Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes

Journal Article

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Drug and alcohol dependence

Drug Alcohol Depend.

1-Feb

147

LR: 20160701; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); NIHMS797376; OID: NLM: NIHMS797376; OID: NLM: PMC4920051; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/08/28 [re

Ireland

1879-0046; 0376-8716

PMID: 25561385

eng

Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007 [doi]

Unknown(0)

25561385

OBJECTIVE: To assess dependence levels in users of e-cigarettes, and compare them with dependence levels in users of nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. DESIGN: Self-reports from cross-sectional Internet and mail surveys. Comparisons of: (a) 766 daily users of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes with 30 daily users of nicotine-free e-cigarettes; (b) 911 former smokers who used the e-cigarette daily with 451 former smokers who used the nicotine gum daily (but no e-cigarette); (c) 125 daily e-cigarette users who smoked daily (dual users) with two samples of daily smokers who did not use e-cigarettes (2206 enrolled on the Internet and 292 enrolled by mail from the general population of Geneva). We used the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, the nicotine dependence syndrome scale, the cigarette dependence scale and versions of these scales adapted for e-cigarettes and nicotine gums. RESULTS: Dependence ratings were slightly higher in users of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes than in users of nicotine-free e-cigarettes. In former smokers, long-term (>3 months) users of e-cigarettes were less dependent on e-cigarettes than long-term users of the nicotine gum were dependent on the gum. There were few differences in dependence ratings between short-term (

Elsevier Ireland Ltd

Etter,J.F., Eissenberg,T.

Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: Jean-Francois.Etter@unige.ch.; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Dept. of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U

20141218

PMC4920051

http://vp9py7xf3h.search.serialssolutions.com/?charset=utf-8&pmid=25561385

2015