High prices lead to appalling disparities in access to insurance, and the products and services excluded from such insurance.

The most widely used policies to induce investments in R&D are the grant of a temporary monopoly, which predictably raises prices for a generation. The WHO needs to re-engage in discussions on the progressive delinking of incentives to invest in R&D, from the grant of a temporary monopoly.

Separately, WHO members need to implement provisions in the WHO resolution on transparency (WHA72.8), and report the units of products sold, which is the most obvious and compelling metric on whether access is universal or unequal.