes. Most current hookah smokers had no interest in quitting (84%). Only 30% of participants had prior health information about hookah pipe smoking. Most knew that it was harmful (91%), with many not knowing why. A total of 80% of participants perceived that the practice was socially acceptable and 84% would recommend it to others.CONCLUSION; The poor knowledge about the dangers of hookah pipe smoking and the extent of its practice among health sciences students is alarming. These findings highlight the need for school and university health promotion campaigns, and for better regulation of hookah pipe smoking.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
van der Merwe,N., Banoobhai,T., Gqweta,A., Gwala,A., Masiea,T., Misra,M., Zweigenthal,V.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20130930
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Hookah use among adolescents in the United States: results of a national survey | 2014 | Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Feb
Volume
16
Issue
2
Start Page
231
Other Pages
237
Notes
JID: 9815751; 2013/10/23 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 24154512
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntt160 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24154512
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: U.S. adolescents increasingly use alternative tobacco products (ATPs), including hookah. No study has previously assessed correlates of adolescent hookah use in a nationally representative sample. METHODS: Cross-sectional, nationally representative data of adolescents from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) were used. Student demographics and their use of, exposure to, and beliefs about tobacco were examined as correlates of hookah use. RESULTS: Of adolescents nationwide, 7.3% reported ever trying hookah and 2.6% reported using hookah within the past month. Increasing age was associated with trying hookah, but not current hookah use. Sex was unassociated with hookah use. Asians were most likely to have tried hookah; Hispanics and those of another race reported greater current hookah use. Hookah use increased with perceived ease of access to and willingness to try tobacco. Students with a hookah user at home were more likely to have tried hookah and to currently use hookah. Current cigarette use was not associated with current hookah use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.8-2.1), but was associated with trying hookah (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.2). Non-cigarette tobacco use was associated with trying hookah (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 2.1-3.5) and current hookah use (OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 2.7-8.7). CONCLUSIONS: A sizeable minority of U.S. adolescents use hookah, particularly those living with hookah users, those who use other ATPs, and those who perceive tobacco as easily accessible. Current cigarette use was not associated with current hookah use. Future studies assessing the dangers of hookah use and interventions to curb this emerging problem appear warranted.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Amrock,S.M., Gordon,T., Zelikoff,J.T., Weitzman,M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20131023
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Hookah smoking: behaviors and beliefs among young consumers in the United States | 2014 | a Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , USA. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Social work in public health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Soc.Work.Public.Health.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
29
Issue
1
Start Page
17
Other Pages
26
Notes
LR: 20150217; JID: 101308228; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1937-190X; 1937-190X
Accession Number
PMID: 24188293
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; H
DOI
10.1080/19371918.2011.619443 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24188293
Abstract
Hookah smoking is growing in popularity among college-age students in the United States. Community-based, semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 college-age individuals who had used a hookah to smoke tobacco. A structured analysis of responses was conducted and framed in terms of the health belief model's four main constructs. Although hookah smokers were aware of the potential severity of tobacco-related illnesses, they did not express a perceived susceptibility to those illnesses. To the extent that cues to action exist with respect to hookah smoking, they generally serve to promote a risky behavior that is perceived to be largely social in nature.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Griffiths,M.A., Ford,E.W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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